Fire safety knowledge

One, two have known each other for a while.

(a) know the danger of fire

In social life, fire is one of the disasters that threaten public safety and endanger people's lives and property. As the saying goes: "Fire and water are ruthless"; A thief steals half and burns half.

The harmfulness of fire is reflected in the following five aspects.

1, fire will cause significant direct property losses 1993. On August 5, 2003, the Qingshuihe warehouse of Shenzhen Anmao Dangerous Goods Storage and Transportation Company reacted due to the mixed storage of dangerous chemicals, causing a fire and explosion accident. The fire burned for 16 hours, resulting in 15 deaths, 8 missing and 873 injured. Only the police took part in the rescue. Two deputy directors of the Public Security Bureau died in the line of duty, burning down a building area of 39,000 square meters. The fire caused direct property losses of 65.438+52 billion yuan, and burned property of 4.6 million yuan every day.

2. The indirect property loss caused by the fire is more serious. In modern society, all walks of life are closely linked, which will affect the whole body. In the event of a serious fire, indirect property losses are often dozens of times that of direct property losses. On July 3rd, 1990, Sichuan Li Ziyuan Railway Tunnel exploded and caught fire due to oil and gas leaking from a tanker. The people's Liberation Army 13 troops, the Second Artillery Corps, the Chengdu Military Region, and the divisional reserve division of Daxian Army, as well as the Daxian detachment of the Armed Police, the fourth detachment, and the Sichuan Provincial Fire Corps participated in the fire fighting and rescue. The direct property loss of the fire was only 5 million yuan, but the railway transportation was interrupted for 23 days, and the whole line was opened to traffic on the 26th, causing thousands of passengers to stay and many units to stop working. Indirect property losses are difficult to estimate.

According to statistics, in 2000, 302 1 person was killed and 4,404 people were burned in the national fire, with an average of 8.3 people burned in the fire every day. In 2000, there were 57 18 fires in * * * Sichuan, with 102 deaths and 243 injuries. 65438+On February 25th, 2000, a fire broke out in Du Dong Commercial Building in Luoyang, Henan Province due to the illegal operation of welders, resulting in 309 deaths and 7 injuries. According to the statistics of the global fire survey conducted by the International Fire Protection Technical Committee, in recent years, there are 6-7 million fires in the world every year, and about 60-70 thousand people are killed in the fires. The six countries with the largest number of fire deaths each year in the world are: (1) India, with an average of 20,000 people per year; (2) Russia, with an average annual population of1.350; (3) The United States, with an average annual population of 5,000; (4) China, with an average annual population of 2. 1 10000; (5) Japan, with an average annual population of 2,000; (6) Ukraine, with an average annual population of 1.7 thousand.

Fire will destroy the ecological balance. 1987 the forest fire in Daxinganling lasted for almost a month from may 6 to June 2. The direct cause of the fire is that forest farm workers smoke in the wild, and the indirect cause is that the climatic conditions are conducive to combustion and there are many combustibles. Nearly 65,438+10,000 PLA soldiers and civilians, forest police, public security fire fighting and workers fought for nearly a month before the fire was put out. The fire caused 193 deaths and 226 injuries. It destroyed more than ten thousand mu of forest resources in/kloc-0 and affected three towns in 1 county. It takes 80 years to restore the destroyed ecological balance, and the economic loss is as high as 69130,000 yuan. According to statistics, the average annual forest fire area in China has reached 6.5438+0 million hectares (the forest coverage rate in China is only 654.38+0.3% and that in Japan is 60%), and the forest area has been greatly reduced, resulting in floods.

