The History of the West Lake Town God Temple in Hangzhou

(West Lake, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province)

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Synonym West Lake in Hangzhou generally refers to West Lake (West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province)

Located in the west of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, West Lake is the first batch of national key scenic spots in Chinese mainland and one of the top ten scenic spots in China. It is one of the main ornamental freshwater lakes in Chinese mainland, one of the few lakes in the World Heritage List, and the only lake cultural heritage in China.

The West Lake is surrounded by mountains on three sides, with an area of about 6.39 square kilometers, a width of about 2.8 kilometers from east to west, a length of about 3.2 kilometers from north to south, and a lake area of about 15 kilometers. The lake is separated by an isolated mountain, Bai Causeway, Su Causeway and Yang Gongdi. According to the size of the area, it is divided into five water surfaces: Waixi Lake, Xili Lake, Beili Lake, Xiaonanhu Lake and Yuehu Lake. Su Causeway and Bai Causeway pass through the lake, while Zhou Xiaoying, Hu Xinting and Ruan Gongdun stand in the center of Waixi Lake. The Leifeng Pagoda in Zhao Xi and the Baodi Pagoda in Baoshi Mountain are separated by a lake, forming one.

Chinese name

Hangzhou West Lake

Foreign name

Hangzhou West Lake Cultural Landscape

geographical position

Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

Climate type

Subtropical monsoon climate

floor space

About 6.4 square kilometers

Business?Hours?

Open all day

Scenic spot level

National a-level scenic spot

ticket price

be free of charge

famous scenic spot

Three Comments on Ten Scenes of West Lake, New West Lake and West Lake

Heritage list

Cultural landscape inheritance

Lake length

3.2km (north-south direction)

Lake width

2.8 km (east-west)

lake region

6.39 square kilometers

Average depth

2.28 meters

storage capacity

14.29 million cubic meters

Lake shoreline length

15km

Longitude and latitude

30 14' 45 "north latitude 120 8' 30" east longitude

Famous poems

After drinking, the rain will clear up on the lake.

The mountain in the lake

Residual hill

The second tower in the lake

Baotu Pagoda and Leifeng Pagoda

Three islands in the lake

Zhou Xiaoying, Hu Xinting, Ruan Gongdun

Three dams in the lake

Bai Causeway, Su Causeway, Yang Gongdi

Huanhuming steet

Beishan Street, Nanshan Road and Hubin Road

Suggested duration of the game

3-6 hours

A season suitable for play

March-May, September-165438+ October

catalogue

The historical evolution of 1

The origin of the name

Qin and Han Dynasties to Tang Dynasty

Song dynasty in five dynasties

Yuan Ming Qing dynasty

Modern Times

after liberation

2 1 century

Be included in the World Heritage List

2 Geology

3 Shanshui West Lake

Yishan

Erta

Yukio Mishima

Sandy

Ten Views of the West Lake

Huanhu neighborhood

4 Humanities West Lake

Religious art

Literary works

art

folklore

Former residence of celebrities

Xihu cruise

5 Ecological West Lake

plant

animal

Artificial governance

The development of history

The origin of the name

The picture of the West Lake comes from the six-year supplement of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty in Lin 'an Annals of Xianchun.

Geography of Hanshu: "Qiantang, Governor of the West. Wulin Mountain, where Wulin water comes, goes east into the sea and travels 800 miles. " After [1], there are various names such as Shuiqian, Qiantang Lake, Ming Sheng Lake, [2] Jinniu Lake, Hanshi Lake, Shang Hu, Hutong Lake, Fangshengchi Lake, Xizi Lake, Gaotu Lake, Xiling Lake, Longchuan Lake, Xiaojinguo Lake, Ren Mei Lake, Xianzhe Lake and Yueming Lake. First, because the lake is west of Hang Cheng, it is named West Lake. The earliest name of "West Lake" appeared in Bai Juyi's two poems. The West Lake returned to Gushan Temple in the evening to present guests, and Hangzhou returned to the boat. After the Northern Song Dynasty, most famous poems were named after the West Lake, and the name of Qiantang Lake was gradually unknown. Su Shi's Seeking the West Lake in Hangzhou is the first time to use the name "West Lake" in official documents.

