How to write the pinyin of Athens?

Question 1: How to spell Greek Pinyin?

Greek pinyin

[XLà]

[Interpretation]: Balkan countries. Located at the southern tip of the peninsula, it faces the sea on three sides, with an area of 1, 3 1, 957 square kilometers and a population of 1, 003,800 (1,990). Athens, the capital, is mountainous and has many islands. Ancient Greece is the birthplace of European civilization. Agriculture and tourism play an important role in the national economy.

Question 2: All Greek letters are pronounced as1α α α α α a: lf α.

2βββββββ

3γγγγγga:mγ

4δδδδδδδδ

EP`silon Ipsilon

6 zetazat tower cutting

7 η η Eita

West Tower 8θθ θ

9. I love jota

10κκκκκκ

1 1∧λλλλ

12 μm giant seedling

13 Nunju

14 ξ ξ Sikesi

15

16 π Paipai School

17ρρ soft

18 sigma sigma sigma sigma sigma

19 τ τ τ τ set

20υυu ju:p ` sailon yupu xilong

21Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ Hui Buddha's love

22 χ χ CHIPHAI West

23 psi

24ωωω ω omega omega

Question 3: Greek letters and their pronunciation and meaning

In modern times, the Greek alphabet has surpassed the limitations of the Greek nation and become an international symbol (natural science and social science), especially in civil engineering, material science, soil mechanics, hydraulics and corresponding design courses. There are many and miscellaneous scientific symbols, so it is difficult for beginners to accurately master their pronunciation and writing. Therefore, this paper edited the history, pronunciation and writing of Greek letters, so that beginners and self-learners can get familiar with their professional significance as soon as possible after mastering the basic reading and writing of these symbols!

One: Greek letters

Serial number case English phonetic notation international phonetic notation Chinese pronunciation meaning

1α α α α a: lf α angle; coefficient

β β magnetic flux coefficient; Angle; coefficient

3 γ γ γ γ γ Ga: mγ conductivity (lowercase)

Delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta delta density; diopter

5 ε ε ε ε ε ε EP`silon logarithmic base

6 zeta zat tower cutoff coefficient; Azimuth; Impedance; Relative viscosity; atomic number

7 eta eta eta lag coefficient; Efficiency (lowercase)

8θθθ Tashi tower temperature; phase angle

9. This tower is a little small.

10κκκκκ κ dielectric constant

11∧ λ λ λ wavelength (expressed in numbers); roll

Permeability coefficient of1.2μ μ μ μ ju; Micro (one thousandth); Magnification factor (lowercase)

13 ν ν Nunju new magnetoresistance coefficient

14 ξ ξ Sikesi

15

16∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏∏871

17 ρ ρ meat resistance coefficient (number)

18 sigma sigma sigma sum (in words), area density; Transconductance (lowercase)

19 τ τ τ Set the time constant.

20υu silon jup ` silon yup silon displacement

21Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ love magnetic flux; corner

22 χ χ CHIPHAI West

23 psi psai Puxi angular velocity; Dielectric flux (static power line); corner

24 ω ω ω ω o`miga ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω 9 angular velocity (in lowercase); corner

Two: About Greek

Greek is an independent branch of Indo-European language family. As the carrier of ancient Greek civilization, as a language used in many fields such as literature, philosophy, science and religion, its brilliance is rare in the world. Ancient Greek is one of the few classical languages still being studied and used all over the world.

The Chinese name of "Greece" is not from English Greece, but from Heiles's poetry vocabulary. How commensurate this move is with Greece, a country of art! Greek speakers came to the Greek Peninsula and its vicinity from the Balkans about 4000 years ago. Their languages are divided into four dialects: Ionian, Ionian, Acadia-Cypriot and Dorian. The famous Homer's epics Iliad and Odyssey were written in the 9th century BC, using Ionian dialect. The development from Ionian to Athenian ―― the main forms and basis of ancient Greek. The Old Testament was translated into Koine in the 3rd-2nd century BC. The New Testament was written directly in Koine. Orthodox Christians still use the Bible in this classical language.