5. Fire will have adverse social and political effects. For example, fires at heads of state organs, communication hubs, foreign-related units, ancient buildings and scenic spots will have serious political impact, even affecting the whole country and even the whole world. 1994165438+1October 15 A fire broke out in the Yindu nightclub in Jilin City, which affected the city museum in the same building and burned down the construction area of 6,800 square meters, not only causing direct property losses of 67 1000 yuan. Moreover, more than 7,000 cultural relics hidden in the museum and 1 dinosaur fossils from Heilongjiang (length 1 1 m, height 6.5 m) exhibited in the museum were burned. The largest meteorite (654,338+0) in meteorite shower, Jilin Province, is a world-class treasure and listed in the Guinness Book of World Records, showing the fire hazard. We should conscientiously implement the fire control policy of "putting prevention first and combining prevention with fire fighting", and at the same time, we should actively prepare for fire fighting from the ideological, organizational and material aspects, so that once a fire breaks out, it can quickly and effectively put out the fire and minimize fire losses and casualties.

(2) Know how to call the police

In daily life, people will inevitably encounter some unexpected events. In case of injury, timely and correct alarm is the first link. Once the alarm goes wrong, it will not only make the public security organs lose their fighters, but also make the victims suffer greater losses. Therefore, as parents, we should not only master several most commonly used alarm and first aid methods, but also teach our children to use these methods and precautions correctly.

1. Dialing "110" "110" is an independent alarm service desk for the police to crack down on crimes in time, and it can receive public alarms and help all the time. Dialing "1 10" is the quickest way to call the police.

2. The content of the alarm should be specific. The main contents of the alarm include: the time and place when the case was discovered and occurred; The original state of the site; Whether measures have been taken; Quantity, characteristics, crime tools, relevant vehicle information (color, model, brand, etc.). ), criminals or suspicious persons carrying goods and escape direction, etc. When you dial "1 10", you should also specify your location, telephone number and contact information.

3. Call the police nearby. If you don't have a phone with you, or encounter the current infringement, you should call the police at the nearest or most convenient public security organ. If you encounter patrolmen and traffic police on duty during the alarm process, you can also ask them for help. This not only saves time, but also facilitates the police to crack down.

4. Flexible and mobile alarm In case of an attack by a gangster, you can't call the police, or you are inconvenient for physical movement, you should entrust your family or the surrounding people to help the police in time. For some cases that are not active, you can also report to the police by letter. Pay attention to the authenticity of letters and the clarity of handwriting.

5, timely treatment of physical injuries If serious injuries are caused by illegal infringement, you can ask others to report to the police, and you can go to a nearby hospital in time, pay attention to saving medical records and the results of various auxiliary examinations (such as X-ray and CT). ), and promptly sent to the public security organs.

6. Provide accurate information about the loss of goods, and explain what the goods are, their colors and shapes, and the degree of damage. The more detailed the statement, the better it will be for solving the case. Mobile phones, pagers, certificates of deposit, passbooks and other items are robbed, and you should stop paying or stop paying at the relevant departments in time.

7. After properly protecting the scene, the victim or witness should wait for the arrival of the police at the scene. For some cases of murder, robbery, theft, etc., protective measures should be taken in time. Before the police arrive, no one can enter except the wounded. Note: Educate children not to call the above important numbers or make false reports out of curiosity or fun, otherwise they will bear corresponding legal responsibilities. In order to keep abreast of the situation of underage children, we should get in touch with relevant relatives and friends, schools, police stations and first-aid stations. In case of emergency, parents as guardians should keep some necessary contact numbers at hand in case of emergency.

(3) can escape and save themselves.

In case of fire, if we are trapped by fire, especially if we are trapped upstairs, we should try our best to save ourselves after dialing 1 19. Specific practices are as follows:

In case of fire, run away quickly.

If the fire is not big, you can soak quilts, blankets, etc. Rush out of the fire. At this time, it is necessary to make a decisive decision, and don't hesitate, lest the fire get worse and worse and miss the opportunity to escape. Cover your nose and mouth with cigarettes.

If there is a lot of smoke around you, it is more terrible than fire. Because smoke contains a lot of toxic and harmful gases, if it is not taken precautions, it will be smoked down by toxic and harmful smoke, which is often the cause of the highest death rate in fire accidents (about 95% or more). If you must rush out of the smoke area, be sure to cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel and run out as close as possible, so as to reduce the inhalation of smoke and avoid poisoning.

Looking for life everywhere.