Qin and Han Dynasties to Tang Dynasty

More than two thousand years ago, the West Lake was a part of Qiantang River. Due to sediment deposition, sand mouths gradually formed at the foothills of Wushan Mountain and Baoshishan Mountain in the north and south of the West Lake. After that, the two sand mouths gradually moved closer and finally became a sandbar, and an inner lake, the West Lake, was formed on the west side of the sandbar. This time is probably the Qin and Han Dynasties. Zhang Dai's Dream of the West Lake records: "The Great Stone Buddha Temple, an old historical research, Qin Shihuang swam eastward into the sea, and the cable boat was on this stone." The Great Stone Buddha Temple mentioned here, that is, under the Baoshi Mountain on the north side of the West Lake, still has the scenery of "the boat stone of Qin Shihuang".

Since the 6th year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (6 10), the Jiangnan Canal has been dug, which is connected with the North Canal and connected with the five major water systems in the north and south. Convenient transportation has also promoted Hangzhou's economic development and tourism activities.

The area of the West Lake in the Tang Dynasty was about 10.8 square kilometers, which was nearly twice the area of modern lakes. The west and south of the lake reach to the foot of Xishan Mountain, and the northeast extends to Wulinmen area. Pilgrims can row to the foot of the mountain and then walk up the mountain to worship Buddha. Because the water conservancy was not repaired at that time, the West Lake was sometimes flooded by heavy rain and sometimes dried up due to long drought.

In September of the second year of Jianzhong (78 1), Li Mi was transferred to Hangci history. In order to solve the problem of drinking fresh water, he creatively adopted the method of diverting water into the city. That is, dig six wells in densely populated areas such as Qiantangmen and Yongjinmen, and introduce the West Lake water into the city by "opening the yin sinus" (that is, burying tile pipes and bamboo tubes). Most of the six wells have now disappeared, and only the Xiangguojing site is in the west of Jingting Bridge on Jiefang Road. The other five wells are Xijing (originally located in the west of Guo Xiang well), Fang Jing (commonly known as Siyan well), Jinniu well (originally located in the northwest of Xijing well), Baiguijing (originally located in the west of Longxiang Bridge) and Xiaofang well (commonly known as Ada well, originally located in Qiantangmen, that is, today's Xiaoqiao area).

In October of the second year of Changqing (822), Bai Juyi was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou. During his tenure, Bai Xing built water conservancy projects, expanded stone culverts, dredged the West Lake, built dams and sluices to increase the lake capacity, and solved the problem of farmland irrigation between Qiantang (Hangzhou) and Haining. In fact, the dam built by Bai Juyi is near Hanshiqiao outside Qiantang Gate, which is called Baigong Dike, not modern Bai Causeway. Bai built dikes outside Qiantang Gate, built Shihan Gate and stored lakes. He also wrote "Qiantang River Gate" and carved it on the stone tablet, explaining the function of the dam and the methods of storing and protecting it. Today, the site of Baigong Dike has long since disappeared, but later generations borrowed Bai Causeway (then called "Baisha Dike") to commemorate Baigong Dike. Bai not only left behind water conservancy projects that benefited future generations, but also created a large number of West Lake poems. The most famous works are Spring Tour in Qiantang River, Spring Theme Lake and Jiangnan Memory.

Song dynasty in five dynasties

Wu Yueguo and the Southern Song Dynasty, which were the most prominent in the history of Hangzhou's development, had the greatest influence on the West Lake. It was in these two dynasties that the West Lake was fully developed and basically shaped.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Wu Yueguo (907-960) took Hangzhou as its capital, promoted transportation with coastal areas, and traded with Japan, North Korea and other countries. At the same time, due to the worship of Buddhism by King Wu Yueguo, a large number of temples, pagodas, classic buildings and grottoes were built around the West Lake, Lingyin Temple was expanded, Zhaoqing Temple, Jingci Temple Temple, Li 'an Temple, Liu Tong Temple and Taoguang Temple were founded, and Baokui Tower, Pagoda of Six Harmonies Tower, Leifeng Tower and Baita Tower were built, which was once called the Buddhist Kingdom. Lingyin Temple, Tianzhu Temple and Qiantang River were tourist attractions at that time. Due to the geological reasons of the West Lake, the silt accumulation speed is fast, and the dredging of the West Lake has become a daily maintenance work. So, in the second year (927), Qian Liu, King of Wu Yue, ordered more than a thousand soldiers to pull the lake and dig springs to ensure the existence of the water body in the West Lake.

