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The degree of dissatisfaction and protest. The criticism of society starts from the reformist system, with humanitarianism as the ideological weapon and reformism as the political proposition.

Everyone pays attention to shaping typical characters in typical environments.

Similarities and differences:

The characteristics of French literature: 1 reflects the contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy.

Exposed the evil of money. 3 describes the image of individual rebels.

Second, the characteristics of English literature:

1 first describes the theme of labor-capital contradiction. 2 Be good at describing the contradictions of small people.

3 has the tendency of humanitarianism and reformism.

4. Women's literature has sprung up: British women who have been baptized by feminism have begun to awaken, and they use literature to realize their own values. (Mary Shirley, Susan Freya, George Eliot, Bronte sisters)

Three characteristics of Russian literature:

1 Literature is closely related to the people's liberation movement, with criticizing the czar's autocratic system and serfdom as the main content.

It has a sad mood, which reflects the sufferings of the times and expresses the worries, anxieties and Christian humanitarianism of intellectuals.

3. Unique image series: images of redundant people and small people.

Under the guidance of systematic progress theory: the aesthetics of belinsky, Chernyshevski and Dobro Lyubov.

Standard (original name: Henri Bell France)

Claiming to be "an observer of the human mind." /kloc-an outstanding French realist writer in the mid-0/9th century, and one of the founders of critical realism literature in France and even Europe.

His creation can be divided into three periods:

1 Milan period:

The History of Italian Painting first put forward the theoretical proposition of criticizing realistic literature.

2 Paris period: (peak period)

Main achievements: literary criticism and novels.

Racine and Shakespeare is regarded as the first theoretical work to criticize realistic literature.

The first novel Harmance was published in 1827: The author reflected the political theme through the love story (a preliminary attempt of the novel).

1829 The famous Italian short story "Fanina Fanini" reflects a side of Italy's political struggle at the beginning of19th century through the love story of Italian charcoal burner M'Ithiri and Roman aristocratic lady Fanina.

The publication of the novel Red and Black from 65438 to 0830 marked the peak of the author's creation.

3 Civita wiki period:

Lv Xian Loufan (Red and White): A Novel Exposing the July Dynasty.

Bama Abbey: The only successful work of the author before his death.

The original name of Red and Black: The subtitle of Julien is "1830 years old"

"Red" refers to the Red Army uniforms of soldiers in the Napoleonic period, representing the strength of the bourgeoisie.

The black robes of "black" faculty members represent the reactionary forces in feudal society.

Symbol of title: The struggle between two opposing camps and two different ideas during the Restoration period highlighted the political significance of the novel.

Briefly describe the ideological content of Red and Black.

1 Standahr's novel Red and Black, with Julien's experience as the clue and Villier, Besancon Theological Seminary and De Muir Hou as the activity stage, vividly shows the broad social life and mixed class contradictions in the French Bourbon restoration period.

Deeply exposed and criticized the darkness and evil of feudal nobles and churches.

3 sarcastically mocked the mercenary nature of the bourgeoisie, showing a strong political tendency.

Comprehensive essay questions

Analysis of Julien's image: Julien, the protagonist in Standahr's novel Red and Black, is a typical individual struggler during the French Restoration.

1 Julian's class status and education level determine his heroic enthusiasm and vanity.

Lian, who came from a humble background, has long formed a kind of resistance and hatred towards the noble big bourgeoisie. The love of reading was influenced by the Enlightenment, which trained his people to worship Napoleon and hoped that he could make contributions. However, the feudal hierarchy shattered his hopes. Later, when he saw that the church was in its heyday, he took refuge in it. Lian took hypocrisy as a weapon and rebelled against the investment association as a means to start the road of personal struggle.

Lian's character is contradictory. Resist when there is pressure, and compromise and surrender when personal fame and fortune are satisfied.

As a governess of Mayor Dreila's family, he has a sense of common people, and his application condition is to eat at the same table as his host, showing the spirit of resistance.

In the seminary: in order to get ahead, even in a sinister environment, I buried my hatred of the church in my heart. Non-believers are the most devout believers in the seminary and the darling of Dean pilar. Here, young people with a sense of confrontation have gradually become careerists who go hand in hand with the church.

In Marquis de Muir: In order to realize his ambition, Julian faithfully served the Marquis, fell in love with Martel, the Marquis's daughter, and got married, and finally got rich real estate and official titles.

The civilian class consciousness of Company 3 has not completely disappeared.

After he went to prison, he began to reflect and realized the hypocrisy and pain of the road he took. Speech in Court is not only Lian's condemnation of the aristocratic big bourgeoisie and his protest against society, but also a summary of his rebellious spirit and tragic fate.

4 the limitations of the characters.

