Ancient pagodas in Juxian history

How many years has Juxian County had a history? Juxian County is located in the southeast of Shandong Province and belongs to Rizhao City, the eastern bridgehead of the New Eurasian Continental Bridge, with an area of 1952.

4 square kilometers, with a population of 6.5438+0.08 million. Juxian county is an ancient land with a long history.

As early as the middle of Mesozoic Quaternary, Giant Land was a place where plants, mammals and ancient humans flourished. By the Neolithic age, an ancient cultural subregion centered on the Dawenkou site of Lingyang River was formed.

Ju Shang Dynasty was an ancient kingdom of animal husbandry, Ju in the Spring and Autumn Period and Chengyang in the Han Dynasty. The ancient city of Ju is the political, economic and cultural center of Ju, a key cultural relic protection unit and a famous historical and cultural city in Shandong Province. A long history breeds splendid culture.

The "graphic characters" unearthed from the Lingyang River site prove that as early as 7,000 years ago, the ancestors of Judi created the earliest prototype of ancient Chinese characters in China. There are more than a dozen sites of ancient castles, and ancient sites and tombs have been found 129 1. Juxian county is rich in underground cultural relics, and the county museum has more than 2000 pieces of cultural relics/kloc-0, including more than 200 national cultural relics.

After the development and precipitation of the people of Juguo in past dynasties, Juguo culture has become a unique prehistoric culture, which is recognized as the three major cultures in Shandong, and is also called He Qi culture and Shandong culture. A long history and splendid civilization have left many places of interest in this land.

Fulai Mountain is one of the six major tourist routes in Shandong Province, with elegant and beautiful territory and numerous historical sites. There is Ding Lin Temple on the mountain, which is the former residence of Liu Xie, a famous literary criticism theorist in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He wrote Wen Xin Diao Long. There is Liu Xie's Confucian Classics Building in the temple, which is the "first ginkgo tree in the world" with a tree age of nearly 4,000 years.

Mashan has grotesque buildings, secluded caves, beautiful scenery and many places of interest. In addition, there are places of interest in the territory, such as the Great Wall of Qi, Champion Forest and Lei, which not only provide a physical basis for studying Ju culture, but also provide a scenic spot for visiting ancient times.

Juxian county is located in the warm temperate zone, with four distinct seasons, moderate heat and cold, and rich products. Rich in wheat, rice, corn, beans, potatoes, peanuts, silkworms, yellow tobacco, tea, watermelon and so on. Also rich in apples, ginkgo, chestnuts, peaches, persimmons, apricots and other dried and fresh fruits. It is an important production base of grain, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, pigs and rabbits in China.

Juxian county is rich in mineral resources, and 38 kinds of minerals have been preliminarily proved, especially metals such as iron and copper and nonmetallic resources such as limestone, marble and shale clay. There are 26 rivers such as Shuhe and 226 large, medium and small reservoirs such as Qingfengling in Juxian County, which are rich in water resources.

Do you know the records of Juxian://BC/Yellowpage/PANY _ 371122000960?

The development of history

Juxian has a long history. Shang Dynasty was an ancient pastoral kingdom, Zhou Dynasty was a kingdom of Juzi, Qin Dynasty was a county, and early Western Han Dynasty was a county. In the second year of Emperor Wendi, Chengyang State was established here, with Sui as the state, and the latter countries rose and fell several times. 19 13 years, the state was renamed as a county. Although the times have changed and the number of maps has changed, it has never been easy to live in this name for 3 thousand years. The old city of Juguo has always been the state and county administration, and now it is the political, economic and cultural center of the county.

Administrative position

Juxian County is located in the southeast of Shandong Province, bordering Donggang District and Wulian County in the east, Yishui County and yinan county in the west, Junan County in the south, Zhucheng City in the north, 200 kilometers from Qingdao in the north and 68 kilometers from Rizhao Port in the east. National Highway 206, Provincial Highway 225, 335 and 336 meet in the county, Ridong Expressway and jiaozhou-xinyi railway run through the territory, and jiaozhou-xinyi railway has a secondary station of 2 kilometers.

administrative division

The administrative divisions of Juxian County have undergone many changes in history. At present, the county governs 17 towns, 4 townships and 1260 administrative villages. 17 Towns are Chengyang, Zhaoxian, Zhuang Yan, xia zhuang, Paris, Xiaodian, Longshan, Liujiazhuang, Anzhuang, Jiao Shan, Dongguan, Fulaishan, Lingyang, Changling, Dianzisu, Qishan and Luohe, and 4 townships are Zhaili River, Sangyuan, Kushan and Guohe.