If the building has an evacuation room and evacuation stairs, you can hide in the evacuation room first, or evacuate to a safe place through the evacuation stairs.

If there is a fire in a multi-storey building, the stairs have been burned out, or the fire is quite fierce, you can use tiger windows, balconies, sewer pipes or other objects that can be firmly grounded to escape.

Jumping off a building to escape has skills.

If life is threatened and there is no way out, you can use a rope or tear the sheets into strips to connect them, tie one end to a fixed object, and then slide down along the rope or cloth.

If you decide to jump off a building and flee in despair, you can throw some clothes and quilts underground to increase the buffer, then hold down the windowsill to reduce the height of the jump, try your best to keep your feet on the ground and save your life as much as possible.

If you can't escape by jumping off a building on a higher floor, you can close the doors and windows leading to the fire area indoors. If possible, water the doors and windows as much as possible to slow down the fire. At this time, all measures should be taken (such as making phone calls and throwing objects). Send a distress signal to the people downstairs to win the chance of rescue.

A friend in need is a true friend. In do or die, where a fire broke out, we should carry forward the spirit of mutual assistance and dedication, and try our best to help the elderly, women and children evacuate first. Don't panic and take a hasty step.

For your life, avoid entering the elevator.

It is particularly important to note that when there is a fire in a high-rise building, you must not enter the elevator to escape if it is not a fire elevator. Because the elevator power supply may be cut off at any time, the elevator passage often becomes the attack part of smoke and becomes the flue in case of fire.

Second, the general requirements of fire fighting and the use of fire fighting equipment

According to the combustion principle, the principle of all fire extinguishing methods is to spray the extinguishing agent directly on the burning object. Or spray the fire extinguishing agent on the substance near the fire source, so that it will not form a new ignition point due to the thermal radiation of the flame.

Cooling fire extinguishing method

The principle of this fire extinguishing method is to spray the fire extinguishing agent directly on the burning object, so that the combustion temperature is reduced below the ignition point and the combustion is stopped. Or spray the fire extinguishing agent on the substance near the fire source, so that it will not form a new ignition point due to the thermal radiation of the flame. Cooling fire extinguishing method is a main method of fire extinguishing, and water and carbon dioxide are often used as fire extinguishing agents to cool down and extinguish the fire. The extinguishing agent does not participate in the chemical reaction in the combustion process. This method belongs to the physical fire extinguishing method.

Isolation fire extinguishing method

Isolation fire extinguishing method is to isolate or remove the burning substances from the unburned combustible substances around, interrupt the supply of combustible substances, and stop burning because of the lack of combustible substances. Specific methods are:

1. Remove inflammable, explosive and combustion-supporting articles near the fire source;

2. Close the valves of combustible gas and liquid pipelines to reduce and prevent combustible substances from entering the combustion zone;

3. Try to prevent scattered flammable and combustible liquids;

4. Dismantle flammable buildings adjacent to the fire source to form a space to prevent the fire from spreading.

Asphyxiation fire extinguishing method

Asphyxiation fire extinguishing method is to prevent air from flowing into the combustion zone, or dilute the air with non-combustible substances, so that the combustion products can not get enough oxygen and go out. The specific method is:

1. Cover flammable materials with sand, cement, wet sacks and wet quilts.

2. Spray atomized water, dry powder, foam and other fire extinguishing agents to cover combustible materials;

3, with steam or nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other inert gases perfusion fire-fighting containers, equipment;

4, closed fire buildings, equipment and holes;

5. Spray nonflammable gas or nonflammable liquid (such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen and carbon tetrachloride). ) into combustible areas or on combustible materials.

Fire control common sense

Solid fire should be put out by water type, foam, ammonium phosphate dry powder and halon fire extinguisher first.

Liquid fire should be put out with dry powder, foam, haloalkane and carbon dioxide fire extinguisher first.

Gas fire should be put out with dry powder, alkyl halide and carbon dioxide fire extinguisher first.

The fire of charged objects should be put out with halon, carbon dioxide and dry powder fire extinguisher first.