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi, a famous poet, made great contributions to the management of the West Lake. From the Five Dynasties to the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the West Lake died for many years, and aquatic plants occupied half of the lake. In the fifth year of Yuan You (1090), Su Shi wrote "Begging for the West Lake in Hangzhou" in Song Zhezong, asserting: "If there is a West Lake in Hangzhou, people can't abandon it if they have eyebrows." In April of the same year, 200,000 migrant workers were mobilized to dredge the West Lake, and a 2.8-kilometer-long north-south lake-crossing levee with six stone arch bridges was built on it. Since then, the water surface of the West Lake has been divided into two parts, and the north and south mountains have begun to connect. Later generations named this long dike "Su Causeway" in memory of him. According to legend, Dongpo pork, a famous dish in Hangzhou, is a delicious dish that Su Dongpo gave to migrant workers for dredging. Like Bai Juyi, the great poet Su Shi also left many poems in Hangzhou, the most famous of which are Drinking Rain after Chuqing Lake and Drunk Books Looking at the Lake Building.

1 127, after the Southern Song Dynasty made Lin 'an its capital, Hangzhou became the political, economic and cultural center of the whole country, with rapid population growth and economic prosperity, and entered the heyday of development. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Wu wrote in Liang Lumeng: "The customs of Lin 'an are extravagant in four seasons, and there is almost no virtual day to enjoy. There are lovely lakes in the west and rivers and tides in the east, all of which are absolutely beautiful. "Tourists in Hangzhou, in addition to pilgrims, add envoys, businessmen, monks from all over the world, students who take exams in Beijing, and domestic businessmen who come to Hangzhou for trade every year. The scenery of the West Lake began to be widely known. At that time, the boating trip in the West Lake was extremely prosperous. According to ancient books, "there are no fewer than 100 ships in the lake", "all of them are exquisitely built, with carved columns and arches, and they walk like the ground". Lin Sheng, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, vividly described the grand occasion in his poem Lin 'an House. In addition, the poet Yang Wanli once wrote the poem "Seeing Lin Zifang off at dawn in Jingci Temple", praising the beautiful scenery of the West Lake.

Yuan Ming Qing dynasty

In the Yuan Dynasty, the West Lake was still a "golden cave" for singing and dancing. Volume 23 of History of the Yuan Dynasty records that in two years (1309), "Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Hangzhou Inn made people pass by more than 2,200 places in half a year, among which lions, leopards, crows and storks such as Sang Wu and Baohe Ding stayed for 20 days and 7 days, and people and animals ate more than 3,000 kilograms." Businessmen and travelers from western regions and western European countries are coming to Hangzhou more and more. The most famous Italian traveler Kyle Poirot praised Hangzhou as "the most beautiful and luxurious city in the world" in his travel notes. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, after the "Ten Scenes of West Lake" in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was also the "Ten Scenes of Qiantang", and the scope of the tour was expanded compared with that in the Song Dynasty. During the period from Yuan Shizu to Yuan Dynasty, the West Lake was once dredged into a releasing pond, and some lakes gradually piled up into mulberry gardens. However, by the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the West Lake was neglected, and rich and powerful people surrounded the lake to cultivate land, which made the West Lake increasingly barren and most of the lakes were silted up into fields.

It was not until the reign of Xuande and Zhengtong in the Ming Dynasty (1426- 1449) that Hangzhou began to regain its prosperity, and local officials began to pay attention to the West Lake. In the sixteenth year of Hongzhi (three years, namely 1508), Yang broke through the great resistance of enriching the people and, with the support of the governor, invited him to dredge the West Lake, which was funded by the Ministry of Industry. According to a book by The Journey to the West in the Ming Dynasty, "In February of that year, ... was a servant 152 days, a husband of 6.7 million, and a direct banker of 23607. As a result, the West Lake was demolished by 348 1 mu ..." The dredging project made all the areas from the west of Su Causeway to Hongchun Bridge and Maojiabu flooded. In addition to widening the Su Causeway, dredged sludge also accumulated in the west of Lihu Lake, which was later Yang Gongdi.

In the thirty-fifth year of Wanli (1607), Nie Xintang was ordered by Qiantang County to build an annular long dike from south to west outside the Zhou Xiaoying discharge pond in the lake, forming a unique landscape. In 39 years, Yang Wanli continued to build Wailing, and in 48 years, it was well managed. There are three small stone pagodas outside the pool, which are called Sanchi.