Natural characteristics

By the end of 2003, the total population of the county was 165438+ 10,000, of which the non-agricultural population was 19 10000, accounting for 17.3% of the total population. The existing total area is 1952.4 square kilometers.

Social undertakings

Juxian county is high in the north and low in the south, surrounded by mountains, with hills, plains and depressions in the middle. Low mountains above 200 meters above sea level account for 13.25% of the total area, hills account for 6 1.35%, and plains and depressions account for 25.4%. Juxian county belongs to the continental climate of warm temperate monsoon region, with suitable temperature, abundant sunshine and distinct four seasons. The average annual rainfall is 8 1 1.4 mm, and the frost-free period is about 184 days.

Resource characteristics

Juxian county is rich in agricultural and sideline products. The main food crops are wheat, corn, rice and sweet potato. The main cash crops are peanuts, soybeans, cotton, melons and vegetables, silkworms, yellow tobacco, tea, fruits and edible fungi. In history, there was a saying that "if you don't accept it, you will go to Juzhou". Juxian county is rich in mineral resources. There are 38 kinds of minerals, such as copper, iron, limestone, marble and shale silicified clay, which have been preliminarily proved in China, and the limestone reserves reach 3.42 billion cubic meters, which is a rare high-quality limestone belt in China. Juxian county is rich in water resources, with an annual surface water runoff of about 620 million cubic meters and an average annual profit of more than 250 million cubic meters.

tourist resources

Juxian county has a long history and many places of interest. The ancient city of Juguo is a famous historical and cultural city in Shandong Province and a provincial key cultural relics protection unit. There are beautiful forests in the west of the county, Ding Lin Temple, the world's first ginkgo tree, Meng Hui's office of Lu Opera in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Lou Jing, the world-famous Liu Xie School. In the southeast of the county seat, Mawei Mountain is lush and beautiful, and the camps of the Red Shirt Army in the Southern Song Dynasty and the Red Scarf Army in the late Yuan Dynasty still exist, including the Wanghai Tower, the first-line sky, the Fairy Cave and the Fairy Bathroom. In addition, the sites of Qi Great Wall, Lingyang River, Champion Forest, museums, houses and other places are also good places for tourists.

What places of interest are there in Juxian County? Juxian county is an ancient land with a long history. As early as the middle of Mesozoic Quaternary, Juxian County was a place where plants, mammals and ancient humans flourished.

By the Neolithic age, an ancient cultural sub-region centered on Dawenkou cultural site of Lingyang River had been formed in Judi. Ju Shang Dynasty was an ancient kingdom of animal husbandry, Ju in the Spring and Autumn Period and Chengyang in the Han Dynasty. The ancient city of Ju is the political, economic and cultural center of Ju, a key cultural relic protection unit and a famous historical and cultural city in Shandong Province.

A long history has given birth to a splendid Ju culture. The "graphic characters" unearthed from the Lingyang River site prove that the ancestors created the earliest prototype of ancient Chinese characters in China as early as 7,000 years ago. There are more than a dozen sites of ancient castles, and ancient sites and tombs have been found 129 1. Juxian county is rich in cultural relics on the ground and underground, and the county museum has more than 2000 pieces of cultural relics/kloc-0, including more than 200 national cultural relics.

Ju culture has formed a unique prehistoric culture through the development and accumulation of Ju people in past dynasties, which is recognized as the three major cultures in Shandong, also known as He Qi culture and Shandong culture. A long history and splendid culture have left many places of interest in this land.

Fulai Mountain is one of the six major tourist routes in Shandong Province, with elegant and beautiful territory and numerous historical sites. Ding Lin Temple, the former residence of Liu Xie, a famous literary critic in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the author of Wen Xin Diao Long, is located on the mountain. There is a Confucian Classics Building of Liu Xie in the temple, which is "the first ginkgo tree in the world" with a tree age of nearly 4,000 years.