Fire-fighting equipment for metal fires should be solved through consultation between the design department and the local public security fire supervision department. At present, there is no formal fire extinguisher product in China.

The use of fire extinguishers and fire extinguishing methods can refer to the classification of "common sense of fire extinguishers"

There are many types of fire extinguishers, which can be divided into: portable and cart-type; According to the power source driving the fire extinguishing agent, it can be divided into gas cylinder type, pressure storage type and chemical reaction type, and according to the filled fire extinguishing agent, it can be divided into foam, dry powder, haloalkane, carbon dioxide, acid and alkali, clear water and so on.

Fire extinguisher suitable for fire and its usage (portable)

Foam extinguisher is suitable for fire and its use.

Scope of application: it is suitable for fighting general Class B fires, such as oil and grease fires, and can also be used for fighting Class A fires, but it cannot fight water-soluble flammable and combustible liquids, such as alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones and other substances in Class B fires; It is also impossible to put out live equipment and class C and D fires.

Usage: You can carry the lifting ring on the top of the bucket and go to the fire quickly. At this time, care should be taken not to tilt the fire extinguisher excessively, nor to hold it horizontally or upside down, so as to avoid mixing the two chemicals and spraying it in advance. When the distance from the ignition point is about 10 meter, the cylinder can be turned upside down, with one hand holding the bail tightly and the other hand holding the cylinder bottom ring, aiming the jet at the combustion products. When putting out flammable liquid fire, if it is already flowing and burning, spray foam from far and near to make the foam completely cover the burning liquid surface; If burning in a container, the foam should be shot at the inner wall of the container, so that the foam can flow along the inner wall and gradually cover the fire surface. It is strictly forbidden to spray directly on the liquid surface, so as to avoid the burning liquid from being scattered or rushing out of the container due to the impact of the jet, and expand the combustion range. When putting out the fire of solid matter, the jet should be aimed at the place where the fire burns most violently. When putting out a fire, with the shortening of the effective spraying distance, users should gradually approach the burning area and always spray foam on the burning object until it is extinguished. When in use, the fire extinguisher should always be turned upside down, otherwise the spraying will be interrupted.

(Portable) foam extinguisher should be stored in a dry, cool, ventilated and convenient place, not near high temperature or places that may be exposed to sunlight to prevent carbonic acid from decomposing and failing; Anti-freezing measures should be taken in winter to prevent freezing; And should always wipe the dust, dredge the nozzle, keep unobstructed.

Cart-type foam extinguisher suitable for fire and use method thereof

Its adaptability to fire is the same as that of portable chemical foam extinguisher.

Usage: When using, it is usually operated by two people. First push and pull the fire extinguisher to the fire point quickly, and stop at a place about 10 meters away from the fire point. After one person applies the spray hose, hold the spray gun tightly with both hands and aim at the burning place. The other is to turn the handwheel counterclockwise, so that the screw rises to the highest position, so that the bottle cap is completely opened, and then pour the steel bottle backwards, so that the pull rod touches the ground, rotate the valve handle 90 degrees, and spray foam to extinguish the fire. If the valve is installed at the spray gun, the person in charge of operating the spray gun will open the valve.

The fire extinguishing methods and precautions are basically the same as those of portable chemical foam extinguisher, which can be used for reference. This kind of fire extinguisher can give full play to its advantages because of its long spraying distance and long continuous spraying time, and can be used to extinguish the initial fire of large-area storage tanks or tankers.

Air foam extinguisher is suitable for fire and its use.

Scope of application: The scope of application is basically the same as that of chemical foam extinguisher. However, solvent-resistant foam extinguisher can also extinguish the fire of water-soluble flammable liquids, such as the initial fire of burning solvents such as alcohol, ether and ketone.

Usage: When in use, you can quickly rush to the fire site with your hands or shoulders. When it is about 6 meters away from the burning material, pull out the safety pin, and hold the opening handle in one hand and the spray gun in the other. Squeeze the opening handle hard, open the seal or puncture the seal of the gas cylinder, and the air foam can be ejected from the nozzle of the spray gun. The fire extinguishing method is the same as that of portable chemical foam extinguisher. However, when using the air foam extinguisher, the fire extinguisher should always be in an upright position, and it should not be used upside down or horizontally, otherwise the spraying will be interrupted. At the same time, always hold the open handle tightly, and don't let go, otherwise the injection will be interrupted.