In the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong visited Hangzhou many times to promote the renovation and construction of the West Lake. Kangxi visited Hangzhou five times and wrote an inscription for the "Ten Scenes of West Lake" formed in the Southern Song Dynasty. Local officials built pavilions and monuments for the inscriptions, and fixed viewing positions for undetermined scenic spots such as "Twin Peaks in the Cloud" and "Autumn Moon in Pinghu". During Yongzheng period, "Eighteen Scenes of West Lake" was also introduced, which further expanded the scope of Hangzhou. Qianlong visited Hangzhou for six times and wrote poems for "Ten Scenes of West Lake". He also wrote the book "Eight Scenes of Longjing", which made the scenery of Longjing in remote mountainous areas attract tourists' attention. During the Qianlong period, brothers Zhai Hao and Zhai Han of Hangzhou co-authored A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of Lakes and Mountains, which recorded that the number of scenic spots in the West Lake increased to 10 16, which was the earliest guide book in Hangzhou. The East and West Embankments of Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace, a royal garden in Beijing, were built during the Qianlong period, and they were also modeled after the Sixth Bridge of West Lake Su Causeway.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the West Lake experienced several times of dredging, and the dredged lake mud accumulated two islands in the lake: Huxinting and Zhou Xiaoying.

During the Yongzheng period, the area of West Lake was still 7.54 square kilometers, but the beach was more than 20 hectares. After large-scale dredging, the area is wide from the west of Xishan Road to Hongchun Bridge, Maojiabu, Wuguitan and Chishanbu in modern times. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Li Wei, the governor of Zhejiang Province, used 42,742 silver to open up the West Lake Road, and built stone dams in Jinsha Port, Chishanbu, Dingjiashan and Maojiabu to store and discharge sand water into the lake. In the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), the governor of Zhejiang Province set out to dredge the West Lake and build water conservancy projects. Later, Ruan Yuan, Governor of Zhejiang Province, presided over the construction of mound with dredged soil (namely Ruan Gongdun). At this point, the outline of the modern West Lake has been formed. Tongzhi for three years (1864), founded the West Lake Dredging Bureau and appointed Qiantang Dingbing as the principal.

Modern Times

During the period of moving to Taiwan from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the Shanghai-Hangzhou, Hangzhou-Ningbo and zhejiang-jiangxi railway lines and expressways from Hangzhou to Shanghai, Nanjing and Ningbo were successively built, and convenient traffic conditions promoted the development of tourism in Hangzhou. In addition to traditional pilgrims, tourists from Shanghai, Nanjing and other countries, as well as tourists from Europe, America and Japan are also increasing. According to the 10th anniversary special issue of Hangzhou Municipal Government, during the period of 19-25 (1930- 1936), a total of 32,845 foreigners visited Hangzhou.

During the Republic of China, Hangzhou became increasingly rich in tourism resources, and there were more and more scenic spots and cultural relics in the West Lake. The government changed the imperial garden in Gushan Qing Palace into a park, and 16 was renamed Zhongshan Park. On the left side of the park, it is turned into the Zhejiang Martyrs' Shrine, which is dedicated to the fallen soldiers who conquered Jinling by the Zhejiang army. There are tombs of martyrs such as Xu Xilin and Qiu Jin near Xiling Bridge. In the past six years, the Great Compassion Pavilion of Lingyin Temple was built, and Wang Yue Temple and Yuefen were repaired many times. During the period of the Republic of China 12-20, Huanglong Cave was built. 12- 13 years, the Qianwang Memorial Hall was renovated and the garden was built. In 22 years, the tilted Bauquita was restored.

During the Republic of China, the park construction in Hangzhou began in lakeside park. 19 12 Zhejiang military government demolished the wall from Qiantangmen to Yongjinmen and Qi Ying, built a lakeside road along the lake, set up a fence 20 meters away from the lake, and planted flowers and trees widely, calling it lakeside park. Lakeside park is about a mile long and is divided into one to five parks. 1922 August 29th to 30th, China * * * production party held a special meeting in West Lake, and decided to conditionally agree that party member, the production party of * * * * *, would join the China Kuomintang in his own name, which contributed to the first cooperation between the two countries, which was called "West Lake Meeting" in history. 1in the spring of 930, the Hangzhou municipal government reclaimed the land from the north of Changsheng Road to Qiantangmentou, covering an area of about 2 1 mu, and transformed it into six parks. During the period of 1928- 1933, the Zhejiang provincial government set up "Statue of Chen", "Memorial Tower for Soldiers Killed in the Northern Expedition" and "Memorial for Soldiers Killed in the 88th Division of Songhu Campaign" at the Third Park Pier, the Second Park Pier and the Fifth Park Pier respectively.