The countries that use Greek now include Greece, Cyprus and Italy ...

Question 4: What is the pinyin of information? Plato (427-347 BC) is the most famous philosopher and educator in ancient Greece. He was born in a noble family of slave owners in Athens.

Plato was born in a well-off family and received a good education from an early age. His grammar, rhetoric and writing are excellent, and he is also very interested in literature. He has written many literary works such as poems. He has a strong body and a strong physique. He loves sports very much and is good at many sports. He also likes music and painting, and his accomplishments are very high.

Plato, a student of Socrates, studied with Socrates for 8 years and was a loyal believer and close friend of Socrates. In 399 BC, Socrates was falsely accused of death, even implicated Plato, and was forced to leave Athens for exile 12 years.

After he fled Athens, he traveled to many places, such as Egypt, a Greek colony in North Africa, Tallinn town in the south of Italy, Syracuse, Sicily city-state and so on. In Syracuse, because of political differences with the city-state tyrant, he angered the tyrant and was sold into slavery. Fortunately, he was redeemed by his friends and sent back to Athens, when he was 40 years old.

During his travels, he came into contact with the political systems of various countries, met many famous scholars and learned advanced scientific knowledge from various countries, which is of great significance to his future academic research and education.

After returning to China, he founded a college in the suburbs of Athens, called Academie. He engaged in academic research, writing and teaching in this college for 40 years until his death.

The college, which integrates teaching and research, was the first institution of higher learning and research center in Greece at that time and the earliest institution of higher education in Europe. There are many subjects studied and taught in the college, including philosophy, natural science, humanities, mathematics, astronomy, music theory and so on. Students should not only learn scientific knowledge, but also carry out sports and military training. This college has trained a large number of political and academic talents not only for Athens, but also for Greek city-states. The teaching form of the academy not only adopts Socrates' question-and-answer method, but also adopts other ways such as speech and self-study.

Plato put forward a more complete educational theory than Socrates. His educational theory is embodied in his most famous book The Republic. Plato thought that the political system of the Greek city-states at that time was not ideal and had many disadvantages. So he analyzed, compared, synthesized and summarized various political systems in Greece at that time and those outside Greece (such as Egypt) at that time, and designed his own political system as his ideal country. This "utopia" is actually a hierarchical country ruled by slave owners, which is impossible to realize. But there are also many good ideas, which have great political influence on later generations. There is a lot of space about education in the Republic, so the educational circles regard it as an important educational work.

In Plato's Republic, slaves are not human beings and have no rights. Only slave owners and freemen have civil rights, but the hierarchy is strict. The first level is "lord protector". God added gold to them when casting them. They are the supreme rulers of the country, responsible for guarding the country and handling political affairs. The second level is "the protector of the country". God added silver when casting them. They are also rulers, responsible for resisting the enemy and defending the country. The third level is the "provider". God added copper and iron when casting them. They are farmers, craftsmen and businessmen. Their task is to support the first two kinds of people with products. Plato believes that in order to make the country stable for a long time, these three kinds of people must take their positions and perform their duties.

Plato attached great importance to education and thought that running education well should be the top priority of the rulers. He advocates that education is run by the state, strictly controlled by the state, teachers are hired by the state, and what is taught is judged by the state. He believes that all citizens, whether men or women, whether rulers or ruled (except slaves), should receive compulsory education from primary school. His educational content is very extensive, and he advocates the harmonious development of the educated morally, intellectually and physically. He advocated early education and was the first person to put forward prenatal education. According to his point of view, children should receive preschool education as soon as possible. Preschool education should focus on games.

Children should receive general education from the age of seven to seventeen or eighteen. The content of general education should include music and physical education. Music education here includes not only music and dance, but also cultural knowledge such as reading, writing and arithmetic, as well as literature, poetry and art. Sports includes not only gymnastics and other sports, but also military training.