Acid-base fire extinguisher suitable for fire and its use method

Scope of application: suitable for extinguishing the initial fire of class A substances, such as wood, fabric, paper and other fires. It cannot be used to put out fires caused by the burning of Class B substances, nor can it be used to put out fires caused by Class C combustible gases or Class D light metals. At the same time, it cannot be used to put out the fire of charged objects.

Usage: When using, you should lift the ring on the upper part of the steel cylinder and rush to the fire site quickly. Never put the fire extinguisher on your back, and don't tilt it too much to prevent the two liquids from mixing and spraying in advance. When it is about 6 meters away from combustible materials, the fire extinguisher can be reversed and shaken several times to speed up the mixing of the two liquids; Hold the lifting ring with one hand and the bottom ring under the cylinder with the other hand, and aim the jet at the place where the combustion is the fiercest. At the same time, with the decrease of injection distance, users should push closer to the burning place.

How to use a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher

When putting out a fire, you only need to lift or carry a fire extinguisher to the fire site. Put down the fire extinguisher and pull out the safety pin when it is about 5 meters away from the combustibles. Hold the handle at the root of the horn with one hand and the pressure handle of the switch valve with the other hand. For carbon dioxide fire extinguishers without water hose, the horn should be at 70-90 degrees with the upper plate. When using, you can't directly grasp the outer wall of the horn or the metal connecting pipe with your hands to prevent your hands from being frostbitten. When putting out fire, when combustible liquid burns in a flowing state, the user sprays the jet of carbon dioxide extinguishing agent from near and far to the flame. If combustible liquid burns in the container, the user should raise the horn. Spray into the combustion container from the upper part of one side of the container. However, the carbon dioxide jet can not directly impact the surface of combustible liquid, which prevents combustible liquid from being washed out of the container, expands the fire and brings difficulties to fire fighting.

Cart-type carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are generally operated by two people. When in use, two people push or pull the fire extinguisher to the burning place together and stop at a distance of about 10 meter from the burning object. One person quickly takes off the horn, unfolds the spray hose, holds the handle at the root of the horn, and the other person quickly turns the handwheel counterclockwise to the maximum position. The fire extinguishing method is the same as the portable method.

When using a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, if it is used outdoors, it should be sprayed in the upwind direction. If it is used in an outdoor narrow space, the operator should leave quickly after the fire is put out to prevent suffocation.

12 1 1 How to use the portable fire extinguisher:

When using, the handle or shoulder of the fire extinguisher should be close to the fire. Put down the fire extinguisher about 5 meters away from the burning place, first pull out the safety pin, hold the opening handle in one hand and the nozzle at the front end of the injection hose in the other. If the fire extinguisher has no spray hose, you can hold the opening handle with one hand and the bottom ring part at the bottom of the fire extinguisher with the other hand. Firstly, aim the nozzle at the burning place, and open the handle hard to make the fire extinguisher spray. When the rescued combustible liquid is flowing and burning, the user should aim at the root of the flame from near to far and from left to right and push it forward quickly until the flame is completely extinguished. If combustible liquid burns in a container, the quasi-flame should sweep from one side to the other. When the flame is driven out of the container, the jet should follow the flame until it is completely extinguished. However, it should be noted that the jet can not be directly sprayed on the surface of the burning liquid, so as to prevent the impulse of the extinguishing agent from rushing the flammable liquid out of the container, which will expand the fire and make it difficult to put out the fire. If the initial fire of combustible solid substances is put out, the jet should be aimed at the most violent place. After the flame is extinguished, measures should be taken in time to prevent reignition. 12 1 1 When using the fire extinguisher, it should not be inverted or placed horizontally, otherwise the fire extinguishing agent will not be sprayed out. In addition, when used outdoors, it should be sprayed in the upwind direction; When putting out a fire in a narrow room, the operator should evacuate quickly after the fire, because the extinguishing agent 12 1 1 is also toxic to prevent harm to human body.

