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How can Cordyceps sinensis distinguish between good and bad?

How can Cordyceps sinensis distinguish between good and bad?

The identification of Cordyceps sinensis has been reported in the related literature for a long time, but there are different opinions, and there are many identification methods. So, in the face of these, do you really fully understand the good and bad of Cordyceps sinensis? As for how to distinguish between true and false Cordyceps sinensis, let's first look at how to distinguish Cordyceps sinensis.

First, the distinction between morphological characteristics

First of all, we should clearly know the morphological characteristics of Cordyceps sinensis. Only by knowing the morphological characteristics first can we know how to distinguish it from fakes. Normal Cordyceps sinensis is composed of its insect body, daughter and other parts, which are indispensable, because its efficacy and price will be greatly reduced. High-quality Cordyceps sinensis is characterized by complete body, full and fat body, bright yellow color, full and white cross section and short daughter. Now let's learn about the characteristics of insect bodies and seats.

1. Insect body: slender cylindrical, silkworm-shaped, 3-5 cm long and 0.3-0.8 cm in diameter; The surface is dark yellow to yellowish brown, and the head is reddish brown; There are 20~30 rings on the back, and the rings near the head are thinner; There are 8 pairs of feet in the abdomen (the first 3 tails are 1, and the middle 4 pairs are more obvious); Light, slightly loose, hard and brittle, easily broken, white, full, slightly elastic, with dark brown "V"-shaped lines or cracks.

2. Base: also known as grass head, it consists of a single base and a handle. It grows from the head of the insect body and is 4 ~ 7 cm long. The insect's head covers the base, slender and cylindrical, slightly curved. The surface is grayish brown or dark brown, the middle part is slightly yellow, there are fine longitudinal lines at the base, the upper part of the base is slightly enlarged and slightly granular, and there is a short sterile part at the top. Flexible, not easy to break, fibrous section, or hollow; The smell is slightly fishy and the taste is slightly bitter.

Second, the difference of origin

Cordyceps sinensis is mainly produced in Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and other places, and distributed in unpolluted shrubs and meadows at an altitude of more than 2800 meters.

Cordyceps sinensis has different quality and price according to different producing areas. The best quality is Naqu, Tibet, which is the highest Cordyceps producing area at an altitude of 4500~6000 meters, and the price is also the most expensive Cordyceps producing area. Followed by Yushu in Qinghai, the origin is about 3000~4000 meters above sea level, and the price is slightly lower than that of Naqu in Tibet; Thirdly, in Sichuan and other areas, the quality of Cordyceps sinensis is relatively poor. Therefore, many unscrupulous merchants often pretend to be cordyceps from Naqu, Tibet and Yushu, Qinghai, and sell them as inferior products. Compared with other producing areas, Cordyceps sinensis in these two producing areas has the following characteristics:

(1) Cordyceps naqu is slightly yellow than Cordyceps Yushu. The surface color of Cordyceps Naqu in Tibet is the yellowest and cleanest, and Cordyceps Yushu is relatively yellowish brown. Cordyceps sinensis in other places is lighter in color, reddish or gray. In addition, the eyes of Cordyceps produced in Naqu, Tibet are brown, the eyes of Cordyceps produced in Yushu and Guoluo, Qinghai are yellow, and the grass produced in Sichuan and other areas is mostly red or dark brown.

(2) Cordyceps sinensis koji with the same size is lighter. So the same specification of Yushu Cordyceps looks more compact, and Qu Cordyceps looks fatter.

(3) The body and tail of Cordyceps sinensis in Naqu, Tibet are bright and oily, with a strong butter flavor. The smell of Cordyceps sinensis in Yushu, Qinghai has a strong mushroom-like smell, while the smell of Cordyceps sinensis in other places is extremely weak.

(4) Cordyceps sinensis is also produced in Aba and Ganzi of Sichuan. The quality of its products is not as good as that of Cordyceps sinensis produced in Qinghai and Tibet. Generally speaking, Cordyceps sinensis produced in Sichuan has hard meat, dark color, bitter taste and dark brown eyes.

Third, name distinction.