His behavior is personal blindness, and his resistance is extremely wavering. Once his personal pursuit is satisfied, he will compromise and surrender. Discuss the artistic achievements of red and black.

Standahr's Red and Black is a pioneering work of French critical realism and has made great achievements in art;

1 Select typical materials in real life and describe typical characters in typical environments to reflect the characteristics of the times. Through the tragic process of personal struggle in three typical environments (Villiers, Besancon Theological Seminary and Paris), the novel reveals the characteristics of the times such as the profound influence of the Great Revolution, the oppression of the bourgeoisie, the resistance of the common people, the corrupt rule of the nobility and society during the Restoration period. It also shows the objective truth of individual struggle failure in authoritarian and privileged society.

Especially good at grasping and analyzing the characters' psychology. Julian received a letter from Miss Martell telling him about his psychological activity when he came at midnight. He is both happy and suspicious, that is, he hesitates and blames himself. His psychological activities conflict with each other, revealing his inner contradictions and instant changes in feelings, and highlighting his character. ("prepare for battle")

3 The plot is compact and the structure is rigorous. Take Julian's personal struggle history as the "longitude" and his love life with Mayor de Reina and Miss Martell as the "latitude".

The warp and weft are interwoven and coherent. The transition of the three typical environments is natural and smooth, and the characters are all related to the protagonist. The characters, plot and environment all appear neat and clear, in good order, forming an organic artistic whole.

Balzac (original name: Honnore balsa, French)

Born into a middle-class bourgeois family

The first work: Cromwell (five acts of poetic tragedy)

The novel ShuaDangren: It is his first victory, the first deployment of Balzac's works and the beginning of his realistic novels.

1832 "A woman of thirty" (novel): I started correspondence with a Polish nobleman, Mrs. Hanska.

At Balzac's funeral, Hugo gave a speech, praising Balzac as a great "revolutionary writer" with "more works than years", which truly reflected the "reality at that time" in France.

Balzac is a prolific writer. There are 96 long, medium and short stories in Human Comedy.

All his works are divided into three categories: custom research, philosophical research and analytical research.

The main part of the novel collection, Custom Research, is divided into six parts: private life scenes, provincial life scenes, Paris life scenes, political life scenes, military life scenes and rural life scenes.

Short answer questions after understanding

Briefly describe Balzac's ideological contradiction and creative relationship.

When commenting on Balzac, Engels pointed out: "Balzac is an orthodox school in politics", "He sympathized with the doomed class and sang an elegy for the inevitable collapse of the upper class", but he also satirized "aristocratic men and women", described their inevitable failure and destruction under the attack of the bourgeois nouveau riche, and praised his political enemies "* * * and the heroes in the party". This is one of the greatest victories of novelism.

Balzac's conscious use of realistic creative methods is often determined by his progressive tendency in world outlook. The positive role of realistic writing method can weaken the negative part of the writer's thought to some extent.

Comprehensive essay questions

On the realistic ideological content of human comedy.

/kloc-Balzac, the representative writer of French critical realism literature in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, shows us the realistic history of French society, especially the upper class in Paris.

1 works profoundly describe the decline and fall history of feudal nobles.

In Antiquities Gallery and Farmers, the author reveals the objective historical law of the inevitable demise of the feudal aristocracy by describing the contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the nobility.

The history of the rise and fall of a noble lady, Madame Busayon, is closely related to the history of the rise and fall of the aristocratic class.

In Old Man, she was frustrated in love and forced to leave Paris by a bourgeois lady, which is a portrayal of the bad luck of the nobility.

In Abandoned Wife, Baron caston couldn't stand the temptation of money and abandoned her. Ladies were once again rejected by society, so bourgeois women beat aristocratic women with money and occupied their position in the upper class.

2 the history of the bourgeoisie.

Through a series of bourgeois figures with the same essence and different images, the author truly reproduces the history of the bourgeoisie.

Bu in usurer is a simple usurer who doesn't understand commodity circulation and capital turnover.

Grandet in Eugenie Grandet knows how to increase the capital in circulation.

In The Banker of Neuxingen, Neuxingen is a typical example of bourgeois blending. He not only knows how to make high profits, but also creates rumors and illusions.

Expose the evil of money in capitalist society.

In Eugenie Grandet, Grandet ruined her youth by preventing her daughter from loving bankrupt Charlie. Abandoned by Charlie, she was not only destroyed by money relations, but also poisoned by money relations. She is a victim of her father.

4 praise for * * * and exploration of social ideals.

For pacifists, they don't fully understand their ideological essence, but they don't see that they are noble people.

Although the artistic images of Christine in Disillusionment and Ni in Farmers are not full, the spirit of describing them is outstanding.

Briefly describe the theme of Gao Laotou.