How to use the cart type 12 1 1 fire extinguisher;

When putting out a fire, there are generally two operations. First, push or pull the fire extinguisher to the fire, and stop at a place about 10 meters away from the burning place. One person quickly loosens the spray hose, grasps the spray gun and aims at the burning place. The other man quickly opened the fire extinguisher valve. The fire extinguishing method is the same as the portable 12 1 1 fire extinguisher.

Maintenance of cart fire extinguisher

The maintenance requirements of fire extinguishers for trolleys are the same as those for portable 12 1 1 fire extinguishers.

130 1 Use of fire extinguishers

130 1 The use method and application scope of the fire extinguisher are the same as those of 12 1 1 fire extinguisher. However, because the extinguishing agent 130 1 is sprayed in fog, its extinguishing ability is not as high as that of the fire extinguisher 12 1 1 when it is used outdoors in windy weather, so it should be sprayed in the windward direction.

Dry powder fire extinguisher suitable for fire and its use method

Sodium bicarbonate dry powder fire extinguisher is suitable for the initial fire of flammable, combustible liquids, gases and charged equipment; Ammonium phosphate dry powder fire extinguisher can be used not only for the above kinds of fires, but also for the initial fire of solid substances. But they can't put out the fire of metal burning.

When putting out a fire, you can quickly walk to the fire with a fire extinguisher in your hand or a fire extinguisher on your shoulder, and put down the fire extinguisher about 5 meters away from the burning place. If you are outdoors, you should choose to spray against the wind. If the dry powder fire extinguisher used is of external pressure storage type, the operator should hold the spray gun tightly with one hand and lift the opening bail on the gas cylinder with the other hand. If the cylinder is opened by handwheel, loosen it counterclockwise, turn it to the highest position, and then lift the fire extinguisher. When the dry powder is ejected, it is quickly aimed at the root of the flame. If the dry powder fire extinguisher used is built-in gas cylinder or pressure storage type, the operator should first unplug the safety pin on the opening handle, then hold the nozzle at the front end of the spray hose, and press the opening handle with the other hand to open the fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. When using a fire extinguisher with a spray hose or an accumulator fire extinguisher, always hold down the handle with one hand and never let go, otherwise the spray will be interrupted.

When using dry powder fire extinguisher to put out flammable and combustible liquid fires, the quasi-flame should be directed at the main parts. If the extinguished liquid fire is flowing and burning, the root of the quasi-flame should be shot from near to far, left and right, until all the flames are extinguished. If combustible liquid burns in the container, the user should shake the root of quasi-flame left and right to make the sprayed dry powder flow cover the whole opening surface of the container; When the flame is driven out of the container, the user should continue to spray until the flame is completely extinguished. When extinguishing the flammable liquid fire in the container, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the nozzle is not directly aimed at the liquid level to prevent the impact of the jet from splashing flammable liquid, which will expand the fire and bring difficulties to the fire extinguishing. If the flammable liquid burns in a metal container for a long time, the wall temperature of the container is higher than the self-ignition point of the flammable liquid, and it is easy to re-ignite after fire extinguishing. If we cooperate with foam extinguisher, the fire fighting effect will be better.

When using ammonium phosphate dry powder fire extinguisher to put out solid combustible fire, it should be sprayed in the place where quasi-combustion is the fiercest, up and down, left and right. If conditions permit, the user can spray the fire extinguisher along the periphery of the combustion object, so that the dry powder extinguishing agent can be evenly sprayed on the surface of the combustion object until the flame is completely extinguished.

How to use cart-type dry powder fire extinguisher;

The use method of cart dry powder fire extinguisher is the same as that of portable dry powder fire extinguisher.