18~2......& gt& gt

Question 5: The pinyin and word formation of traditional Chinese characters are traditional Chinese characters. Read y. Groupable words:

Elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant, elegant.

Question 6: The initial consonants of common pinyin schemes: B, P, M, F, D, T, N, L, G, K, H, ji, ci, si, jh, ch, sh, R, Z, C, S vowels: A, O, E, -i, -u .-un； yun)、ang、eng(-ing； -ONG； Yong), ery, w and yu are used as the beginning of the chorus-Yan, Wan and Yuan. Q, X and zh in Chinese Pinyin are ci, si and jh in common Pinyin. (So X and Q are not used in universal pinyin) I stands for empty rhyme in Chinese pinyin, and ih is used in universal pinyin. Therefore, the words "chi", "Chi", "shih", "rih", "zih", "cih" and "sih" in Chinese Pinyin are changed to those in ordinary Pinyin. In ordinary pinyin, the spelling of en and eng in Chinese pinyin is different in the following situations: the vowel eng is spelled ong after the vowels f- and w- (Feng and Weng). The text was changed to wun. Yu and its consonant, after vowels ji-, ci- and si-, are still used to connect vowels, without using U at all, but the vowels need to be removed. For example, when the vowels ji-, ci- and si- are combined with the vowel yong, the vowel I is removed, but the vowel Y is retained. For example, yong and jiong in Chinese Pinyin are yong and jyong in ordinary Pinyin. The original abbreviated IU (ending with "six") and UI (ending with "gray") return to iou and uei. In fact, it was not often spelled like this before, but at present, the education authorities of the authorities have unified the norms. Tone symbols are the same as phonetic symbols: a tone has no symbols and is a bit soft. When the second Chinese syllable of a place name begins with a, o and e, it is connected by a dash, such as Da 'an. Besides place names, syllables in the same word can also be separated by short words. For example, Li á nz? fú (hyphen) in Chinese Pinyin is spelled as Li á n-Zih-fú in ordinary Pinyin. Generally speaking, if the syllables of words may be unknown, they can also be separated by apostrophes. It is difficult to see whether the sword is Ji 'an or Jane, so it can be marked Ji 'an. 1On September 7th, 977, the Third United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names (Athens) held that the Chinese Pinyin scheme was perfect in linguistics, so it was recommended as the international standard of Roman alphabet of geographical names in China. 1979 June 15 The United Nations Secretariat issued a notice to take the spelling of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme as the international standard for transliteration of names and places in China by various Latin letters. On August 1982 and 1 day, the International Organization for Standardization issued the international standard ISO7098 "Documentary Work-Chinese Roman Alphabet Spelling", which also stipulated Chinese Pinyin as the international standard for spelling Chinese. Since then, the Chinese Pinyin scheme has been widely used all over the world. The Library of Congress, which has the largest collection of books in the world, first adopted the Chinese Pinyin scheme as the transliteration system of Chinese characters. In the mid-1990s, after a long period of deliberation and full consideration, Taiwan Province scholars decided to adopt 1999 Chinese Pinyin Method in Chinese mainland, and planned to make Chinese Pinyin a compulsory course for primary school students two years later, in order to connect with the world in the exchange of scientific, technological, cultural and academic materials and facilitate internationalization and informationization. At that time, all the major newspapers in Hong Kong and Macao reported the news. After the general election in Taiwan Province Province in 2000, a few people advocated to change their past decisions and demanded to replace Chinese Pinyin with universal Pinyin, which triggered an extremely fierce and eye-catching Pinyin War in Taiwan Province Province. At that time, many scholars in Taiwan Province Province and overseas opposed the use of universal pinyin instead of Chinese pinyin. They think that the original plan was decided after research and discussion by many professionals. At present, the scheme of Chinese Pinyin is popular all over the world and has been recognized internationally. If it is adopted, it will be accessible on the information expressway, but the universal pinyin is still immature and has yet to be tested, and it has no universal value at present. If adopted, it will be difficult to get out of Taiwan Province Province.