1 On the afternoon of September 25th, 924140, the Leifeng Tower, which has a history of nearly a thousand years, collapsed due to the long-term theft and excavation of the tower foundation, which alarmed public opinion. Lu Xun wrote a special article twice to comment on this matter, and "Lei Feng Sunset Red" therefore existed in name only. 1929 From June 6 to 191October 20, the Zhejiang provincial government held the first West Lake Expo, with more than 20 million visitors. The Expo site is located in the lakeside areas such as Duanqiao, Gushan, Wang Yue Temple and Beishan, aiming at promoting domestic products and incentive industries. In addition to more than 1000 delegations from all over the country, delegations from the United States, Japan, Britain, Indonesia and other countries came to visit, which was the largest and longest activity in Hangzhou during the Republic of China. 1In late March, 937, Chiang Kai-shek and Zhou Enlai held secret talks in Xiayandong near the West Lake to discuss the establishment of an anti-Japanese national united front, which laid the foundation for the second cooperation between the two countries. It was called "West Lake Talks" in history. [3]

after liberation

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Hangzhou was one of the earliest tourist cities in China. Hangzhou Municipal Government implemented closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, planting trees and greening, and dredging the West Lake in an all-round way. In the West Lake Scenic Area, botanical gardens and flower beds will be opened, and Huagang Fish Watching Park and Liulang Wenying Park will be built. Rebuild Yuquan Guanyu Park and Jinyong Park, and repair Lingyin Temple, Jingci Temple, Yue Temple, Santan silver moon Pavilion, Hu Xin Pavilion and silver moon Pavilion. You can also see many fish in the pavilion. Construction of West Lake Road (Xishan Road), Longjing Road and Jiuxi Road. 1959, Hangzhou West Lake received more than 400 foreign tourists/kloc-0, more than 2,300 compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao, and more than 5 million domestic tourists.

The beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou has been favored by the top leaders of the country. Among them, Liu Zhuang (now West Lake State Guesthouse), Wangzhuang (now Xizi State Guesthouse), the place where Mao Zedong often stays, and the 704 Project (now Zhejiang Hotel) built by Lin Biao are the most famous. 1953 12 At the end of the year, Mao Zedong presided over the drafting of the first constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) in Liu Zhuang, near the West Lake in Hangzhou. 1972 At the end of February, US President Nixon and Zhou Enlai initialled the Sino-US Joint Communique at the Bajiaoting in Liu Zhuang, which was a milestone in the diplomatic history of China and the United States.

After the Cultural Revolution, the number of tourists to the West Lake increased rapidly. 1978 received 53,000 foreign guests and compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao, and about 6 million domestic tourists. 1May, 983, the State Council made it clear that Hangzhou is a famous historical and cultural city and a national key scenic tourist city. 1September 1984, the general office of the State Council pointed out that "Hangzhou should be built into a tourist center in the southeast of China and a world-class scenic tourist city". Since then, the Hangzhou government has restored Lingyin Temple, Tianzhu Temple, Jingci Temple, Yuemiao Temple, Dacheng Hall and the Ten-view Monument Pavilion of the West Lake, expanded places of interest such as Tiger Run, built parks such as Quyuan Fenghe, opened up scenic spots such as "exploring plum in Lingfeng", set up antique amusement activities in Huanglong Cave and Ruan Gongdun, and opened night tours such as night gardens and music night markets.

During the period of 1949, the West Lake was silted, the average depth of the lake was only 0.55 meters, and the bottom of the lake was full of aquatic plants, which made it difficult for large cruise ships to sail smoothly. 1976, the state allocated 2 million yuan to start dredging the West Lake for the second time. Lakeside park, Zhongshan Park, Yuefen, Su Causeway, etc. 10 have completed renovation or new construction. In addition, from 1978 to 1985, the West Lake also carried out the sewage interception project around the lake and the water diversion project of the West Lake, which improved the water quality of the West Lake.

