Let’s talk about how studying "History of Foreign Art" will help graphic majors.

Notes summarized by netizens on the history of foreign art

1. Representatives of the Venetian School of Painting in the 15th century and their artistic characteristics (6)

<1 〉Venice became the largest commercial center along the Mediterranean coast in the 15th century, realizing aristocratic rule and a political system. The entire city was filled with a prosperous secular atmosphere. In the second half of the 15th century, the art themes shifted from religious to secular. <2> Secular themes made artists turn their attention to beautiful natural scenery, and the comfortable and luxurious life also brought a hedonistic mood. All these made the artists of the Venetian School play a gorgeous finale to the Italian Renaissance. . <3> The Venetian School of Painting pursued the warm, bright and brilliant colors. <4> Venice’s humid climate also enabled the development of oil painting. (1) Bellini: A. The founder of the Venetian School of Painting: he focused on the depiction of landscapes and poeticized natural scenery, and his works were full of tranquility and elegance. B. The success lies in closely combining the atmosphere of the landscape with the mental state of the characters in the painting. C. The expressiveness of color and sketch has become the primary factor, which is also the uniqueness of the Venetian School: a. "The Virgin with a Small Tree": uses dazzling color arrangements to reveal the character's inner magnificent feelings and mental state. b. "The Feast of the Gods" and "Our Lady of the Lake": bold use of external light, bright colors, and smooth lines full of music. D. This harmonious and beautiful tone promoted the formation and development of the Venetian School of Painting. (2) Giorgione: A. A figure in the heyday of the Venetian School, the first painter of the Venetian School in the strict sense. B. Poetic pictures: not only a beautiful visual effect, but also rich in humanistic connotations: a. "Three Philosophers" and "Sleeping Venus". b. "Pastoral Ensemble": a hymn to beautiful nature and a happy life. C. The works are highly lyrical, and this lyricism is governed by a unique rational spirit. Nature has become increasingly important in the works. (3) Titian: A. The works appear magnificent, passionate, imaginative, with strong colors and unrestrained brushwork. B. The characters are rougher, more high-spirited, and more complete: a. "Love in Heaven and Earth": The pastoral mood reflects the Neo-Platonism that was popular among humanities scholars at that time. b. "Venus of Urbino": Pursue the majesty of light and color, realistic and vivid images, and customize the plot to strengthen the sense of identification with worldly joy and reflect his realistic view of art. C. In his later years, his heart was full of uneasy emotions, his brushwork became dignified and his colors became simpler: "Danyina". D. The advantage of art is that the application of brushstrokes increases more possibilities for the expression of shapes. (4) Veronese: His works express worldly joy and freedom: "Levi's Family Feast" and "The Wedding Banquet at Cana". (5) Tintoretto: A. The artistic ideal is to "combine the colors of Titian with the shapes of Michelangelo": a. Have a grand composition, complex and intense character dynamics and unusual perspective angles: " "The Miracle of St. Mark". b. "The Origin of the Galaxy": Use character dynamics and light contrast to create a lively and cheerful atmosphere. B. Mainly concerned with the visual effect of the picture. (6) Croucho: The paintings are bright in color, full of poetry, and the images of women are beautiful and moving: "Holy Night" and "Leda and the Swan".

2. Representative figures of the Florentine School of Painting in the 15th century and their artistic characteristics (early Italian Renaissance art) (3)

Mainly painted religious themes in the spirit of humanism 1) Giotto : A. The founder of the Florentine School of Painting, his art was the watershed between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: it not only showed excellent painting skills, but also laid the foundation of realism in Renaissance art. B. The main form of creation is murals, which use a humanistic spirit to understand biblical themes and create typical human images, permeated with lofty moral content: the mural "Flight to Egypt". C. In order to express real life scenes, he began to explore the techniques of realism. This is an important subject in the techniques and theory of realist art. As a new artistic concept, it had a huge impact on the development of Renaissance art.