Question 7: Ancient Greek Language: Phonetic Alphabet of Bronze Age

Clan societies in Crete and Greece have produced several complex ideographs and pinyin characters. These writing systems are closely related. The linear characters A in Crete and B in Achaia are two of the most prominent ones. Among them, the linear character B is developed from the copy of the linear character A-Crete. In order to record the content expressed in Greek, the linear character A is improved appropriately. In the past 500 years, the linear character B has not changed much, showing considerable stability.

In Minos, there are three writing systems. The first two are hieroglyphs, and the latter is a linear character (that is, the linear character A). Three languages can't be deciphered, and people can't even know it.

What language are these words recorded in? The understanding of these three writing systems was once limited to the hypothesis: could it be Semitic? Early Indo-European family? Or an older language?

Linear character B may be a court character developed on the basis of linear character A in17th century BC. It was first used in Mycenae and continued to be used after achaean conquered Crete. This character has 88 symbols, most of which come from the linear character A.

195 1 year, British scholars finally decoded the linear character b, which is the most remarkable achievement in the study of characters in this century. Several conclusions are drawn from this. First of all, the words on the notebook board belong to very old Greek, which is more than 500 years earlier than Homer's epic. The hypothesis that the first Greek immigrants appeared in 2000 BC was confirmed. Therefore, Greek and Hittite in Anatolia on the Aegean Sea belong to Indo-European language family.

A lot of materials in our hands, especially those about economic activities (such as hearing about the land, the management of clan herds, the work and supervision of blacksmiths, the existence of slaves, etc.), can finally be understood now ... These book tickets are not related to religion, because sacrificial activities are very frequent, and the pottery pots, incense and sesame oil needed for sacrificial ceremonies are paid by the clan treasury.

These words seem to be mainly used for counting and counting. The consonant system has begun to appear in Asia at this time, which can avoid the pain of using syllabic characters and develop well. This system was quickly adopted by the "intellectuals" on the other side of the Aegean Sea and became the written language used by the Greek city-states.

Decoding Crete Characters

No one expected that after a century of research, textual research and interpretation, prehistoric humans lost thousands of years of history and returned to the world just because they found a few symbols that no one understood.

1900, British archaeologist Arthur? John? Evans found some fragments of clay tablets on the ruins of the ancient palace in Knossos, Crete, which were obviously engraved with some words.

The words of the oldest clay tablet fragments were carved around 2000 BC-1650 BC. More modern clay tablets were carved in BC 1750- 1450, which is the linear character A mentioned by Evans. Just like the symbol of festo clay tablet, it has not really been deciphered. According to Evans' research, I don't know in which era, a new word replaced the linear word A. He named this new word linear word B, and there were many clay tablets engraved with linear words. Evans made many assumptions and clues about the linear character B before he died 194 1 years ago. He also painted a restoration map for the palace of Knossos. According to his opinion, the original site of Knossos City is about 4 kilometers away from the sea, and there are about 80,000 residents in the city.

1936, Evans gave an academic lecture in London, with the theme of "the lost civilization of Crete, Greece and the mysterious writing of this prehistoric magical nation". There is a middle school student 14 years old in the audience, who is fascinated by ancient languages. His name is Michael? After listening to the lecture that day, Ventress was determined to find out the secret of linear characters. He communicated with experts, and finally God paid off. Where other experts suffered setbacks, he won.

Michael. Winteris first understood the linear character B and pointed out that it was used by Mycenae in the interior of Greece. The residents who lived there at that time later became legendary heroes in Homer's epic. Winteris reached this conclusion based on those trivial and contradictory findings. His genius lies in distinguishing patterns and constants from the chaotic, strange and changeable symbols in ancient China, opening a gap here and discovering the depth ... >; & gt