1984 Hangzhou daily and other five units launched the top ten scenic spots selection activities of the new west lake. Hangzhou West Lake was selected as the first batch of national key scenic spots on 1982 and the top ten scenic spots in China on 1985 because of its beautiful natural scenery and long cultural heritage. In 2000, after a lapse of 7 1 year, the West Lake Expo was held again in the West Lake. The new West Lake Expo (officially named "China Hangzhou West Lake International Expo") * * received 65.438+0.4 million domestic and foreign tourists, and the tourism income reached 65.438+0.65438+0.2 billion yuan. Since then, the West Lake Expo has been identified as an annual large-scale conference and exhibition activity in Hangzhou.

2 1 century

In the 2 1 century, several large-scale projects to improve the environment of the West Lake have been started. The first is the "integration project of the south line of West Lake". From February to June, 2002, 10, Hangzhou integrated four parks on the south line of West Lake (Liulang Wenying, Senior Park, Juvenile Park and Changqiao Park). * * * 2.25 kilometers of fences were demolished, 65,700 square meters of buildings were demolished, 26,000 square meters of water systems were excavated, 8,000 new trees were planted, and 45,000 square meters of lawns and ground cover plants were demolished. All four parks are open for free 24 hours. Hangzhou West Lake is the first and only 5A scenic spot in China that doesn't charge tickets.

In the same year1October 25th, 10, 7 1.7-meter-high new Leifeng Tower was completed on the old site of Leifeng Tower that collapsed 78 years ago. Since then, the beautiful scenery of Leifeng Pagoda and Baokui Pagoda "North-South confrontation, one lake reflecting two towers" has reappeared in the West Lake, and the ten scenes of the West Lake that have disappeared for nearly 80 years have since become a complete panorama.

At the end of 2002, the Hangzhou Municipal Government launched three comprehensive renovation and protection projects: West Lake Westward Project (namely Yang Gongdi Scenic Area), New Lakeside Scenic Area and meijiawu Tea Culture Village. In the construction of Yang Gongdi scenic spot, 70 hectares of waters such as Maojiabu and Wuguitan were mainly restored, and communication with Xili Lake was made to improve and restore the surrounding ecological wetlands. The water surface of the West Lake has expanded from 5.6 square kilometers to 6.5 square kilometers, basically reaching the area of the West Lake 300 years ago. The new lakeside scenic spots include the lakeside belt from Broken Bridge, Baisha Road, Tangshengmen, Huancheng West Road, Hubin Road to the Second Park. The project will move the lakeside motorway into an underground tunnel and transform the pavement into a comprehensive leisure shopping pedestrian street. Meijiawu, located in the hinterland of West Lake Scenic Area, is an important producing area of Longjing tea in West Lake. Through this transformation, the scenic spot has restored the style of tea culture and farmers' tourism. Since 2003, a musical fountain system has been established on the surface of the West Lake near the intersection of Hubin Road and Pinghai Road, attracting a large number of tourists.

Since the National Day of 2004, Hangzhou Garden, Quyuan Fenghe Park and Huagang Fish Watching Park have been open to tourists and citizens free of charge. Together with the four parks on the southern line opened in 2002, West Lake has become an open park. On March 20, 2009, Taiziwan Park was open to visitors free of charge. From mid-October, 2065438+2004/kloc-0, the Hangzhou municipal government began to shut down and rectify high-end clubs and other service places, including the West Lake Scenic Area, in order to achieve the anti-corruption goal of "returning the lake to the people, returning the garden to the people, and returning the scenery to the people" and taking the mass line.

Be included in the World Heritage List

2011At the 35th World Heritage Conference held in Paris, France on June 24th, "Hangzhou West Lake Cultural Landscape" was officially listed in the World Cultural Heritage List. The landscape scope listed in the catalogue is 3,322.88 hectares (including "Ten Scenery of West Lake", Baojiao Pagoda, Leifeng Pagoda Site, Pagoda of Six Harmonies, Jingci Temple, Lingyin Temple, Feilaifeng Statue, Yuefei Tomb/Temple, Wenlan Pavilion, Baopu Park, Qiantangmen Site, Qingxing Palace Site, Maihe Stone Carvings and Lin Bu Tomb, West). The selection criteria include (2) (that is, it has a great influence on the development of architecture, technology, memorial art, town planning and landscape design in a certain period or cultural circle, and promoted the exchange of human values), (3) (that is, it has presented unique or rare evidence about existing or extinct cultural traditions and civilizations) and (6) (that is, events, living traditions, ideas and beliefs with great universal value. [4]

Hangzhou West Lake cultural landscape is the first world cultural heritage in Zhejiang Province, and it is also the second world heritage in Zhejiang Province after Jiangshan Jianglang Mountain (a part of Danxia in China).