Among the commercially available Cordyceps sinensis medicinal materials, it is generally believed that Tibetan grass produced in northern Tibet, grass produced in Yushu and Guoluo in Qinghai, and Sichuan grass produced in western and northwestern Sichuan are subdivided into furnace grass (such as Kangding and Litang in Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan), shrub grass (such as Marcand and Songpan in Aba Prefecture, Sichuan) and Lijiang, Zhongdian and Deqin in Yunnan. The distribution area of Yunnan grass is narrow, the resources are scarce and the yield is limited. It is only produced and sold locally, and rarely enters other Chinese herbal medicine markets in China.

Fourth, the specification distinction

There is no uniform standard for the grade of Cordyceps sinensis. There are "first-class, super-class, king-class, etc." in the retail market, but they are not universal. By default, the trading market of Cordyceps sinensis is based on the size and quantity of Cordyceps sinensis, that is, divided by the quantity of Cordyceps sinensis per kilogram. According to the size and quantity of Cordyceps sinensis from different producing areas, the price is different, and the smaller the quantity, the higher the price of Cordyceps sinensis. Cordyceps sinensis is big and small, with the big one being 2g,1.8g or even1.6g, the small one being 4g, 5g or even smaller. Generally speaking, the greater the color and fullness of Cordyceps sinensis, the better its appearance and the higher its grade.

Defect identification of verb (abbreviation of verb)

Cordyceps sinensis, which is purchased from the original Cordyceps digger, usually contains some defective Cordyceps sinensis, such as broken, worn bamboo sticks, hollow, etc., and there is a lot of soil. Generally, such Cordyceps sinensis can only be sold after certain treatment (including brushing mud, mowing grass, threading, drying grass and sorting by size). The more detailed this treatment is, the better the quality of Cordyceps sinensis will be. Therefore, we have to admit the defects of Cordyceps sinensis when purchasing. So, what are the common defects of Cordyceps sinensis?

1. Broken grass: Cordyceps which is broken and divided into two or more pieces during digging, brushing, storage or after-sale.

2. Bamboo-stick grass (threading): The cut Cordyceps is threaded with bamboo sticks or filaments to form a complete Cordyceps sinensis, which is mixed with high-quality Cordyceps sinensis and sold at a high price. Careful identification should be made when purchasing.

3. Dead grass: Cordyceps sinensis is dead, and what is dug out is dead grass.

4. Shrinking grass: Due to the late excavation time, the nutrition of the insect body is absorbed by the grass head too much, resulting in the worm body being dry or even empty. Under normal circumstances, withered grass is accompanied by the phenomenon that the grass head is too long. There is also improper storage in the later stage, which leads to wet shrinkage of seedlings.

5. Black grass: The surface color of Cordyceps sinensis is dark brown or dark black.

6. Hollow grass: Cordyceps sinensis is affected by geography and natural environment in the growth process, and its texture becomes soft, and the core forms a cavity. The squeezed insect body is cotton candy, which is elastic.

7. Inferior grass: Cordyceps sinensis, which was damaged in the process of mining, processing, packaging and transportation, has only insects and no substrate.

8. Multi-headed grass: Cordyceps sinensis with multiple branches or bifurcations on the insect head.

Six, the distinction between genuine and fake.

True:

Chinese caterpillar fungus (Berk) SACC), a fungus belonging to the genus Cordyceps, belonging to the family Ergonomidae, is a complex of dry worms and subgroups on the larvae of parasitic insects of the family Batmoth. Insects are like silkworms. The length is 3-5 cm and the diameter is 0.3-0.8 cm. The outer surface is brownish yellow or khaki, the back link is obvious, with 20-30 stripes, and the narrow spacing of ring pattern 1 width 3 is natural and clear. There are 8 pairs of feet in the abdomen, the first 3 pairs, the middle 4 pairs and the tail L pairs, especially the middle 4 pairs. Light and brittle, with a flat section, pink and slightly yellow. Daughter is a single branch. It grows from the mouth of the head and is in a thin column shape. The surface is brown, with fine longitudinal stripes, the top is slightly enlarged, and verrucous protrusions are densely covered under the magnifying glass. The texture is flexible, and the section is fibrous and yellow-white. The smell is slightly fishy and strong.

