On Landscape Poetry

This is a dream poem as well as a fairy poem. The magnificent artistic conception, unpredictable, colorful artistic images and novel expression techniques have always been told by people and are regarded as one of Li Bai's masterpieces.

The title of this poem, Sleepwalking in Tianmu Mountain, was written after Hanlin. In the third year of Tianbao, Li Bai was given gold by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, which was a major political failure of Li Bai. After leaving Chang 'an, he made friends with Du Fu, Gao, Liang, Song, Qi, Lu and Dong Lu. At this time, Donglu's home is quite big, so you can enjoy killing time at home. But Li Bai didn't do it. He has an unstable soul, and he has a higher and further pursuit, so he left his home at the east foot and embarked on a wandering journey again. This poem was written when he bid farewell to Duke Lu Dong. Although it has been many years since I left the Imperial Academy, the resentment of political setbacks is still smoldering, so at the end of the poem, I made such a radical voice. Li Bai walked between mountains and rivers all his life, loved mountains and rivers and realized his dreams. The sleepwalking described in this poem may not be completely illusory, but whether it is illusory or not, sleepwalking is more suitable for being divorced from reality and more convenient for exerting his imagination and exaggerated talent. "A sailing tourist will talk about Japan, and water and fog are hidden outside the method; However, the more people talk about Tianmu Mountain, the deeper the clouds are. " At the beginning of the poem, Yingzhou, an overseas wonderland in ancient legend, is illusory and cannot be found; In reality, Tianmu Mountain is hidden in clouds and neon lights, which is really better than fairyland. Virtual reality highlights the scenery of Tianmu Mountain and implies the poet's yearning for Tianmu Mountain, which is full of magical colors and fascinating. Tianmu Mountain is near Tunxi. According to legend, climbers have heard the song of the immortal Tianmu Mountain, hence the name. Tianmu Mountain is opposite to Tiantai Mountain, with steep peaks. Looking up at it is like looking up at the sky and falling into a fairyland, which is easy to arouse tourists' reverie. The landscape of eastern Zhejiang is the place that Li Bai yearned for when he was young. When he first came out of Sichuan, he said, "This trip is not a bass, but a famous mountain." Before entering Hanlin, he traveled more than once. He not only likes the scenery here very much, but also is very familiar with it.

Tianmu Mountain, known as the miracle, is a beautiful land in eastern Vietnam. However, compared with the five famous mountains in China-Wuyue, its position in people's minds is still dwarfed. However, in his poems, Li Bai boasted that "he climbed to the top of the five mountains and penetrated China", which was even more tall and straight than the five mountains. The famous Tiantai Mountain leans as if it fell at the foot of Tianmu Mountain. This Tianmu Mountain is about standing out from the crowd and soaring into the sky, which is unusual. This dream of Tianmu Mountain should be said to be the illusion of strange mountains and strange mountains that Li Bai experienced all his life. It is the exaggerated shadow of Tianmu Mountain in the reality described by Li Bai. Then it shows a magnificent and changeable wonder: Tianmu Mountain is hidden in clouds and neon, which arouses the poet's desire for exploration. The poet entered a dream, as if he had flown over a mirror-like lake under the bright light of a moonlit night. Mingyue reflected his shadow on Jinghu Lake and sent him down to the place where Xie Lingyun once stayed. He put on Xie Lingyun's special clogs and climbed the stone road that Xie Gong had climbed in those years-the Qingqu ladder. "Halfway through the sunny ocean, the sacred rooster crows in space. Thousands of turns, flowers lure me, stones slow me down. The day suddenly ended. Bears, dragons and storms on mountains and rivers disturb forests and shake mountains. Clouds are dark because of rain, and streams are light because of fog. " Following the flight, I wrote down what I saw in the mountains, the stone path circled, the light in the deep mountains was dim, I saw the sea and the rising sun, and I saw the cock crow. This is a dawn; But in the charming mountain flowers, leaning against the stone for a moment, I suddenly feel that dusk is coming and how sudden the change is. In the twilight, bears roared and sang, shook in the valleys, the deep forest trembled, and the roof started up. Not only the living bears and dragons express their feelings