Cultural relics of Chengtoushan ancient cultural site

Chengtoushan Ancient Culture Site is located on a low hill 2-4 meters higher than the surrounding plain. Excavation shows that human beings lived and engaged in production and other activities on this mountain 7000 years ago. About 5000 years ago, people built Heng into a city. As a defense, the existing city wall is 25-37 meters wide and the city is 2-4 meters high. The city site is well preserved, with a circular plane, consisting of a moat, rammed earth walls and four gates in the east, west, south and north, covering an area of more than 76,000 square meters (excluding the moat).

The southwest city wall of Chengtou Mountain was found to have been built four times on a large scale, forming four corresponding city walls, which repeatedly rose from bottom to top, and each city wall was piled up with layers of internal and external slopes. Among them, the first phase of the city wall is the oldest, about 6000 years ago, directly built on the native soil surface, and no obvious traces of ramming were found.

The south gate is the land passage in the early days of the ancient city, which excavated the trenches in the early days of Daxi culture. On the outer slope of the trench, quite solid slope protection facilities were found, which were built with wooden stakes, reed mats, cross bars and fences and kept intact. A well-made and well-preserved piece of wood pulp and pulp and a wooden bridge (collapsed) erected on the trench were also found in the trench. There are three well-preserved, high-standard and large-scale residential sites in Qujialing cultural period, which are concentrated near the center of the city site. They are all built with loess abutments with slopes on all sides, and then the foundation grooves are dug on the abutment to trim the living surface, and then they are built. The plane shape is square or rectangular.

One is a small row house with a corridor in the middle and small rooms symmetrically distributed on both sides. The single room area is only 3 ~ 5 square meters, indicating the phenomenon of living in separate rooms; One is a suite with a dining room in front, a kitchen in the back and four conjoined stoves; The other is a large palace-style building with an indoor area of 63 square meters, which is presumed by experts to be an ancestral hall. The differentiation of housing structure caused by different use functions is a major feature of housing construction in this period. In Chengtoushan site, 10 pottery kilns have been excavated, including 7 in the middle of the city site, with stewed clods, ash pits and ash ditches. Experts speculate that they are the precursors of bricks. In addition, there are many simple sheds and other buildings nearby, with only column holes and no foundation grooves. Together with the adjacent pottery kiln, it forms a complete pottery-making area with large scale, complete facilities and complete preservation. These pottery kilns, ash pits, ash ditches and simple sheds all belong to the same period, that is, the third phase of Daxi culture.

In addition, there are pots for pouring wine and pots for storing wine. The discovery of pottery jars, pottery altars and pottery jars shows that drinking in Chengtoushan and its surrounding areas was quite common and exquisite 5000 years ago, and the development of wine culture has reached a considerable level. The discovery of pottery pots proved that there were restaurants (hotels or wine-making workshops) in Chengtou Mountain, which greatly promoted the emergence of selling wine. In the crevice corner of the east gate of Chengtoushan site, there is an existing building base made of pure yellow soil. The loess platform is slightly oval, covering an area of about 250 square meters. It is rammed on the flat ground, high in the middle and inclined to the edge. In the higher part, there are five circular pits with enlarged pebbles in them. There is a pit with a diameter of nearly 1 m and a depth of 0.2 m from the top of the soil platform. In the pit, there is an oval pebble lying flat. A large number of early tombs of Daxi culture have been found in the eastern margin, and there is a curved limb burial tomb without funerary objects outside the four corners of the tomb pit. The skeleton of one of the tombs was buried in a big round pit, where the jawbones and deer teeth of cattle were buried, but there were no pottery and stone tools. According to expert research, the tomb is a wizard's tomb.

Chengtou Mountain discovered and exposed the earliest complete altar and many sacrificial pits, which was a large altar engaged in sacrificial and religious activities in the early period of Daxi culture. It is the largest, most complete and most exposed film in the same period.