Counterfeit goods:

Common products in the market mainly include the following counterfeit products:

1. Cordyceps sinensis: also known as Hawkes Cordyceps sinensis. The substrate grows from the center of the insect head and does not cover the whole insect head; The top of the sub-seat is round, the four legs in the middle are not prominent, the ring pattern is not as obvious as the genuine Cordyceps sinensis, and the grass head is bifurcated. (The same is true of genuine Cordyceps sinensis, but only a few hundred pieces can see the bifurcation, which should be identified according to other characteristics. Other appearance features are basically the same. Some cordyceps sinensis are white and easy to identify, while others are yellow and difficult to identify.

2. Liangshan Cordyceps sinensis: The insect body is short, the surface is brown and black, there are countless rings, and the rusty fluff is long, much longer than the insect body, up to 30 cm. The branches are slender and tortuous, and the head of the fruiting body is completely cylindrical or rod-shaped. The feet are not obvious. A few grasses have branches at the top.

3. Cordyceps Sinkiang: This insect looks like a silkworm with a dark red to purple surface and a hard texture. The base is usually not available. The counterfeit products of Cordyceps Sinkiang are easy to identify.

4. Ground silkworm: The "worm body" is spindle-shaped. Slightly curved, few rings, only 3 ~ 15. The appearance is light yellow.

5. Herbivorous silkworm: it is the dried rhizome of stachys. Labiatae. Spindle-shaped or long spindle-shaped, with a slightly sharp and curved end, resembling a worm, 2 ~ 4 cm long and 3 ~ 6 mm in diameter; The surface is brown or yellow-brown, with 4 ~ 8 nodes, and the length of the nodes is 3 ~ 7 mm, with longitudinal depression. There is no daughter seat. Hard and brittle, easily broken, with yellowish section and brown cambium ring. Slight gas, slightly sweet and sticky.

6. Products dyed with starch after laminating: like Cordyceps sinensis. The texture is solid, the illusion is fragile and easy to break, it softens when it meets water, and turns blue with iodine solution.

7. Dry body of insect larvae: The insect body is slightly similar to Cordyceps sinensis. Big head, shiny, no daughter seat; The surface is dark brown or brown. Fragile, easily broken, with white cross section. The source remains to be studied.

8. Adulterated Cordyceps sinensis: See Cordyceps sinensis for appearance. Insects are like Cordyceps sinensis, the main difference is that they are full and fat, and their weight and quality are solid, fragile and easily broken. Adding inorganic salts to inferior Cordyceps to increase weight.

9. Cordyceps sinensis: Also known as "Cordyceps militaris", it is not Cordyceps sinensis, but an artificially cultivated Cordyceps fruiting body. Culture medium is a fungus, which imitates various nutrients contained in natural insects, including cereals, beans, eggs and milk. It is very similar to common edible mushrooms such as Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus, but the strains, growth environment and growth conditions are different. In order to improve their social status, merchants have a nice name called "Cordyceps sinensis", but it has no effect of Cordyceps sinensis and has not achieved any clinical effect. It can only be used as a food and has not been listed as a traditional Chinese medicine; However, due to the propaganda of some merchants on its functions and ingredients, this food has a good market at present and is used as Cordyceps by many hotels and pharmacies. The cordyceps flowers are only artificially extracted, just edible fungi. Therefore, it does not contain other components of Cordyceps sinensis, such as cordycepic acid and cordyceps polysaccharide. Therefore, it cannot have other functions of Cordyceps sinensis, such as tonifying kidney, protecting liver, resisting cancer and nourishing lung. And it is only medically proved that it has a certain anti-tumor effect, and the effect is far less than that of Cordyceps sinensis.

Nutritional value of Cordyceps sinensis

Cordyceps sinensis is a precious Chinese herbal medicine with high medicinal value. Together with ginseng and pilose antler, it is the three major tonics in China. Chinese medicine believes that Cordyceps sinensis is sweet and light, slightly warm and non-toxic, and belongs to lung and kidney meridians. Its main functions are tonifying kidney-yang, nourishing lung-yin, replenishing essence, and treating fatigue cough and various asthenia. Deficiency of essential qi and deficiency of both lung and kidney can be taken, and the effect is the same as that of ginseng antler. However, it is mild in nature, nourishing but not dry, nourishing but not greasy, sparse but not heavy, slow but not stagnant, and has no toxic and side effects.