Balzac's novel Gao Lao Tou has profound ideological content:

The novel 1 truly reflects the growing impact of the bourgeois nouveau riche on the feudal aristocratic society during the Bourbon Restoration. (Viscount bid farewell to Paris).

The novel describes that the bourgeoisie defeated the feudal aristocracy with the power of money and wealth. It exposes the evil of money and criticizes the naked money relationship between people in capitalist society. The novel reveals an honest personal struggle path completely different from the extreme egoism and opportunism of bourgeois careerists.

Briefly describe the social significance of Gao Laotou's fatherly love tragedy.

The Gao Laotou in Balzac's novel Gao Laotou is a typical commercial bourgeoisie with a strong feudal religious concept.

1 The old man really loves his daughter, but he only knows how to cultivate his daughter's love for his father with money, and maintain the affection between father and daughter with money, making them selfish money worshippers and victims of money worship.

His tragedy is a bourgeois tragedy who is familiar with bourgeois business but not with bourgeois life philosophy, a tragedy of the times and a reflection of the social phenomenon of the transition from feudal patriarchal society to capitalist society. His father's love reflects his daughter's ruthlessness, and his humanity reflects the cruelty of society. It strongly accuses money of corrupting morality and society, and exposes the monetization among people in capitalist society. Especially the tragic scene of monetization of family relations.

Comprehensive essay questions

Analyze the image of Rasty and its typical significance.

Rustin, the hero of Balzac's novel Gao Lao Tou, is a typical bourgeois politician and careerist from the late Restoration Dynasty to the July Dynasty. The novel describes the typical process of his degeneration from a declining aristocratic child to a bourgeois careerist.

There are three stages in his character development:

1 He went to Paris to go to college, hoping to become famous through hard work and hard study. But can't stand the temptation of high society. Living in Paris for three years made him see the essence of society: law and morality are invalid for the rich, and property is the golden rule. So he decided to take another road: climb up! Desperate to climb.

After being instigated by two mentors in his life, Rustin began to change obviously.

Madame Busayon personally taught him to read This Part of Life, cultivated his selfish outlook on life, and taught him how to fight back against society and individuals. Finally, the retirement of Mrs. Busayon made him further realize the important role of money.

Voltaire asked Rasty Ann to partner with him, taught him to fall in love with Victoria, and personally killed Victoria's brother to get Tai Caliso's property. He also used naked language to analyze the nature of society. Futuoling was later sold to the authorities by Michelin for 3,000 francs, which further convinced Rustin of Futuoling's analysis of the essence of egoistic society.

The pain and death of an old man finally completed his social education. When he buried Lao Gaoman, he buried the last bit of humanity. The once innocent young man degenerated into a bourgeois careerist who attacked wealth and power.

Significance: Through the evolution of Rustin, the novel reflects the decline of the aristocratic class and the rise of the bourgeoisie, and exposes the evil of money.

This paper discusses the artistic features of Gao Laotou.

1 The structure is exquisite and the plot is dramatic. The novel arranges plots, main stories, multiple plots and multiple stories around Rastin's upward climb. Lu Sidi plays the role of a needle, while others mainly focus on the formation of his character. Fu Tuoleng was arrested after completing his educational task; Mrs. Boucylon retired after completing her task; The tragedy of Gao Laotou promoted the final formation of his character.

2 accurately and vividly describe the typical environment from the meticulous observation of reality.

The description of typical environment provides a foundation for the development of characters. For example, the decadence and poverty of the rich apartment are in sharp contrast with the luxury of the upper class, which inspires Rustin's ambition to climb up and forms a typical character to adapt to the typical environment.

The principle of contrast is widely used.

For example, Gao Laotou dotes on his daughter, and Tai Caliso drives her daughter out of the house; The old man's infatuation and his daughter's unrequited love lead to the lesson of restraining evil and promoting good. (Character contrast)

The contrast between the upper class and the lower class in the apartment building stimulated Rustin's ambition and exposed the superficial prosperity of the nobility and the vulgarity of the bourgeois nouveau riche. (environmental comparison)

The language is rich and colorful, and the metaphor is profound.

The language of characters is fully personalized: for example, Fu Tuoling's language is sharp, full of strong charm, naked and hit the nail on the head; The old language is full of infatuation with her daughter.

Metaphor: Lao Gaoman has no money, because his daughters abandoned him "like lemons", and they "threw the remaining skins in the street".

5. Shaped the typical characters in the typical environment.

For example, my father's love for Gao Laotou remains unchanged; As an ambitious man, Rustin is not deeply involved in the world, and he is far-sighted and far-sighted.

Dickens (UK)

/kloc-a great English realist writer in the 0/9th century was born into a poor family of clerks.

His creation is divided into three periods:

The first stage:

Masterpiece: The Story of Pickwick (Don Quixote) takes the form of a vagrant novel.