There are many scenic spots in the territory, such as Mashan, buildings and peaks, strange rocks and hidden caves. In addition, there are places of interest in the territory, such as the Great Wall of Qi, the Champion Forest and Lei. This not only provides a material basis for studying Ju culture, but also provides a scenic spot for visiting ancient times.

Juxian County is bordered by Yanshi Railway in the south, Ji Jiao Railway in the north and Rizhao Port in the east. National Highway 206, Provincial Highway 225, Provincial Highway 335 and Provincial Highway 336 meet in Cheng Ju, and Nidong expressway and jiaozhou-xinyi railway, which connect Beijing-Shanghai Expressway and Tongshan Expressway, run through the territory, providing convenient traffic conditions for the development of tourism. The old city of Juguo has formed a relatively modern service network, with more than 0/0 large shopping malls, entertainment centers and 5 foreign-related hotels with complete facilities, which can provide quality services for Chinese and foreign friends.

What is the oldest writing in Juxian County? Juxian County is located in the southeast of Shandong Province and belongs to Rizhao City, the bridgehead of the New Eurasian Continental Bridge, with an area of 1.952.4 square kilometers and a population of 1.08 million.

Juxian county is an ancient land with a long history. As early as the middle of Mesozoic Quaternary, Giant Land was a place where plants, mammals and ancient humans flourished. By the Neolithic Age, a sub-region of ancient culture centered on Dawenkou cultural heritage of Lingyang River had been formed in Judi. Ju Shang was the ancient curtain country, the Spring and Autumn Period was the Ju country, the Han Dynasty was the Chengyang country, and the ancient city of Ju was the political, economic and cultural center of all dynasties in Ju area. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit and a famous historical and cultural city in Shandong Province.

A long history has given birth to a splendid Ju culture. The "graphic characters" unearthed from the Lingyang River site prove that as early as 7,000 years ago, the ancestors living in the area created the earliest prototype of ancient Chinese characters in China. There are more than ten sites of ancient castles, including ancient sites and tombs 129 1. Juzhou is rich in above-ground and underground cultural relics, and the county museum has more than 2000 pieces of cultural relics/kloc-0, including more than 200 national cultural relics. After the development and precipitation of Ju people in past dynasties, Ju culture has become a unique prehistoric culture, which is recognized as the three major cultures in Shandong, and is also called Qi culture and Lu culture.

A long history and splendid civilization have left many places of interest in this land.

How big is Juxian County in Rizhao, Shandong Province? Juxian county is an ancient land with a long history.

In the Neolithic Age, a sub-region of ancient culture centered on Dawenkou Cultural Site of Lingyang River has been formed in Judi. Ju Shang Dynasty was an ancient kingdom of animal husbandry, Ju in the Spring and Autumn Period and Chengyang in the Han Dynasty. The ancient city of Ju is the political, economic and cultural center of Ju, a key cultural relic protection unit and a famous historical and cultural city in Shandong Province.

A long history has given birth to a splendid Ju culture. The graphic characters unearthed from the Lingyang River site in Juxian County prove that as early as 7,000 years ago, the ancestors of Judi created the earliest prototype of ancient Chinese characters in China.

There are more than a dozen sites of ancient castles, and ancient sites and tombs 129 1 have been found. Juxian county is rich in cultural relics on the ground and underground, and the county museum has more than 2000 pieces of cultural relics/kloc-0, including more than 200 national cultural relics. After the development and precipitation of the people of Juguo in past dynasties, Juguo culture has become a unique prehistoric culture, which is recognized as the three major cultures in Shandong, and is also called He Qi culture and Shandong culture.

A long history and splendid civilization have left many places of interest in this land. Fulai Mountain has beautiful scenery, elegant environment and many places of interest. It is one of the six major tourist routes in Shandong Province.

Ding Lin Temple, an ancient temple in the mountains, is the former residence of Liu Xie, a famous literary criticism theorist and author of Wen Xin Diao Long in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. There is a collating building inscribed by Guo Moruo, a master of contemporary literature, in the temple, which is where Liu Xie wrote collating classics in his later years.

