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Gorky (1868-1936) was a great proletarian writer and the founder of Soviet literature. His original name was Alexei Maximovich Pishkov, and he was born in 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod (now Gorky) on the Volga River in Russia. The father is a carpenter. He lost his father in his early years and lived in the house of his grandfather who ran a small dyeing shop. He started to make a living independently at the age of 11. His childhood and youth were spent at the bottom of the old society. Gorky's extraordinary experiences in his early years were vividly described in his famous autobiographical trilogy. The suffering in the world and the bitterness of life have tempered his fighting spirit; in addition to heavy labor, he diligently studied by himself. His experience and deep understanding of the painful lives of people at the bottom of society have become an inexhaustible source of his creations.

Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), formerly known as Alexey Maximovich Pishkov, is one of the most important writers of the 20th century and is renowned as a "proletarian The most outstanding representative of class art” (Lenin’s words). His creation began a new era of world proletarian literature, and his name "represents a new period in the history of world literature" (Lu Xun said). At the beginning of the 20th century, his works began to be introduced to our country and had a huge impact on our country's literature and our country's revolution.

Gorky was born on March 14, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod on the Volga River in Russia. His father is the son of a soldier, and his mother is the daughter of a dye house owner. My grandfather once served as an army officer, but was demoted by Tsar Nicholas I for brutally abusing his subordinates. My grandfather was so strict with my father that my father ran away from home five times, and the last escape was successful. After escaping, he worked successively as a carpenter, a steamship company office manager, a worker who decorated interior curtains and wallpaper, etc. He was a smart, kind and very pleasant person. Later he contracted cholera and died when Gorky was 3 years old. After his father died, Gorky lived with his mother at his grandfather's house. He spent his childhood in his grandfather's home, which was full of philistine sentiments. During this period, my mother remarried and died of tuberculosis a few years later, and my grandfather went bankrupt. The 11-year-old Gorky was forced to live in the world and began to make a living independently. He picked rags, worked as an apprentice and a handyman, suffered bullying and abuse, and experienced the suffering and hardships of life. He only attended elementary school for three years, but he loved reading. He took advantage of every opportunity to read whatever books he could find and studied hard on his own. In 1884, he came to Lushan with the intention of going to university, but he failed to do so and finished his social university at the bottom of society. He has worked as a dock porter, baker, grocery store clerk, gardener and night watchman. At the same time, he got acquainted with advanced populist intellectuals and Marxist writings, further realized the ugliness of reality and the suffering of the people, and gradually established his determination to reform society. In 1888-1889 and 1891-1892, Gorky traveled to Russia twice in order to understand the motherland and its people. It ran from Nizhny to Tsaritsyn, through the Don River region, Ukraine, to Bessarabia, and from there along the southern coast of Crimea to Kuban, and then to the Black Sea. The journey and arduous experiences broadened Gorky's horizons, tempered his will, accumulated rich knowledge and life materials, and inspired him to have a strong desire to engage in literary creation.

When Alyosha (Gorky in childhood) was very young, his father fell ill and died, and his mother took him back to his grandparents' house.

The arrival of Alyosha's mother caused a fight between his uncle Mikhail and his brother-in-law Yakov. They were afraid that their mother would come to ask for dowry, so they broke up and broke into a fight. Alyosha initially realized the atmosphere of mutual hatred permeating his grandfather's house. The uncle teased the old tailor Grigory and asked his nephew to put a hot thimble in Grigory's hand. Unexpectedly, the grandfather accidentally put it on, and the grandfather whipped his grandson. Alyosha was severely beaten by his grandfather for putting the tablecloth in the dye bucket. During the beating, everyone was gloating about his misfortune. Even his mother was afraid of grandpa and did not dare to stop him. Only grandma protected Alyosha. Liao Sha. After beating Alyosha, his grandfather came to see him and told him about the time when he was a tracker on the banks of the Volga River when he was young. Alyosha felt that his grandfather had grown up quickly like a cloud, from a skinny little old man. Become the strong man in the fairy tale.

This is completely different from the creative approach of some of his earlier romantic works such as "Song of the Petrel". "The Song of Haiyan" is filled with the spirit of romanticism, showing readers a magnificent picture of the heroic struggle between the revolutionary people and the reactionary forces on the eve of the revolutionary storm: on the vast sea, dark clouds are gathered by strong winds, and thunder rumbles , the angry sea set off huge waves and rushed high into the sky, fighting fiercely with them; the flying petrel shouted loudly as a victorious prophet: "Let the storm come more violently!" This work is different from "Childhood". The author did not describe real life truthfully, but used symbolism to express strong subjective feelings through exaggerated descriptions of the majestic natural phenomena.