Oliver Twist: It truly shows the darkness of society, the crime of child abuse by charities, and attacks the "new poverty relief law" at that time.

Nicholas Nicopage: Through the experience of teacher Nicholas, he exposed the darkness of society and pinned his hopes on the idealized bourgeoisie. Art adopts the structural form of tramp novels.

The second period:

Close-up series "A Journey to America"

The novel Martin Juhewitt

Novel: Dombey, the hero of Dombey, is a typical British commercial capitalist in the 1940s.

Dickens' novels in this period are mature in art and complete in structure, and there are no traces of tramp novels.

The third issue: (optimism and humor have weakened in the early days)

Important Works: david copperfield is an autobiographical novel. Briefly describe the main ideological content of Hard Times.

1 It reflects the contradiction between labor and capital (the basic contradiction of society) in Britain in the 1940s and 1950s. From the standpoint of humanitarianism, the author reveals that the prosperous time at that time was actually a difficult time to ruthlessly kill human nature.

Through egoism and "philosophy of fact" represented by Grehard and Bounderby, the novel attacks the theoretical basis of bourgeois exploitation-utilitarian philosophy and exposes its evil of strangling human nature.

The novel tries to influence the cold bourgeoisie through the kind people represented by Sisi. It embodies the author's humanitarian thought. The author's solution to the contradiction is the influence of human nature.

On the writing purpose and ideological content of A Tale of Two Cities.

A Tale of Two Cities is a representative work of Dickens' creative thought and artistic expression at the mature stage.

Writing purpose: The author wants to use the historical experience of the French Revolution to sound the alarm for the British rulers, which has obvious practical significance.

Second, the theme: 1 completely deny the aristocratic class. The novel falls into the hands of the Marquis brothers through the disclosure letter from Dr. Magnet to the court, and describes the plot of the arrested person's imprisonment for 18 years. Ruthlessly exposed the corrupt ruling class dictatorship and legal system.

Described the miserable life of the French people under feudal tyranny.

It vividly depicts the scene of Paris people attacking the Bastille in the French Revolution and the historical picture of punishing the oppressors, reflects the vigorous struggle scene of the French Revolution, and accurately and vividly shows the reasons and inevitability of the revolution.

This novel highlights the author's humanitarianism.

On the artistic features of A Tale of Two Cities.

A complex and rigorous structure consists of three opposing and intertwined clues.

The story of Dr. Magnet; The story of Darnay, a descendant of the nobility; The story of the revolutionary Madame Defarge. It embodies the richness of the plot and the unity of structural integrity.

Second, the combination of romanticism and realism.

1 Romance: The plot of the novel is ups and downs, tense, vivid and dramatic.

Realism: Describe the causes and scenes of the French Revolution.

The combination of three strokes and fine carving.

1: People's Uprising in Paris.

2. Exquisite sculpture: portraits, psychology and narrative events.

Comprehensive essay questions

Dickens' bourgeois humanitarianism viewed from A Tale of Two Cities.

In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens used his own humanitarian standards to evaluate the feudal aristocratic regime before the French Revolution and the bourgeois revolutionary regime after the victory of the revolution.

1 sympathize with the tragic life of the French people.

For example, the disclosure letter from Dr. Magnet, an upright intellectual, to the court fell into the hands of the Marquis brothers, and even was put in prison 18 years. His behavior made life unacceptable, and finally his family was ruined.

Sympathize with the French Revolution, describe the scene of the French Revolution, and explain the reasons and inevitability of the Revolution.

The novel vividly depicts the scene of Paris migrant workers attacking the Bastille during the French Revolution and the historical picture of punishing the oppressors. It shows the people's anger, hatred and revolutionary mood, and depicts the sharp contradiction between feudal nobles and the broad masses of the people. Poverty and hunger caused by feudal oppression and exploitation are the roots of revolution.

Condemn the violent leader Madame Defarge.

She is fierce, terrible, heartless, cruel and crazy, and takes revenge endlessly, at the expense of innocent people. Madame Defarge finally wrestled with the nanny to death to show the victory of human beings over violence. On the question of whether Madame Defarge's revolutionary regime is humane, the author expressed his humanitarian thoughts on this occasion. Dr Magnet and Darnay are both incarnations of humanitarianism. Compared with them, Madame Defarge is inhuman, and the tortured Madame Defarge is portrayed as a murderous demon. The author tries to solve class contradictions and complex social phenomena with class reconciliation. He hopes that the ruling class can rationally carry out a reform, and love will replace hate between the rich and the poor. The author's attitude towards revolution and revolutionaries is contradictory. On the one hand, they think the people's revolution is just, but they think it is too much. Madame Defarge's ending illustrates the author's point of view.

4 created the highest humanitarian model.

Darnay voluntarily gave up his aristocratic privilege and was arrested to rescue the housekeeper.