In the center of the temple stands "the first ginkgo tree in the world", which is 24.7 meters high and 15.7 meters thick. It has a history of nearly 4000 years. Although it has gone through many vicissitudes, it is still flourishing and fruitful. In addition, there are sites of Qi Great Wall, Champion Forest, Lei, Ant Mountain Red Army, Jade Emperor Mountain Arowana, Dawu and Chunxiao, which not only provide a material basis for the study of Ju culture, but also provide an ancient tourist attraction.

Juxian county belongs to warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. The main features are: mild spring, windy and rainy; Summer is hot and rainfall is concentrated; Autumn is cool, with little rain and drought; It's cold in winter, with little rain and snow.

In the growing season of crops, there is plenty of sunshine, heat and precipitation; However, in some years, there have been disastrous weather such as drought, flood and low temperature. Statistics show that the average annual temperature in Juxian area is 12. 1℃, the annual precipitation is about 750 mm, the annual sunshine hours are 2450 hours, and the average annual frost-free period is 182 days. According to textual research, Ju is a tribe whose place name originated from primitive society. The Historical Draft of China (by Guo Moruo) contains "Boyi's early integration into China.

In Shang Dynasty, it was the state of Gu Mu Hou, the state of Ju in Zhou, the state of Chengyang in Han, and then the state was the county. The ancient and young Di Jun has accumulated rich culture and left precious spiritual wealth in thousands of years.

Ceramic horns engraved with hieroglyphs unearthed in Dakouzun and Lingyang River in Juxian County have pushed the history of Chinese civilization for a thousand years. Juxiang Wen Yuan is rich in treasures.

According to historical records, during the Six Dynasties alone, Ju Wen wrote hundreds of books. Among them, Zang's Autumn in Feng Qi Chun, Zang's Jin Shu and Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long are of high status and have been handed down to this day.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were more than 200 volumes of humanistic works by Ju, Yu, Guan Tingxian and Li. In 1930s, a generation of students Zhou wrote five masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, including Textual Research on Sun Tzu's Art of War. Today, Ju's humanistic works have mushroomed. According to incomplete statistics, only 20 years after the reform and opening up, the county has published more than 30 kinds of books and published more than 700 articles in newspapers and periodicals at or above the provincial level. Du Shoumin published 1 1 teaching series, Wang Shilong published seven monographs, such as Corolla of the Earth, and Tang Jiaxing published hundreds of thousands of words of literary works, such as Resisting Bankruptcy.

At the same time, there are more than 100 foreign writers who are famous for their works. Among them: Zhang, Wei, Yu Chan, Zhao Shusan, etc. It has a certain influence in the country.

In addition, more than 20 literary groups such as "Poetry Society" and "Literature Society" were spontaneously established in Juxian County. Chrysanthemum fragrance calligraphy and painting, celebrities gathered.

Yu Changling, Dong, Zhuang Yulan and Sun Shaoshan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all great painters. Their figures, flowers, landscapes and calligraphy were lush and deep, or arrogant and bold, or vigorous and beautiful, or elegant and vulgar, not only popular in contemporary times. After the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, Juxiang calligraphy and painting circle has been very active, and it has become the "hometown of folk calligraphy and painting art in Shandong Province" named by the Provincial Department of Culture.

He Nailei, Xu Yongtian, Zhu Quanzeng, Gao, Song Jinding and many other painters have become well-known painters in China because of their colorful works. Among them, He Nailei's works have won many awards in the national grand prix. In addition, there is a huge group of calligraphy and painting in Juxian county, and new people come forth in large numbers.

Their works have won national awards or been exhibited in Beijing and Hong Kong, which is a new force in the history of calligraphy and painting art in our county. There are many Juxian artists in other places, including 100 famous artists with their own styles.

Although living in a foreign country, it also adds a lot of glory to Juxian County. The paper-cutting art in Juxian originated from the folk, mainly cutting "the color of the door" and "the flowers on the ceiling", and the patterns are mostly "Congratulations on the New Year" and "Phoenix Dance", which enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC),, Jia, etc. It integrates wood carving and multicolor cutting, and promotes the paper-cutting art of chrysanthemum fragrance to a new height. Their works are fresh in style and bright in color, which are deeply loved by all walks of life.

