What unequal treaties did China sign with other countries in history?

Treaty of nanking was originally called "Ten Thousand Years Peace Treaty" by the Qing court, also known as "White Gate Treaty" and "Jiangning Treaty", which was the first unequal treaty in the modern history of China.

The agreement was signed on August 29th 1842 (July 24th, Daoguang 22nd) by Jiao Ying, an imperial envoy of the Qing government, and Pu Dinghui, a British representative, aboard the British ship "Gao Huali" anchored on Xiaguan River in Nanjing, marking the end of the first opium war.

Treaty of nanking asked China:

1, ceding Hong Kong Island;

2. Compensation for British opium price, commercial arrears and military expenses * * * 21000000 silver dollars;

3. Trade with the five ports, opening Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports, allowing British people to live and send consuls;

4. As for the agreed tariffs, British businessmen should pay import and export taxes and reimbursement fees, and China Customs has no right to decide independently;

5. Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen to trade freely in China. ?

In addition, it also provides for equal exchanges between officials of both sides, the release of soldiers and civilians of the other side and the withdrawal of British troops. ?

1July 22nd, 843, 10/0/October 8th, Jane Ying and Pu Dingcha successively signed the Charter of Sino-British Five-Port Trade and the Humen Treaty, as supplements and detailed rules of the treaty of nanking, and implemented the agreed tariff and concession system, which enabled Britain to obtain consular jurisdiction and unilateral MFN treatment.

Treaty of nanking destroyed China's territorial integrity and tariff sovereignty, facilitated British exports to China, and made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

After the treaty of nanking was signed, western powers took advantage of the fire to rob the Qing government and forced it to sign a series of unequal treaties, which further violated China's sovereignty, destroyed China's natural economy and accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty.

Second, treaty of shimonoseki.

Treaty of shimonoseki is an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government of China and the Meiji government of Japan in Shimonoseki, Japan on April 1895 and June 17, the 21st year of Guangxu. Formerly known as the New Testament of Shimonoseki, Japan called treaty of shimonoseki or Nissin Peace Treaty.

The signing of treaty of shimonoseki marked the end of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The Chinese plenipotentiaries are Li Hongzhang and Li, and the Japanese plenipotentiaries are Ito Bowen and Lu Aozongguang.

According to this treaty:

1, China ceded Liaodong Peninsula (failed due to triple interference), Taiwan Province Island and its affiliated islands, and Penghu Islands to Japan;

2. Compensation for Japan's two hundred million taels of silver;

3. China opened Shashi, Chungking, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, and allowed Japanese to invest and set up factories in the trading ports of China.

Treaty of shimonoseki has benefited Japan enormously and stimulated its aggressive ambition. The national crisis in China is unprecedented, and the degree of semi-colonization has greatly deepened. The treaty met the needs of the imperialist powers to export capital to China, and then the powers set off a frenzy to carve up China.

Three. Xin Chou Treaty

The Xin Chou Treaty, also known as the Xin Chou Peace Treaty and the Beijing Protocol, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government of China and the governments of eleven countries, including Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, Italy, Austria, Spain, the Netherlands and Belgium, after the Boxer Rebellion failed and Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing.

The treaty was signed in the 27th year of Guangxu (190 1) on July 25th, the year of Xin Chou, hence the name Xin Chou Treaty. Because the signing date of the treaty is September 7 in the solar calendar, there is a saying of "1997 national humiliation".

The Xin Chou Treaty is an unequal treaty with the largest amount of compensation and the most serious loss of sovereignty in China's modern history. The treaty provides that:

1, the compensation price and interest of China totaled 980 million taels of silver (the details are compensation of 450 million taels of silver, which will be paid off in 39 years, with the principal and interest of about 980 million taels);

2. Designate Beijing Dongjiaominxiang as the embassy boundary, allowing countries to station troops for protection, and prohibiting China people from living in the boundary;

3. The Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in the anti-imperialist movement;

4. The Qing government demolished the fortified fortress along the Dagukou-Beijing railway in Tianjin, and allowed the great powers to send troops to important places along the Beijing-Shanhaiguan railway.

This treaty marks that the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which has seriously violated China's sovereignty and brought profound disasters to the people.

This treaty is another slavery treaty imposed on China by imperialist powers. Its signing further strengthened the imperialists' comprehensive control and plunder of China, and marked that China had completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Since then, the wave of capitalism has begun.

Fourthly, Manzhouli Border Agreement.

Manzhouli Border Agreement, also known as Qiqihar Agreement (Russian: договорцицикар), the Qing Dynasty and Russia in 65438+ years.

There are two articles in the Manzhouli Border Convention, the main contents of which are:

1, talba and Russia reset from the 58th boundary point of Gandahu to the 63rd boundary point of Abapatu;

Follow the Ergon River to the junction of Heilongjiang and Heilongjiang.

This negotiation on border affairs should have been conducted by the two sides in accordance with the provisions of the Old Testament, but the result was completely beyond the scope of measurement and the provisions of the Old Testament, so that the position of newly established border points and the national boundaries of waterways were inconsistent with the Old Testament.

All six boundary points of the land boundary line moved southward, resulting in the loss of hundreds of square kilometers of land in China. Although it is stated in the border agreement that the waterway is bounded by the Ergon River and the right bank belongs to several continents in China, it is owned by Russia under the pretext of the fabricated "old waterway of the Ergon River".

The Manzhouli Border Treaty revised the Old Testament in favor of Russia and redefined the national boundaries. It was an unequal treaty that damaged China's territorial sovereignty, and it was also the last border treaty signed by the corrupt Qing government on behalf of China.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Sino-British Yantai Treaty

The Sino-British Yantai Treaty, also known as the Yunnan Case Treaty and the Sino-British Conference Terms, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty and Britain in Yantai on September 1876 (the second year of Guangxu). The signing of the treaty ended the "Yunnan case", but it also gave Britain the "treaty right" to invade the southwest border of China.

The Sino-British Yantai Treaty, also known as the Yunnan Case Treaty, is divided into three parts, 16, with a "separate clause".

The main contents of the first part are as follows: China paid 202,000 silver to Britain; China sent representatives to Britain to express "regret" over the Yunnan incident;

Yunnan authorities should negotiate with officials sent by Britain to formulate the Yunnan-Myanmar trade regulations; From 1877, within five years, the British sent officials to Dali, Yunnan or other suitable places to inspect the trade situation;

Britain still reserves the right to send personnel from India to Yunnan. The second part actually involves the handling of Chinese and foreign judicial cases and official exchanges.

The main contents are as follows: the Prime Minister's yamen should "send a note to the ministers stationed in Beijing" and ask them to agree to the unified regulations of the yamen on the examination of China-foreign relations at trading ports; "Where there are cases involving British life and property in mainland provinces or trading ports," the British envoy may send personnel to "sit in on the trial". "If the observers think that the trial is not handled properly, they can argue one by one."

In the case of Sino-foreign negotiations, the nationality of the defendant, that is, the officials of that country, will be tried by the officials of the country where the defendant is located according to their own laws. These provisions expand the extraterritorial jurisdiction of Britain in China.

The third part is "trade affairs", which mainly includes: opening Yichang, Wuhu, Wenzhou and Beihai as trade ports; British merchant ships are allowed to dock at Datong, Anqing, Hukou and Shashi along the river to load and unload goods.

Every concession has no foreign goods; If the concession of new and old trading ports has not been demarcated, it shall be "demarcated". In addition, the article for another discussion stipulates that Britain can send exploration teams to Tibet from Beijing via Gansu, Qinghai or Sichuan, or from India.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Unequal Treaty