with songs and roars, but also the roofs and deep forests will tremble and call the police. Smoke, water and Qingyun are full of gloom, and they are integrated with the poet's feelings to form a unified atmosphere. The front is a romantic description of Tianmu Mountain, which is both high and strange; Here is a romantic lyric, both deep and far. This strange realm is shocking enough, but the poet did not stop there, but the realm of poetry changed from strange to absurd, and the whole poem entered a climax. In the deep and frightening twilight, in an instant, "the hills collapsed", a fairy world "vented in the sinkhole" and "an impenetrable shadow, but now the sun and the moon reflect a gold and silver platform. Wearing rainbow clothes and riding the wind, the queen of all clouds came and fell one after another. " The cave is blessed with land, appearing here. "Cloud King" is wearing a rainbow, driving a long wind as a horse, a tiger as a drum, and a phoenix as a car. It's all a grand gathering of poets ordering people to go to Xianshan. What a grand and warm scene this is. "Row after row, like hemp, lined with fairy figures"! The immortals seem to line up to welcome the poet. The golden platform, the silver platform and the sun and the moon complement each other. The scenery is magnificent and colorful. How shocking and dazzling! The grand occasion of fairy mountain is a reflection of human life. In addition to the impression of Qianshan, the ancient legend, the inspiration and influence of Qu Yuan's poems, and the traces of three years' court life in Chang 'an, these are all condensed together through the extraordinary imagination of romanticism, which leads to such a wonderful description. It is worth noting that this poem written in fairyland is different from ordinary fairy poems. It has deep feelings and fierce protests. It does not really rely on illusion, but still focuses on reality in the illusory description of the celestial world. I am wandering in the fairyland in the sky, but I feel that "this is the consistent way of human happiness". Wonderland suddenly disappeared, the dream was shattered, and the poet finally returned to reality in shock. After the dream is shattered, people don't fly lightly in the dream as they please, but lie heavily on the pillow. "Thousands of waters flow eastward in Qian Shan" contains the poet's helplessness and deep feelings about life. At this moment, the poet is most gratified by "but let me raise a white deer on my green slope and ride to you when I need you, Dashan". The pleasure of traveling in the mountains and water is the fastest meaning, that is, in the Preface to the Spring Banquet in the Peach Blossom Garden, it is said: "The ancients walked by candlelight at night, good." Originally, poetry seems to have been exhausted, but in the end, I added two sentences angrily: "Oh, how can I seriously bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials who will never be shown an honest face!" I spit out the depression of Chang 'an for three years. The pen falling from the sky lit up the theme of the whole poem: yearning for famous mountains and fairyland, from the struggle against powerful people, and singing the voices of many talented people in feudal society. In the hierarchical feudal society, how many people bow to the powerful and how many people are buried in obscurity! Compared with other dynasties, the Tang Dynasty was more open-minded and attached more importance to talents, but only in comparison. At that time, talents still could not get rid of the humiliating position of "the footman was in the gas chamber". The word "bend over" came from Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Because he didn't want to be humiliated, he gave it the meaning of "going home". Although Li Bai was loved by the emperor, he was only a ci minister. We can get some news about his humiliation in court from these two poems. The feudal monarch claimed to be the "son of heaven" and ruled the world, raising himself to the supreme position, but denied the dignity of all people. Li Bai's resolute attitude here is a glance of contempt for feudal rulers. In feudal society, not many people dare to think and say so. Li Bai said and did, and this is his extraordinary greatness. The content of this poem is rich and tortuous, fantastic and changeable, and the images are colorful, which constitutes the romantic artistic conception of the whole poem. Its subjective intention was originally to publicize the negative thought that "thousands of waters flow eastward in Qian Shan", but its style is high-spirited and vigorous, with an indomitable spirit running through it, without any feeling of depression.