Yu Yongsheng alone has published more than 1000 works in newspapers and periodicals at or above the provincial level. The folk entertainment in Juxian county is mostly carried out during festivals.

During the Spring Festival, there are acrobatics such as lions, roller coasters, stilts, Hua Gun, donkey running and so on. There are folk songs written and performed by ourselves, lanterns and fireworks during the Lantern Festival, and swings and kites in Tomb-Sweeping Day. Among them, the swing in Qishan, with its unique way, has aroused the strong interest of tourists from all over the world.

The local customs of Juxian County cover a wide range and have their own culture, sports and entertainment. Among them, picking herbs on the Dragon Boat Festival, swinging in Tomb-Sweeping Day and sending lanterns on the fifteenth day of the first month all have distinctive local colors. 1April, 1996, Juxian county was rated as "advanced social and cultural county in Shandong province".

Important cultural relics (1). This is an original Wen Tao carved on the belly of a gray pottery statue.

Since 1960, more than 20 kinds of 10 characters have been unearthed in three Dawenkou cultural sites in Juxian County, namely Lingyang River, Zhujiacun and Hangtou. This department is the earliest that China has ever seen.

How big is Juxian County in Rizhao, Shandong Province? Juxian county is an ancient land with a long history.

In the Neolithic Age, a sub-region of ancient culture centered on Dawenkou Cultural Site of Lingyang River has been formed in Judi. Ju Shang Dynasty was an ancient kingdom of animal husbandry, Ju in the Spring and Autumn Period and Chengyang in the Han Dynasty. The ancient city of Ju is the political, economic and cultural center of Ju, a key cultural relic protection unit and a famous historical and cultural city in Shandong Province.

A long history has given birth to a splendid Ju culture. The graphic characters unearthed from the Lingyang River site in Juxian County prove that as early as 7,000 years ago, the ancestors of Judi created the earliest prototype of ancient Chinese characters in China.

There are more than a dozen sites of ancient castles, and ancient sites and tombs 129 1 have been found. Juxian county is rich in cultural relics on the ground and underground, and the county museum has more than 2000 pieces of cultural relics/kloc-0, including more than 200 national cultural relics. After the development and precipitation of the people of Juguo in past dynasties, Juguo culture has become a unique prehistoric culture, which is recognized as the three major cultures in Shandong, and is also called He Qi culture and Shandong culture.

A long history and splendid civilization have left many places of interest in this land. Fulai Mountain has beautiful scenery, elegant environment and many places of interest. It is one of the six major tourist routes in Shandong Province.

Ding Lin Temple, an ancient temple in the mountains, is the former residence of Liu Xie, a famous literary criticism theorist and author of Wen Xin Diao Long in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. There is a collating building inscribed by Guo Moruo, a master of contemporary literature, in the temple, which is where Liu Xie wrote collating classics in his later years.

In the center of the temple stands "the first ginkgo tree in the world", which is 24.7 meters high and 15.7 meters thick. It has a history of nearly 4000 years. Although it has gone through many vicissitudes, it is still flourishing and fruitful. In addition, there are sites of Qi Great Wall, Champion Forest, Lei, Ant Mountain Red Army, Jade Emperor Mountain Arowana, Dawu and Chunxiao, which not only provide a material basis for the study of Ju culture, but also provide an ancient tourist attraction.

Juxian county belongs to warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. The main features are: mild spring, windy and rainy; Summer is hot and rainfall is concentrated; Autumn is cool, with little rain and drought; It's cold in winter, with little rain and snow.

In the growing season of crops, there is plenty of sunshine, heat and precipitation; However, in some years, there have been disastrous weather such as drought, flood and low temperature. Statistics show that the average annual temperature in Juxian area is 12. 1℃, the annual precipitation is about 750 mm, the annual sunshine hours are 2450 hours, and the average annual frost-free period is 182 days. According to textual research, Ju is a tribe whose place name originated from primitive society. The Historical Draft of China (written by Guo Moruo) contains "Boyi's early integration into China.