(2) It was Masaccio who inherited and developed Giotto’s artistic tradition: A. In order to reflect secular life, he applied knowledge of anatomy and perspective to painting with a scientific spirit of exploration, and the combination of science and art emerged, making new Realistic art developed further. a. "Out of Paradise": It highlights the volume of the shape and the richness of the space, and the picture is full of tragic atmosphere. b. "Tax Money": Soft and vivid lines and simple and plain color contrast enhance the expressive power of form. B. The characters begin to break away from religious factors and reflect a positive worldview. C. He was the founder of realist art of that era, embodying humanistic ideas that established personal dignity. (3) Botticelli: A. Focus on the use of line shapes, emphasizing graceful and elegant rhythm and rich and bright colors. B. Most of them are based on literary works and ancient myths and legends, which can better express personality and worldly feelings. B. The work is full of tender poetry, expresses the love for beautiful things, and is permeated with the optimistic spirit of humanism: "Spring". C. "The Birth of Venus": An original work. Although it lacks real spatial perspective, it does not have the impression of a flat plate. It is mainly about the use of lines, using dynamic lines to create a sense of volume of the body.

3. Representative figures of the Roman School of Painting in the 15th century and their artistic characteristics (Italian High Renaissance Art) (3)

The period from the end of the 15th century to the middle of the 16th century was the heyday of the Italian Renaissance During this period, the Roman School of Painting with Rome as the center was formed in art. Vinci:lt;1gt; is one of the most outstanding representatives of the entire Renaissance, a great realist painter:lt;2gt; A. "The Virgin of the Rocks": a. Use clear geometric structures to arrange the characters, as The pyramid composition prevalent at the time laid the foundation for the entire picture to achieve balance in complex dynamics. b. The soft light not only deepens the shaping of the form, but also gives the entire image a poetic brilliance. B. "The Last Supper": a. Made for the Virgin Mary's Refectory, choosing key moments to depict. b. The character of all people is expressed in actions and gestures. c. Expresses his own views on life through the dramatic contrast between Jesus, who symbolizes truth, and Judas, who symbolizes evil. C. "Mona Lisa": The significance of this portrait is to express people's affirmation of themselves and their yearning for beautiful things through the image of ordinary citizen women. lt;3gt;His artistic practice and art theory are the most precious heritage in the history of human culture. (2) Michelangelo: lt; 1gt; a sculptor and painter who poured tragic passion into his works of art: A. Statue "David": a. It shows David before he made achievements, a man full of anger. young people. b. This power is the great potential of free people that humanists yearn for, and it became a symbol of the heroes of the Renaissance era. B. The ceiling painting of the Sistine Chapel "Genesis": It shows his originality in painting and expresses the power of man through the theme of God: a. "Genesis": represents the acquisition of human life as two powerful hands. touch. b. "Eating the Forbidden Fruit": Emphasizes the character's independent feelings. c. "Flood": It is full of drama, and behind individual tragic plots is human confidence. C. Tomb of Juno II: "Moses": a. In the artist's mind, he is a heroic figure who saves the nation and escapes suffering. b. The character’s will is highly concentrated, which reflects his dignity as a human being. D. Medici Chapel: "Morning", "Dusk", "Day" and "Night": reveal the inner pain and hesitation of the artist. E. Altarpiece "The Last Judgment": The composition emphasizes a natural arrangement. The success and greatness lies in the unified collective image of people arising from the mutual relationship between people. The clever use of colors gives the mural dramatic tension. . lt; 2gt; Tragedy in art appears in a magnificent form, and the heroes created are symbols of ideals and reflections of reality. lt;3gt;The ideas of humanism are always comprehensively and clearly expressed in his art, revealing the core of humanism: that is, human initiative and positive role, as well as the ability of human beings to make contributions. His art has become a representative figure in the history of Western art. An insurmountable peak.

(3) Raphael: lt; 1gt; The picture is filled with clear colors, soft light and a quiet and elegant rhythm: "School of Athens": It expresses a humanist's pursuit of truth and happiness, and the characters have a strong sense of rhythm. The monumental tendency marked the final victory of humanistic thought in Renaissance art. lt; 2gt; He is a master of depicting female images: A. The Virgin is the image of a civilian woman, embodying the noble qualities of love, kindness, and gentleness, arousing the longing for life. B. The image of the Virgin is secular, but with a bit of aristocratic style. lt;3gt; He embodies the ideals of humanism with a beautiful, poetic painting language, and the beautiful style he established became one of the standards of later academic classicism.