Zhan E's Chronicle of Li Bai's Poems is the third year after Li Bai left Chang 'an in the fifth year of Tianbao (746). At this time, he was ready to leave eastern Shandong and go south to wuyue. When he said goodbye to his friends in eastern Shandong, he wrote this farewell poem. The whole poem is unique in conception, rich in imagination, exaggerated and changeable in language, beautiful and smooth. Through the description of the dream, I described the fantastic and beautiful scene of Tianmu Mountain in my imagination, and also metaphorically expressed my grief and indignation that I could not realize my political ideal and my persistent pursuit of a better future. At the same time, it also expresses the personality spirit of being independent and unruly, never ruining the eyebrows and bending down to serve the dignitaries. Dieshan was quoted as saying in "Poem Spring in Li Taibai": "This work is too white to avoid the chaos in Shandong and leave others behind. However, it is based on the needs of immortals and officials. " Tang Ruxun's Interpretation of Tang Poetry said: "Talking about it, sleepwalking to see the world, is illusory. ..... is to know the joys of the world, so dream. Everything in ancient times, is there a person? Just like running water that never returns. " There are also different opinions about the writing time and intention of this poem. For example, Chen Ling's "Poetry is Better than Travel", Volume III: "This article is the purpose of Qu Zi's traveling far away, and it is also the purpose of Fu Liangyin Taibai ...". "After Taibai was released, I looked back at Penglai Palace and felt that I was sleepwalking, so I asked Tianmu to send me a message ... the title was" Leave the country and leave the capital ",which was not just a reward for shaking hands. The whole poem is magnificent and elegant, and it is an excellent romantic poem that the poet inherits the styles of Qu Yuan's Lisao and Jiuge. Yan Yu's Cang Lang Shi Hua? The poetry critic said: "The beauty of a son can't be too white and indecent, and too white can't be depressed for the beauty of a son. Taibai's Sleepwalking in Tianmu and Farewell are too beautiful to be true. "Poems of Tang and Song Dynasties" Volume 6: "Seven-character songs are from Chu Sao Yuefu. As for Taibai, it is extremely poor and excellent to enter the holy city. In the past, it was said that qi is the main thing, nature is teaching, elegance and prosperity are expensive, and people want to fly. He quoted his own Tian Yinmu and Farewell in particular, thinking that although the child is beautiful, it can't be said. Gai's talent is beyond my reach, so I can't learn, and there is no need to force my child's beauty. This article is bizarre, but it is not square. But it dreams because of words, realizes because of dreams, varies because of realization, and is not chaotic at all. " This is a poem describing the sleepwalking in Tianmu Mountain. It uses four sentences, five sentences, six sentences and seven sentences, and the syntax is patchy. Turn rhyme twelve times. Or two rhymes, or three rhymes, or four rhymes, or five rhymes Rhymes are also varied, either sentence by sentence or every other sentence. This is a typical work of Li Bai. Because the whole poem is mainly composed of seven-character poems, the selected books are generally compiled into seven-character ancient poems or seven-character songs. The title of this poem is Sleepwalking in Tianmu Mountain, Farewell to Donglu Gong. According to the collection of He Yue Ling Ying, the modern version has been saved as Sleepwalking in Tianmu Mountain, Singing Farewell. The former means "Don't be Duke Dong of Lu", which means that he did it when he left Qilu and prepared to go south to meditate. At that time, I heard someone praising the beautiful scenery of Tianmu Mountain in Yue Zhong (now the east of Zhejiang), so I yearned for it. I actually dreamed of visiting Tianmu Mountain, and when I woke up, I wrote this poem as a farewell speech to some friends at the east foot. The content of the poem is "sleepwalking in Tianmu Mountain", and the function of the poem is "leaving". To understand this poem, we must relate its content and function; Why does the author take a dream poem as a farewell speech? What does this poem have to do with the thoughts of saying goodbye to friends?