In Shang Dynasty, it was the state of Gu Mu Hou, Zhou Ju, Han Chengyang, and then Zhou County. The ancient and young Di Jun has accumulated rich culture and left precious spiritual wealth in thousands of years.

Ceramic horns engraved with hieroglyphs unearthed in Dakouzun and Lingyang River in Juxian County have pushed the history of Chinese civilization for a thousand years. Juxiang Wen Yuan is rich in treasures.

According to historical records, during the Six Dynasties alone, Ju Wen wrote hundreds of books. Among them, Zang's Autumn in Feng Qi Chun, Zang's Jin Shu and Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long are of high status and have been handed down to this day.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were more than 200 volumes of humanistic works by Ju, Yu, Guan Tingxian and Li. In 1930s, a generation of students Zhou wrote five masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, including Textual Research on Sun Tzu's Art of War. Today, Ju's humanistic works have mushroomed. According to incomplete statistics, only 20 years after the reform and opening up, the county has published more than 30 kinds of books and published more than 700 articles in newspapers and periodicals at or above the provincial level. Du Shoumin published 1 1 teaching series, Wang Shilong published seven monographs, such as Corolla of the Earth, and Tang Jiaxing published hundreds of thousands of words of literary works, such as Resisting Bankruptcy.

At the same time, there are more than 100 foreign writers who are famous for their works. Among them: Zhang, Wei, Yu Chan, Zhao Shusan, etc. It has a certain influence in the country.

In addition, more than 20 literary groups such as "Poetry Society" and "Literature Society" were spontaneously established in Juxian County. Chrysanthemum fragrance calligraphy and painting, celebrities gathered.

Yu Changling, Dong, Zhuang Yulan and Sun Shaoshan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all great painters. Their figures, flowers, landscapes and calligraphy were lush and deep, or arrogant and bold, or vigorous and beautiful, or elegant and vulgar, not only popular in contemporary times. After the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, Juxiang calligraphy and painting circle has been very active, and it has become the "hometown of folk calligraphy and painting art in Shandong Province" named by the Provincial Department of Culture.

He Nailei, Xu Yongtian, Zhu Quanzeng, Gao, Song Jinding and many other painters have become well-known painters in China because of their colorful works. Among them, He Nailei's works have won many awards in the national grand prix. In addition, there is a huge group of calligraphy and painting in Juxian county, and new people come forth in large numbers.

Their works have won national awards or been exhibited in Beijing and Hong Kong, which is a new force in the history of calligraphy and painting art in our county. There are many Juxian artists in other places, including 100 famous artists with their own styles.

Although living in a foreign country, it also adds a lot of glory to Juxian County. The paper-cutting art in Juxian originated from the folk, mainly cutting "the color of the door" and "the flowers on the ceiling", and the patterns are mostly "Congratulations on the New Year" and "Phoenix Dance", which enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC),, Jia, etc. It integrates wood carving and multicolor cutting, and promotes the paper-cutting art of chrysanthemum fragrance to a new height. Their works are fresh in style and bright in color, which are deeply loved by all walks of life.

Yu Yongsheng alone has published more than 1000 works in newspapers and periodicals at or above the provincial level. The folk entertainment in Juxian county is mostly carried out during festivals.

During the Spring Festival, there are acrobatics such as lions, roller coasters, stilts, Hua Gun, donkey running and so on. There are folk songs written and performed by ourselves, lanterns and fireworks during the Lantern Festival, and swings and kites in Tomb-Sweeping Day. Among them, the swing in Qishan, with its unique way, has aroused the strong interest of tourists from all over the world.

The local customs of Juxian County cover a wide range and have their own culture, sports and entertainment. Among them, picking herbs on the Dragon Boat Festival, swinging in Tomb-Sweeping Day and sending lanterns on the fifteenth day of the first month all have distinctive local colors. 1April, 1996, Juxian county was rated as "advanced social and cultural county in Shandong province".

Important cultural relics (1). This is an original Wen Tao carved on the belly of a gray pottery statue.

Since 1960, more than 20 kinds of 10 characters have been unearthed in three Dawenkou cultural sites in Juxian County, namely Lingyang River, Zhujiacun and Hangtou. This department.