4. Representative figures of Cubism and their artistic characteristics (4)

Cubism: <1> An art school rich in ideas, regarded as the watershed of modern art: A .Mainly pursue the beauty of geometric shapes and the beauty produced by the arrangement and combination of forms. B. Negate the traditional method of observing and expressing things from one viewpoint, and reduce the three-dimensional picture to a flat, two-dimensional picture. C. The expressive interest of light and shade, light, air, and atmosphere gives way to the interest and sentiment of the outlines composed of straight lines and curves, and the accumulation and interlacing of blocks. D. Rely on rational concepts and thinking to form images observed and understood from different viewpoints to express the continuity of time. lt;2gt; Its emergence: a. Stimulation of modern industry, science and mechanical engineering. b. Influence of visual analysis in painting. c. Inspiration of African mask shapes, d. It not only influenced the development of painting in the 20th century , and also vigorously promoted the art of architecture and design. lt;3gt;The main leaders of Cubism are Picasso and Braque: A. Picasso's "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" created in 1907: It is the first work with a Cubist tendency. B. Before 1912, it was called "Analytical Cubism": starting from anatomy and analyzing objects, the fragmented and transparent structure retains strong light and a certain sense of space. C. 1912-1914, known as "synthetic Cubism": using a combination of different materials to create a new motif, and using physical collage techniques to bring art closer to the ordinary in life. (1) Picasso: lt; 1gt; Extensive contact with the lower class of society. When the inner world was in a period of depression and melancholy, he used blue and pink tones to depict poor disabled people, sick people, elderly people, etc., which was called "blue" period” “pink period”. lt; 2gt; A. The pursuit of geometric structure is pushed to the extreme in "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon": considered to be the beginning of Cubism. B. The representative work of analytical cubism is: "Girl Playing the Mandolin". C. Works influenced by Surrealism in the 1920s: a. "Three Dancing People". b. Large-scale mural "Guernica": The picture is composed of semi-realistic symbolic techniques and simple black, white and gray colors, giving people a profound artistic shock. lt;3gt; He creates prints with pigeons as the theme, which are known as "peace doves". <4>He is also an original sculptor. With his rich imagination, creativity, adventure and exploration spirit, he gave great impetus to Western modern art in the 20th century. (2) Braque: lt; 1gt; Sculptor, illustrator and stage designer, the most dominant figure with Picasso in the Cubism movement. He was loyal to the Cubism system throughout his life and had a stable painting style: "House of Estaque" "Portuguese".lt;2gt; uses rubbing text, artificial wood, and paper to emphasize the reality of the picture and maintain the flat effect of the picture. (3) Gris: lt; 1gt; Well versed in the spirit of Cubism, he starts from the elements of objects and recombines them into a concise and rhythmic picture structure. lt;2gt;The works maintain clear physical characteristics, more extensively adopt the collage method, and pay attention to the richness and brightness of colors. lt; 3gt; There are also written works explaining Cubism. (4) Léger: An original painter who combined cubism and realism to express the beauty and power of machinery: "Three Women".

5. Art wizard El Greco (3)

(1) The most famous painter among the local painting schools in Spain in the second half of the 16th century, his talent was not appreciated: his works often reflect depression, contemplation, The mood of doubt and restlessness is related to the era and society in which he lived, and reflects the crisis era in Spain. (2) A painter full of ideological contradictions: He looks at reality with a pair of tragic eyes. The characters and scenery in his paintings are often deformed, reflecting the excitement and uneasiness: A. "The Burial of Count Olgas": He not only expresses miracles, but does not completely believe in miracles, expresses complex and contradictory emotions, and leads people to contemplation of society, he is regarded as a philosophical painter. B. "The Apostle Peter and the Apostle Paul", "The Landscape of Toledo" and "The Opening of the Fifth Seal": with violent passion. C. "Laoco?n": A work that expresses doubt and the pain of life, with a very tragic atmosphere. (3) He is also an outstanding portrait painter. His portraits are: A. Vivid and full of personality. B. is also good at painting the image of the Virgin: it contains his pursuit of human nature and reveals humanistic thoughts and feelings.