Because of the difference in rhyme and thinking process, this poem should not be divided into sections according to rhyme. Now we are divided into three paragraphs according to the ideological procedure: the first paragraph is the beginning of four rhymes and ten sentences, which is the introduction of the whole poem. In the second paragraph, there are five rhymes and twenty-eight sentences, from "The Moon shines in my shadow" to "It's my lost cloud there". This is the main body of the whole poem, describing the whole dream until it wakes up. The following is the third paragraph, with two rhyming sentences and seven sentences, describing the feelings after sleepwalking and summarizing this dream as a farewell to friends at the east foot. In several poems, Li Bai yearned for Penglai fairyland and hoped to be refined into an elixir. After swallowing it, he floated into immortality, rode a deer across the crane and wandered outside the world. However, in this poem, the existence of Yingzhou Xiandao was denied from the beginning. He said: when sailors talk about Yingzhou Fairy Island, they all say it is in the hazy smoke, which is really hard to find. But when Vietnamese talk about Tianmu Mountain, it is possible to see it even if it is looming in the clouds and neon lights. These four sentences are the introduction of the whole poem, indicating the initial motivation of writing this poem. Yingzhou only serves as a foil, but inadvertently reveals the author's true understanding of alchemy and cultivation of immortals. The word "faith is hard to find" is used firmly, which fundamentally denies the existence of overseas fairy mountains, thus denying the possibility of seeking immortality. However, all Li Bai's poems about immortals are not from his own heart. Together with all the other poems about drinking and women, it is his coat of romanticism. Du Fu missed Li Bai's poems and said, "It's sad to be crazy and not see Li Shengjiu. The world wants to kill, I only sympathize. " Has told us what happened to Li Bai at that time. He is a "pretender", pretending to be crazy and selling stupidity. His disguised behavior, in Du Fu's view, is very pitiful. Because Du Fu knew that he had to do this, it was more obvious to say that "everyone wanted to kill people", which was not an exaggeration. It is conceivable that many people hated or envied Li Bai at that time, or that Li Bai offended many people. Li Bai's friend Du Fu admired Li Bai's genius even though he didn't quite agree with his behavior, so he said, "I just sympathize." Three rhymes and four sentences summarize the sublimity of Tianmu Mountain said by the Yue people. It is higher than the Five Mountains and covers Chicheng. Chicheng is another name for Tiantai Mountain. Tiantai Mountain is already very high, facing Tianmu Mountain, but it seems to dump to the southeast. Forty-eight thousand feet, although it is an artistic exaggeration, Mount Everest is only more than 8,840 meters high, because I want to see it after listening to the propaganda of the Yue people. Who knows that night, I flew over Jinghu (now Shaoxing) in my dream, and then traveled southeast to reach Tianmu Mountain. In this sentence, "wuyue" uses a compound word, mainly "Meng Yue". In order to make up a seven-character poem, the word "Wu" was added. 3hj.cnL\*R%l3|。 l？ ` E N 1p，T

The second paragraph, the main body of the whole poem, describes what you saw and heard when you were sleepwalking in Tianmu Mountain. The language is bizarre and obviously inherits the artistic tradition of Chu Ci. The author told us that he flew over Jinghu Lake, arrived in Tongxi (now Shengxian County) and saw the place where Xie Lingyun, a great poet in the Southern Dynasties, once lived. There are ripples in the lake and apes crying in the mountains. Taking Xie Lingyun as an example, he climbed the mountain with special clogs under his feet and was fascinated. From then on, I walked all the way to Tianmu Mountain. Walking on the half peak, you can see the sunrise at sea and hear the pheasant crow. After many rugged mountain roads, it was suddenly dusk when I got lost. At this time, I heard the sound of the waterfall roaring and singing like a bear, and I saw rain clouds and smoke water. The night view in this deep mountain canyon, not to mention the thrill of tourists, is the forest and peaks, and I feel chilling. At this time, suddenly met a miracle, the stone door on the cliff opened. There is a world in which there are a group of people. When he saw many "Cloud Kings" and "Immortals" driven by couples and played by tigers and leopards, he was startled and suddenly woke up, and all he saw was his pillow. And the scenery of Yunshan that I just saw has all disappeared.