Fire knowledge and self-help

Fire and water are ruthless, and the painful lesson makes us take a warning. The fire safety work has attracted great attention of the whole society, and people's awareness of fire safety is also increasing. We primary school students should also enhance their awareness of fire safety and know how to save themselves from fire. As a friend of mankind, fire will lead to tragedy once it turns its face. Let's learn to save ourselves in the fire, maybe we can get a second life.

What common fire fighting knowledge should be mastered in daily life?

1, don't play with fire, don't fiddle with electrical equipment at will.

2. Remind parents not to throw cigarette butts, matchsticks and other kindling in waste paper baskets or combustible sundries at will, and not to smoke on the bed or sofa.

3. Remind parents not to use firewood, wood, charcoal and coal. As a fuel, outdoor smoking and open fire operations are prohibited in windy days or high fire danger weather.

4. Before going home or going to bed, you must use electrical appliances to cut off the power supply, turn off the gas switch, and eliminate the remaining kindling. When the electrical equipment is not used for a long time, cut off the switch or unplug the bolt.

5. Keep a safe distance of 1 m or more between liquefied gas cylinders and stoves. When in use, first open the air valve and then ignite; After use, turn off the gas valve first, and then turn off the stove switch. Do not dump the residual liquid of liquefied petroleum gas at will. In case of gas leakage, quickly close the gas source valve, open the doors and windows for ventilation, don't touch the electrical switch and use naked flame, and don't make phone calls or mobile phones in the gas leakage place.

6. Don't use fire or store items in stairwells and public walkways. Do not use fire in the shed, do not store inflammable and explosive articles, and do not maintain motor vehicles. Don't smoke or use fire in the no-fire area.

7. Call the fire alarm number 1 19 immediately after finding the fire, state the detailed address, fire location, fire substance and fire size, leave your name and phone number, and send someone to meet the fire truck at the intersection.

8. Once there is a fire at home, you must keep calm. For the initial fire, the combustible materials near the fire point should be cleaned up quickly, and simple fire extinguishing equipment such as bedding and water should be used to control and extinguish the fire quickly. Don't open the doors and windows rashly when putting out the fire, so as to avoid air convection and accelerate the spread of the fire.

9, master the basic methods of fire escape, clear residential environment, familiar with the escape route. When the fire comes, you should escape quickly, and don't be greedy for property, so as not to lose the chance of escape. Don't carry heavy objects on the way to escape, and don't risk returning to the fire after fleeing from the fire.

10, when fleeing from the fire, keep calm and correctly estimate the fire. If the fire is not big, make a decisive decision and put on soaked clothes, bedding, etc. Run towards the safety exit. Don't take the elevator when you escape. Close the door behind you when you escape to prevent smoke from entering.

1 1. There is a fire downstairs. Residents upstairs should not open the door to watch or rush downstairs to escape. They should close the door tightly. They can block the door with soaked sheets and curtains or stick tape on it. If the door is very hot, you can splash water to cool it down.

12. If the escape route is blocked by fire, you can move to the balcony or the window where the ladder car is set, and send out a distress signal by flashing a flashlight, waving clothes or calling for help.

The fire is ruthless. In case of fire, the first thing to do is to get out of danger. When you leave, you often need to cross the fire zone. At this time, if the fire is not too big, you can put on non-flammable soaked clothes or wrap a thick wet blanket. You can wear rubber shoes when the ground is on fire. Cross the fire zone quickly and decisively. Don't inhale, lest you be choked by smoke. Before escaping, find out the direction of the fire, determine the wind direction, and leave the fire quickly against the wind before the fire spreads.

When a fire breaks out indoors, it will inevitably produce a lot of smoke, which contains a lot of carbon monoxide. If you stay in this environment for too long, you will be poisoned. Smoke can gather in the upper part of the room with hot air, but in the lower part of the room, people can clearly see the object and direction. At this time, people should squat or get down. If time and conditions permit, cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel and climb to the door. After opening the door, walk down the stairs. Never take the elevator, because the elevator may not be able to lift or burn down at any time because of power failure in a fire.

For the students in our campus, how to escape and save themselves in case of fire?