In "Childhood", Gorky also successfully used a variety of artistic techniques to create a series of lifelike characters under the guidance of realist creation principles. The cruel, selfish, insidious and irritable grandfather, the uncle who is greedy for money, the cold and ruthless mother, the kind and kind grandmother, the happy and capable Gypsy, the hard-working and capable old craftsman Grigory, and the cheerful and lovely nanny Yevgenia. Among the creation of these characters, grandma and grandpa left the most profound impression on readers. The image of grandmother is one of the most distinctive and poetic images of women in the history of Russian literature. She is a symbol of the great mother and a symbol of Russian suffering life. She likes to sing, tell stories, and dance. She is loving, kind, and strong, and can attract people to her even in very noisy and chaotic situations, adding a joyful atmosphere to a hard and suffocating life. In the book, Gorky comprehensively portrays her image through her appearance description, language, actions and quoting a large number of folk songs, fairy tales, stories and other forms. Gorky described her appearance this way: "Grandma talks like singing, which is very beautiful. Every word she says is like a blooming flower, gentle, fresh, fresh and easy

1868～1936) proletarian writer of the former Soviet Union and the founder of socialist realist literature. He was born in poverty.

He lost his father when he was young. At the age of 11, he worked in the society to make a living, working as a stevedore and a baker. Housing workers, slums and docks became his "social" university classroom. He shared the fate of working people and personally experienced the cruel exploitation and oppression of capitalism. p>Published in 1892. This had an important impact on the development of his thoughts and creations.

Gorky worked hard to learn cultural knowledge by himself, and actively participated in revolutionary activities. p>The female novel "Makar Chudra" entered the literary world. His early works were a mixture of realism and romanticism.

This was inevitable before the formation of his proletarian worldview. The stages of experience. Romantic works such as "Makar Chudra", "Old Woman Izegil" (1895), "Song of the Eagle" (1895), etc., praise the love of freedom and yearning. Bright and heroic deeds

's strong personality shows the passion for fighting; realistic works such as "Cherkash", "The Fallen People", "Konova" Love", etc., describe the suffering life of the people and their noble moral character, and express their anger and struggle.

Most of the protagonists in these works are trying to explore new ways of life and think about the meaning of life. He is a character full of intense inner conflicts.

In 1901, he wrote the famous prose poem "The Song of Haiyan", which symbolizes the bravery of a revolutionary with great wisdom and bravery.

The image of the courageous Haiyan foretells the coming revolutionary storm and inspires people to embrace the great battle. This is a proclamation and ode to the proletarian revolutionary battle, which was enthusiastically praised by Lenin.

On the eve of the revolution in 1905, Gorky's creation turned to drama. From 1901 to 1905, he successively wrote "Little Burgher",

"The Bottom", "Summer Guests", "Children of the Sun" ” and (Barbarians) and other scripts.

In particular, "Private Burghers" and "The Bottom" show the new image and new mental outlook of workers in real life, and show their determination to fight for their rights

and The optimism, their staging, caused a sensation in the Russian theater scene at that time.

In 1906, Gorky wrote the two most important works, the novel "Mother" and the play "The Enemy" - marking that his creation

reached a new peak. "Mother" created the heroic image of the first batch of proletarians in the history of world literature who consciously fought for socialism

It is the foundation work of socialist realist literature. Lenin affirmed its practical significance.

After the failure of the revolution in 1905, Gorky went to the United States and Italy and wrote a series of political articles, criticizing the Western capitalist system

and all kinds of reactionary trends that filled the ideological and literary circles. The novella "Confessions", written in 1908, revealed the idealistic theistic thoughts of theism and was severely criticized by Lenin and received his enthusiastic help. Despite this, Gorky's leading tendency is still positive and full of revolutionary fighting spirit. He made many theoretical explorations into the characteristics of the new proletarian literary creation method, and put forward the perspective of combining realism and romanticism. His creative achievements between the two revolutions were quite fruitful,

such as "Ogulov Town" (1909), "Summer (1909)", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin" "(1910～

1911), "Italian Fairy Tale" (1911～1913), "Russian Fairy Tale" (1912～1917), and the autobiographical novel completed later

The first two parts of the trilogy, "Childhood" and "The World" (1913~1916).

In the ten years after the October Revolution, Gorky was in poor health and only wrote memoirs and autobiographies about the unique artistic style of Lenin and some writers

with important documentary value. The last part of the Chinese trilogy, "My University" (1922-1923), "The Artamonov Family's Career" (1924-1925) and several other works. In 1921, he followed Lenin's advice and went abroad to recuperate.

After returning to China in 1931, he began to write the voluminous and epic work "The Life of Kim Sam" in 1925. Unfinished work. Before his death in 1936, he also wrote "Travels in the Soviet Union" (1929), "The Story of Heroes" and many plays "Yegor Brechev and Others" (1932), " "Toschigaev et al." (1933),

"Vasa Zhileznova" (1935), as well as a large number of literary theory, literary criticism and political articles, which have a profound impact on Marxism

Major contributions have been made to the theory of Italian literature and art and the cause of socialist culture.

Gorky is not only a great writer, but also an outstanding social activist. He organized and established the Soviet Writers Association,

and presided over the first All-Soviet Writers Congress to cultivate new literary talents and actively participate in the cause of defending world peace.

Gorky’s works have been introduced to China since 1907. His excellent literary works and treatises have become the unique wealth of the proletariat around the world.

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