Cordyceps polysaccharide: one of the main effective components of Cordyceps sinensis, is a polysaccharide composed of mannose, cordycepin, adenosine, galactose, arabinose, xylose, glucose and fucose, which has strong biological activity. Cordyceps polysaccharide has the functions of strengthening body constitution, strengthening body resistance, eliminating pathogenic factors, regulating immunity, resisting tumor, protecting kidney, delaying aging, resisting fatigue, regulating lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism, and resisting liver fibrosis and radiation.

A variety of amino acids: asparagus, perilla, silk, cereal, preserved fruit, sweet, valerian, egg, bright, bright, phenylpropyl, cheese, vitamin A, cystatin, essence, color, etc. 18 kinds of amino acids, among which glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid and leucine are the highest; Pharmacological experiments show that glutamic acid, tryptophan and tyrosine are the main components of natural Cordyceps sinensis, and tryptophan is the main effective component, all of which contain 8 essential amino acids. The clinical effects of Cordyceps sinensis, such as tonifying, adjuvant treatment of digestive system and nervous system diseases, bacteriostasis and enhancing immune function, are all related to its rich amino acids.

Fat: The fat content of Cordyceps sinensis is 9 ~ 10%, most of which are unsaturated fatty acids accounting for 80.2 ~ 82.5%, and saturated fatty acids accounting for11~13.6%. At present, 12 species have been detected. They are stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, 14 monomethyl pentadecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 9 hexadecanoic acid, 14 monomethyl hexadecanoic acid, 9 octadecenoic acid and1eicosenoic acid.

Antimicrobial active substance: It has antagonistic effect on Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus and non-Bacillus, Streptomyces in actinomycetes, which is different from the antibacterial spectrum of Cordyceps sinensis. This antibacterial active substance is heat-resistant, active and stable.

Cordyceps acid: Cordyceps acid in Cordyceps sinensis is a D- mannitol and an isomer of quinic acid. Cordyceps acid can promote metabolism, improve microcirculation and prevent and treat cerebral thrombosis, cerebral hemorrhage, myocardial infarction and long-term failure. It also has antibacterial, antitussive, expectorant, antiasthmatic, diuretic and repercussive effects, reducing intracranial pressure and enhancing the body's resistance to diseases. The content of cordycepic acid is one of the main standards to measure the quality of Cordyceps sinensis. It is generally believed that Cordyceps sinensis with high content of cordycepic acid has high medicinal value. The content of cordycepic acid in Cordyceps sinensis from different habitats and different qualities is different, generally 3-8%. It is reported that experts have detected that the content of high-quality Cordyceps sinensis in Tibet has reached 8.4%.

Alkaloids: The alkaloids detected from Cordyceps sinensis include cordycepin, uracil, thymine, adenine, guanine, uridine, adenosine, hypoxanthine nucleoside and hypoxanthine; Adenosine can improve the blood circulation of heart and brain, prevent arrhythmia, inhibit the release of neurotransmitters and regulate endocrine. Adenosine content is also one of the main indexes to evaluate the internal quality of Cordyceps sinensis. Some experts analyzed the adenosine content of Cordyceps sinensis from different producing areas, and the results showed that the adenosine content of Cordyceps sinensis ranged from142.5 to 396.6 ug/g. Generally speaking, the adenosine content of Cordyceps sinensis produced in Tibet and Qinghai was higher than that in other places, especially in Naqu, Tibet.

Trace elements: Cordyceps sinensis contains more than 30 kinds of trace elements, with the highest content of P and Mg, and the higher ones are Al, Fe, Ca, Na and Zn. Followed by potassium, silicon, manganese, strontium, barium, copper, zirconium and so on.