1 escape early. Under normal circumstances, it only takes more than ten minutes for the fire to burn wildly, leaving people with very short escape time. Therefore, in the event of a fire, you must not bury your head in rescuing family property and lead to tragedy, but flee quickly.

2. Protect the respiratory system. When you escape, wet towels, clothes, cloth strips and other items with water, and cover your nose and mouth with them to avoid coma or poisoning caused by smoke and the danger of suffocation caused by hot air burning respiratory soft tissue. If the smoke is heavy, crawl forward with your knees and elbows on the ground.

3. Evacuate from the tunnel. Such as evacuation stairs, fire elevators and outdoor evacuation stairs. You can also consider using windows, balconies, roofs, lightning wires, downpipes, etc.

4. Slide with a rope. Use strong ropes or tear curtains, sheets and bedding into strips, twist them into ropes, soak them in water and tie them to strong pipes, window frames and bedsteads. Trapped people will slide down the rope one by one to the next floor or the ground.

5, low-rise jump, suitable for the second floor. Before jumping, throw some soft objects such as quilts, pillows, mattresses and coats to the ground for a "soft landing", and then grab the window with your hands, and your body will naturally sag and shorten the jumping height. But don't jump tall buildings, because jumping from the height of 10 meters (three stories high) rarely leads to survival. To this end, the most important thing is to ask for help. You should immediately wet the sheets and bedding with water, and block the doors and windows with it to prevent smoke from infiltrating. At the same time, we should constantly splash water on sheets and bedding to prevent them from drying out.

6, with the help of equipment. Usually used are descent control device, life-saving bag, net, air cushion, ladder, sliding bar, sliding table, guide rope, life-saving gangway, etc.

7. Take temporary refuge. When there is no way out, you can use the bathroom to overcome the difficulties temporarily. When taking refuge, water should be sprayed on the doors and windows facing the fire, so that all combustible materials in the room can be wetted and the time can be prolonged. During the temporary refuge, you should take the initiative to contact the outside world in order to be rescued as soon as possible.

8. Use signs to guide escape. Signs such as "emergency exit", "emergency exit", "safe passage", "fire alarm telephone" and escape direction are set on the walls, ceilings, doors and corners of public places, so that trapped people can escape in an orderly manner according to the directions indicated by the signs, which can solve the "urgent need".

9. Promote the interests of others. We must resolutely put an end to acts that disregard other people's lives and the phenomenon of getting ahead of others. Only by orderly and rapid evacuation can casualties be minimized.

Several common fire extinguishing methods;

1, furniture, bedding, etc. Fire: generally put out the fire with water. Use something that can hold water around you, such as a washbasin, to splash water on the flame, or connect the water pipe to the faucet to spray fire; At the same time, the combustible materials near the ignition point are wetted and cooled. But oil and electrical appliances can't be put out with water when they catch fire.

2. Electrical fire: When household appliances or lines catch fire, cut off the power supply first, and then use dry powder or gas fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. Don't throw water directly to put out the fire, so as not to get an electric shock or explosion and hurt people.

The TV is on fire: in case of fire, never water the TV. You can use a quilt cover after cutting off the power supply. When putting out the fire, you can only get close to the TV from the side to prevent the CRT from exploding and hurting people. If you put out the fire with a fire extinguisher, don't shoot directly at the TV screen to avoid sudden explosion when heating and cooling.

4. The oil pan is on fire: When the oil pan is on fire, the gas valve of the cooker should be quickly closed, and the lid should be directly covered or covered with a wet rag. You can also put the cut vegetables into the pot to cool and extinguish the fire, and leave the pot and fire smoothly. Only after cooling can the lid be opened. Don't pour water into the oil pan to put out the fire.

5. Gas tank is on fire: cover the fire with soaked bedding and clothes, and quickly close the valve.

6, the body is on fire, don't run around, you can roll on the spot or use heavy clothes to suppress the flame. Cover your nose and mouth with wet towels, handkerchiefs, etc. when you escape in the thick smoke. Try to keep your body close to the ground, bend over or crawl forward.

Four treasures of fire control

Namely: fire extinguishers, escape ropes, gas masks and flashlights.