(1) Xie Lingyun traveled the mountain and modified the clogs. Pull out the front teeth when going up the mountain, and pull out the back teeth when going down the mountain, which was called Xie at that time. "Cloud King" is a god, and "Immortal" is a fairy. Together, they are immortal. Li Bai likes to seek immortality through monasticism. Why did he meet so many immortals, instead of being happy, he became frightened? This panic caused a great blow to his amusement, and caused deep feelings and even sighs after waking up. Then the third paragraph. As far as the whole poem is concerned, the third paragraph is the real subject, because the author puts the theme in this paragraph. But in the seven sentences in the third paragraph, we can find two concepts. One is "this is the consistent way of human happiness, and all kinds of things will always flow to the East like water". It means: all the happy things in the world, like a beautiful dream, are suddenly lost like water. This is a negative world outlook and a nihilistic attitude towards life. Another concept is "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those who have high status and high positions?"? They will never be seen as an honest face. " This is a poet's unyielding oath in front of powerful people. After he fled the society that favors others, he showed a positive world outlook and a spirit of resistance. These two ideas are obviously different, even contradictory, but the author writes them together. This leads to a question: What is the author's theme? Of course, no reader only sees one idea of the author and ignores another. However, if there are slightly different views between the two, or between cause and effect, we may get different experiences from this poem. Tang Ruxun, the author of The Interpretation of Tang Poems, emphasized the former thought. He said: it is illusory to talk about it and sleepwalk to see the world. ..... So the soul moved and started up, but sighed, "Is there still the usual haze between the pillows?" It is a dream to know the fun on earth. Everything in ancient times, is there a person? It's like running water that never comes back. I'm leaving today, and I don't know when I can return it. Let's put the white deer in the mountains and take it back to visit famous mountains, so that we can bow down to the dignitaries and spare my heart. This statement means that the author, based on his negative world outlook, disdains Afu's powerful people, because it is also an illusory thing. The so-called "and this is the consistent way of human happiness" and the word "this" in the poem should be understood as the dream empty expressed in the above two sentences. Chen Ling, who wrote poems on Xing Jian, put forward another explanation. He emphasizes the latter thought: this article is the main idea of Qu Zi's trip, which is Taibai's "Fu Liang Yin". "Want to see the Lord, tripterygium wilfordii drums, emperor side more beauty. At three o'clock, I laughed at lightning, and it was stormy. I couldn't get through nine doors, so I closed the door with my forehead. " After Taibai was released, I looked back at Penglai Palace and felt that I was sleepwalking, so I asked Tianmu to send me a message ... The topic was "Leaving the capital", not a reward for shaking hands. In this way, the situation is different. It means that the author, based on his positive world outlook, exposes and accuses those villains in the Ming palace who are full of avoiding talents and harming morality, so that they have no time to make a difference and are excluded. He recalled that his life in court was like a nightmare, and he still has a lingering fear. Therefore, the phrase "people's happiness is always like this" should be understood as referring to the happy life in the court, which is like a nightmare and will only make people feel palpitations. With this awareness, the author despises everything and feels empty about "everything since ancient times". In order to maintain a person's personality and a person's mind, I would rather ride a deer and travel, and never condescend to please dignitaries again. I agree with Chen Ling. A careful understanding of the second verse shows that what the author wants to express is not the illusion of dreams, but the horror of dreams. Visiting Tianmu Mountain is a terrible dream; Being an academician in the palace is also a terrible dream. If the author's theme is to describe the illusion of dreams, what does it have to do with the sentence of "destroying eyebrows"? According to Tang Ruxun, the creation method of this second paragraph is simple fu, but according to Chen Ling, it is "fu and comparison".

Chen Ling quoted another poem of Li Bai, Song of Fu Liang, as circumstantial evidence. It can be seen that the description methods and artistic conception of these two poems are similar. Li Bai has many farewell poems, which repeatedly reveal his indignation at being exiled. Looking at these poems together, it is more certain that visiting Tianmu Mountain is a metaphor for visiting the palace. There is a five-character ancient poem "Farewell to the Southern Officer of Cao Nanjiang", which was compiled immediately after the sleepwalking in Tianmu Mountain. Cao and Lu are neighbors. The former poem was written in the same period, and the latter poem was written in the same period. At the beginning of this poem, I prayed for immortals in my early years, but later I met with luck and worshipped the palace. I have some suggestions that are rarely adopted, so I have to quit my job and go home. It reads: "There is no way to destroy the Fairy Palace." This is to make it clear that the scholar failed and only ended up in decline, wandering among the people. The first two sentences of "Sleepwalking in Tianmu Mountain" say that it is "impossible" to seek immortality, and the last two sentences say that there may be hope for entering the palace. This description of the scenery of Tianmu Mountain is a long section, and its essence is to describe the court. The conclusion is that there is "no way" to live in court. The sentence "Fairy Palace has no way to go" can be said to be the theme of Tianmu Mountain sleepwalking.