geology

The reasons for the formation of the West Lake are briefly recorded in ancient books. The Travel Notes of the West Lake in the Ming Dynasty has a volume: "The West Lake is surrounded by mountains, streams and valleys on three sides, and there are more than 100 deep springs under it, which is a lake." Modern scholars have made textual research on topography, geology, sedimentation and hydrodynamics, among which the general view is that the West Lake is a lagoon gradually evolved from a bay. In the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), the scientist Zhu Kezhen published "The Reasons for the Formation of West Lake in Hangzhou" after investigating the topography of the West Lake, which said: "The West Lake was originally a small bay on the left side of Qiantang River, but it was slowly blocked by the sediment from Qiantang River and turned into a lagoon." Zhu Kezhen also inferred from the sedimentation rate that the West Lake began to form before 12000. Zhu believes that at the beginning of the formation of the West Lake, due to the injection of streams surrounded by mountains on three sides, the West Lake was gradually filled with sediment and the lake surface gradually narrowed. The West Lake would have been abandoned long ago if it hadn't been dredged continuously through the ages. 1924, geologist Zhang published "The Solution to the Genesis of the West Lake in Hangzhou", which supplemented Zhu's view that the formation of the West Lake began in tidal force, piled up into a lake embankment, and then maintained the lake surface with the change of beaches, which were two important conditions for the formation of the West Lake.

However, Hu Fei's theory has been questioned in modern scientific research. 1950, the geological department sampled and analyzed the geological boreholes in West Lake Island and lakeside park. It is considered that in the late Jurassic period,/kloc-0.5 billion years ago, a strong volcanic eruption occurred around the present lakeside park area, and a large number of volcanic rocks accumulated at the bottom of Baoshishan and West Lake (mostly). As a result, the crater once fell, causing low-lying water in the horseshoe-shaped core, which is the embryonic form of the West Lake. From 65438 to 0979, geologists analyzed microfossils of rock samples taken from boreholes near the lake. According to the combination of different fossils, the formation process of the West Lake can be divided into three stages: early lagoon, middle lagoon and late lagoon. With the development of Qiantang River sandbars, the West Lake was finally completely closed, and the water surface gradually faded, forming a modern West Lake.

The mountains around the West Lake belong to the remnant veins of Tianmu Mountain. According to different lithology and mountain height, it can be divided into two types: inner ring and outer ring. Beifeng, tianmashan, Tianzhu Mountain, Wuyun Mountain, etc. They are all in the outer circle and belong to high hilly terrain. The mountain is mainly composed of Silurian, Devonian lithic sandstone and timely sandstone, with hard lithology and not easy to be weathered and eroded. Beautiful peaks, vertical and horizontal streams and clear running water are the areas with the most springs in the West Lake. There are Feilai Peak, Nanfeng, Huangyushan, Fenghuang Mountain and Wu Shan in the inner circle, with low mountains and low hills. The mountains are all syncline mountains, mainly composed of Carboniferous and Permian limestone, which are easily eroded by water flow, forming Xia Yan, Leshui, Shiwu, Zilai and Ziyun caves. In addition to karst hills, there are also Geling Mountain and Baoshi Mountain, which span the northern edge of the West Lake and are composed of pyroclastic rocks, with an altitude of 100 meters.

Shanshui west lake

Yishan

Main project: Gushan

Zhongshan Park was originally the palace garden of the Qing Dynasty, 1927. In memory of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, this park was named "Zhongshan Park". When the park enters the door, there are two big characters "Lonely Mountain" on the stone steps, among which there are no solitary characters. People guess it means "lonely mountain is not lonely". He Fangting, located in the northeast corner of Gushan Mountain, was built to commemorate Lin Bu, who was famous as a "wife crane" in Song Dynasty. Zhejiang Provincial Museum is located at the southern foot of Gushan Mountain, with a wide variety of cultural relics.

Gushan is located in the West Lake of Beiwai, with an altitude of 35 meters and an area of about 0.22 square kilometers. It is a branch of Qixia Mountain and the largest island in the West Lake. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Xian Chun's Annals of Lin 'an (Volume 23) said: "An island stands tall and has no attachment, which is the victory of lakes and mountains." Today, there are lush forests on the mountain, and many historical sites have been preserved. The east and west sides of Gushan Mountain are connected with the lakeshore by Bai Causeway and Xiling Bridge respectively, and there are many places of interest on the island.