6. Caravaggio and his artistic characteristics in the 17th century (3)

(1) The most important representative of realism in the late 16th and early 17th centuries was Caravaggio. ism pushed realist art to a new stage. (2) The emergence of Caravaggio's art with a distinct democratic color: related to the turbulent era in Italy: the uprising struggle of the Italian people affected the lower class artists, and the depression and rebellious mood will inevitably be reflected in the works of art, which are all historical inevitable. (3) Caravaggio: lt; 1gt; His works have a strong flavor of life. From life to art, he is a rebel and innovator. lt; 2gt; The understanding of religious paintings is: the images of tramps, farmers, and fishermen should be introduced into the sacred church: the altar painting "Matthew the Apostle and the Angel": Matthew completely looks like a farmer. lt;3gt;The view of secularizing religious themes has progressive significance: "The Entombment of Christ" and "The Death of the Virgin". lt; 4gt; Caravaggio's art focuses on the lower class, specializing in painting images of those who are insulted and harmed, boldly doubting and criticizing the society at that time: "Doubting Thomas".

7. Representative figures of Dutch art in the 17th century and their artistic characteristics (2)

lt; 1gt; The social conditions for the emergence of the Dutch School of Painting in the 17th century: In the early 17th century, the Dutch economy was prosperous and culturally Prosperous, with extensive freedom of speech and belief, the earliest periodicals appeared, and the new cultural atmosphere cultivated outstanding thinkers, scientists and artists. lt; 2gt; The Dutch School of Painting is characterized by realism and simplicity: A. Full understanding of one's own abilities and values, expressing people's self-esteem and self-confidence, reflecting people's real life and people's emotions and desires, which has become the main topic. B. Set your sights on the colorful real world: use a brush to depict the surrounding daily life, people from all walks of life, and beautiful natural scenery. lt; 3gt; Taking real life as the source of artistic creation: A. Using real life as the subject matter, the emerging bourgeoisie and middle- and lower-class civilians began to play important roles in paintings. B. The breadth and depth of painting art reflecting life have greatly increased , is a major contribution to realist art. (1) Hals: <1> The founder of the Dutch realist art school and a talented portrait painter. <2> It shows the healthy, happy and vital image of the Dutch citizens, and reflects the energetic mental outlook: A. Single half-length portrait: "Gypsy Girl": a. Choose the composition of a half-length close-up shot, pay attention to the depiction of facial expressions, and be good at depicting facial expressions. Express the characters' personality traits and psychological state. b. The picture is vivid and lively, and the characters seem to be living freely and unrestrainedly. c. It reminds people that there are other characters outside the picture, forming a plot and full of rich flavor of life. B. Group portrait: "The Banquet of the Officers of the St. George Shooting Company": The characters in the picture are in high spirits, the atmosphere is warm and active, and it is full of Dutch self-confidence and pride of the times.

lt; 3gt; The portraits are full of an optimistic mood. The painting techniques are smooth and unrestrained, and the large brush strokes are freely swayed: expressing bold and confident, both physical and spiritual, lifelike characters. This is the outstanding feature of his portraits: Composition The unique style of his great and immortal portrait art. (2) Rembrandt: <1gt> The master of realist art, he bravely and firmly adhered to the creative path of realism and contributed to the development of European realist art: "Professor Dupu's Anatomy Lesson". lt; 2gt; Created the group portrait of the Amsterdam Shooting Company, the world-famous "Night Patrol": a thematic painting and a plot group portrait, which brilliantly handled the relationship between light and dark, and highlighted the heroic struggle of the predecessors against the Spanish rulers without forgetting them. , the heroism of determination to defend the motherland. lt; 3gt; Portraits: vivid and expressive, unique in style, closer to the ordinary Dutch poor and civilians, embodying the Dutch national style characterized by simplicity and authenticity: A. "Woman Taking a Bath": an impromptu sketch-style portrait. B. "The Holy Family with Angels": a daily version of religious themes. C. Portrait of the elderly: The old face and deep eyes contain profound thoughts and philosophy of life. D. Self-portrait: See the life course of the great painter and understand his changes in thought. lt; 4gt; Copper plate painting: delicate brushwork: "Three Trees".