New immunosuppressant: Experts extracted antibiotic components from Cordyceps sinensis culture solution and synthesized a new immunosuppressant FTY720 through chemical modification. Its chemical structure and function are different from the existing immunosuppressants. The preparation directly acts on lymphocytes, showing immunosuppression. In particular, the inhibitory effect on rejection such as organ transplantation is particularly obvious. In various animal experiments of organ transplantation and skin transplantation, it has a good inhibitory or therapeutic effect on rejection and has no side effects. Moreover, when used together with existing immunosuppressants, the immunosuppressant effect is better.

Other ingredients: Cordyceps sinensis is rich in superoxide dismutase (SOD) with a content of 65mg/g protein. As a protective enzyme of cells, this enzyme has the functions of scavenging oxygen free radicals, protecting cells and tissues from anion damage, benefiting the body and resisting aging; Cordyceps sinensis also contains vitamins B 1, Bl2 and VE. Some experts used silica gel column chromatography to separate eight compounds from Tibetan Cordyceps sinensis, namely palmitic acid, ergosterol, cholesterol, ergosterol peroxide, sitosterol, caffeine, beer sterol and ceramide. Some experts analyzed the polyamines of Cordyceps sinensis by HPLC, and detected 1 3 diaminopropane, putrescine, spermine, cadaverine and so on.

Ten Health-preserving Functions of Cordyceps sinensis

Cordyceps sinensis is a traditional precious nourishing Chinese herbal medicine, which is juxtaposed with natural ginseng and velvet antler as three major tonics. It is mild, edible all year round, suitable for all ages, sick and disabled, and has wider medicinal value than other kinds of tonics. Cordyceps sinensis is not a "worm" in winter and a "grass" in summer, but a kind of fungus-Cordyceps sinensis of ergotaceae. Modern science has discovered more and more magical effects of Cordyceps sinensis. Generally speaking, Cordyceps sinensis not only has the function of regulating various organs of human body, but also has some direct disease-resistant functions.

1, regulating blood lipid.

Cordyceps sinensis can reduce cholesterol and triglyceride in blood, increase high-density lipoprotein beneficial to human body and relieve atherosclerosis.

2. Adjust hematopoietic function.

Cordyceps sinensis can enhance the ability of bone marrow to produce platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells.

3. Regulate renal function.

Cordyceps sinensis can alleviate the renal pathological changes of chronic diseases, improve renal function and reduce the damage of toxic substances to the kidney.

4. Adjust the heart function.

Cordyceps sinensis can improve the hypoxia tolerance of the heart, reduce the oxygen consumption of the heart and resist arrhythmia.

5. Regulate liver function.

Cordyceps sinensis can reduce the damage of toxic substances to the liver and resist the occurrence of liver fibrosis. In addition, it also plays a beneficial role in viral hepatitis by regulating immune function and enhancing antiviral ability.

6. Adjust the function of the respiratory system.

Cordyceps sinensis has the functions of dilating bronchi, relieving asthma, eliminating phlegm and preventing emphysema.

7, improve cell energy and anti-fatigue.

Cordyceps sinensis can improve the energy of mitochondria, the energy factory of human body, improve the cold tolerance of the body and reduce fatigue.

8. Direct anti-tumor effect.

Cordyceps sinensis extract has obvious inhibitory and killing effects on tumor cells in vitro. Cordyceps sinensis contains cordycepin, which is the main component of its anti-tumor effect.

9. others. Cordyceps sinensis also has the functions of directly resisting virus, regulating the function of central nervous system and regulating sexual function.

It is amazing that Cordyceps sinensis can play such a comprehensive health care role on human body, and it is worthy of the reputation of "Cao Xian" since ancient times. In modern society, taking Cordyceps sinensis is not only a guarantee for one's own health, but more importantly, it brings the ultimate healthy quality of life.

10, regulating immune system function.

The immune system is equivalent to the army in the human body, which resists tumors internally, removes aging and necrotic cells and tissues, and resists microbial infections such as viruses and bacteria externally. The human body may have mutated tumor cells every day. People with normal immune system function can escape the bad luck of tumor, but people with poor immune system function may develop tumor. The effect of Cordyceps sinensis on the immune system seems to be to adjust the volume to make it in the best state. It can not only increase the number of cells and tissues in the immune system, promote the production of antibodies, increase the number of phagocytes and killer cells, enhance their functions, but also reduce the functions of some immune cells.

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