8. Representative figures of the "golden age" of Spanish art in the 17th century and their artistic characteristics (3)

lt; 1gt; In the 17th century, there were three main conditions for the prosperity of Spanish art: A. The powerful influence of Spanish literature on fine art. B. The existence and development of realist art in Spanish regional painting schools. C. Influence of Italian Caravaggio's art. lt;2gt;The characteristics of Spanish "golden age" art: observing real life, reflecting the hobbies and thoughts of the people, and striving to express the national spirit. lt;3gt;Especially in the portraits of the people at the bottom, the characters have a special temperament: Firmness, coolness, dignity and perseverance. <4> There were three major representatives in the "golden age" of Spanish art: Rivera, Zurbaran and Velázquez. (1) Rivera: <1> Religious-themed paintings: "The Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew": The secularization of religious themes is a characteristic of Caravaggio's art. <2>Portraits: A. Portraits rich in peasant temperament express the painter's simple and advanced aesthetic thoughts, indicating that beauty and wisdom come from the lower class people. B. "The Lame": The image is based on the image of Spanish tramps and farmers, showing real, natural, rough and bold characteristics, with a strong local flavor. lt;3gt;The great thing is that it presents the real life of society in front of people without any whitewash. (2) Subalan: lt; 1gt; Mainly depicts the quiet world of monks, with poetry in the ordinary. lt; 2gt; Religious theme paintings: lack religious atmosphere, have a taste of life, and have a strong secular tendency: "Santa Margarita". Portrait: "Yi. Portrait of Beles. lt; 3gt; Still life painting: reflects the quiet and simple life of monks: "Still Life with Oranges and Lemons": expresses the beauty of tranquility and the beauty of life. (3) Velasquez: The most famous painting master in Spain in the 17th century. The main reason for the maturity of his art was the lower-class life in Seville: it was the center of humanistic thought and was popular. A "Podgnes" style (i.e. Spanish Caravaggio): This term contains the meaning of taverns and taverns. Classical theorists looked down upon genre paintings depicting the lives of lower class people and mocked them. This type of work is called "Podgenius" style. lt; 2gt; Portraits are divided into three categories: A. The first category is court portraits: the biggest feature of painting these upper-class figures is that they never whitewash or beautify, so he is called the painter of truth: "Portrait of Pope Innocent X" 》. B. The first category is portraits of relatives and friends: natural, smooth, real and friendly: "Woman Holding a Fan". C. The most distinctive and valuable ones are the portraits of the lower class people: a. The characters are more diverse, and the psychological portrayal is profound and complex. b. Real and vivid, with the characteristics of the social era, and sometimes also contains social criticism: "Aesop".

c. also created a group of works of court buffoons and dwarfs, emphasizing their tragic fate. d. "Female Textile Workers": It depicts two characters of different classes and sings a passionate hymn for female textile workers. lt;3gt; He is ordinary but also great. His art has democratic, national and critical colors, broadening the artistic path of realism in the 17th century. Although he is a court painter, he has a free heart as an artist.

9. Gothic art and its artistic characteristics (2)

Gothic art 1) is a pinnacle of the development of medieval art. It began in architecture and focused on the pursuit of The effect of architecture turned to the effect of painting. (2) Pursuing the effect of plane decoration: lt; 1gt; The Saint-Denis Church in France renovated by Suger: A. Indicates a new architectural style: light, slender structure: using pointed The volume and rib vaults, the size of the windows are greatly increased, and the plan follows the cloister style of the back hall. B. Reflect a different kind of thought and spirit: emphasizing rigorous geometric shapes and the pursuit of bright light. lt; 2gt; Notre Dame de Paris, France: A. The most famous Gothic building. B. The windows on the large windows, the indoor lighting and the slender shape of the body create a significant Gothic style: there is a feeling of "rising upwards". C. This harmonious and highly logical architectural language is based on the scholastic system and way of thinking.

10. Baroque artistic characteristics and its representative figures (4)

Baroque 1) is an art style that was widely circulated in the 17th century. There are different accounts of the origin of its name: A. One theory is that it comes from Portugal or Spanish , meaning out-of-round beads. B. Another saying comes from Italian, which means strange, weird or wrong in inference. C. This name had a derogatory connotation at the time. It was the name given by classical theorists in the 18th century to an artistic style of the previous century. (2) Baroque art was produced in the second half of the 16th century, and was first produced in Italy. It served the church and was used by religion. (3) It has the following characteristics: lt; 1gt; luxurious characteristics: it has both religious characteristics and hedonistic characteristics. ism color. lt;2gt; It is a passionate art: breaking the harmony of reason, with a strong romantic color, emphasizing the rich imagination of the artist. lt; 3gt; Emphasis on movement: Movement and change are the soul of Baroque art. lt;4gt;Focus on the sense of space and three-dimensionality. lt; 5gt; Comprehensiveness: Emphasis on comprehensive means of artistic form. lt; 6gt; Strong religious color: Religious themes dominate Baroque art, far away from the tendency of life and times. (4) Baroque art master Bernini: A. The most famous sculptor, architect and painter in Italian Baroque art. B. "David": It shows the human body in motion and unstoppable passion. C. "Apollo and Daphna": It shows the human body in motion. The human body is light and graceful, with a feeling of riding upward in the wind. D. The top of the carving is: St. Teresa Altar: It describes a religious legend with a secular color, reflecting the author's humanistic thoughts and expressing human beings' pursuit and desire for a better life. E. Portrait carving: reflects worldly taste.

11. Byzantine art and its artistic characteristics (3)

Byzantine art (1) is the product of the integration of politics and religion of Christian culture. (2) Byzantine architecture: dome structure and Greek cross plane. (3) ST. Sophia Cathedral: A.St. Sophia: It means holy wisdom. B. A structure that mixes the East and the West, the past and the future, and is a majestic hybrid building. C. Fully appreciate the psychological function of the dome in religious architecture: the combination of light and the dome seems to create a radiant heaven.

12. Representative figures of French Romantic art and their artistic characteristics (2)

(1) Borrow Rico: lt; 1gt; Life is closely connected with horses: "Epp "Loose Horse": a masterpiece that captures the expressions of animals. lt; 2gt; The most valuable thing is that the brush embodies the feelings of the times: A. The huge oil painting "The Battle of Medusa": pyramid composition, this great pioneer of realism built a real raft in the studio and invited models , expresses the suffering of drifting in the stormy waves vividly and realistically.

B. is regarded as a great manifesto of romanticism. (2) Delacroix: Various themes: A. "Dante's Ark": the first roar of the romantic lion. B. "The Massacre of Chios": marks the arrival of the heyday of romanticism, shows the humiliation suffered by the Greek people, and arouses infinite sympathy for the oppressed. C. "The Death of Sadhanabal": unrestrained: fiery red tones, messy scenes, strange organization. D. "Freedom to Lead the People": The painter's imagination reaches its peak, with a high degree of generalization and exaggeration ability.

13. Representative figures of French critical realism art and their artistic characteristics (3)

(1) Courbet: lt; 1gt; a master with broad painting paths and diverse techniques , can all reach the lofty realm of exquisite and magnificent paintings. lt; 2gt; "Realism - Exhibition of 40 Works by Courbet": announced: "I will truthfully express the customs and ideological outlook of the era I live in based on my own judgment. lt; 3gt; "Studio": Painter A concentrated reflection of the living environment. lt; 4gt; "Ornan's Funeral": A. It is called a "human comedy" in painting. The composition is in a straight line and the picture organization is fascinating. B. It has a very ingenious understanding of the psychology of the characters. Considering, the character's cunning, greed, and hypocrisy are revealed without mercy. C. This true beauty comes from life and represents the individualistic spirit of the times (2) Miller: lt; 1gt; Praising rural life. The master makes ordinary scenes of rural life shine with splendor: "The Winnower", "The Hoeer" and "The Gleaner"; The profound significance of this sympathetic and true depiction lies in its simplicity and ordinaryness. It is the best ode to workers. lt; 3gt; It uses a horizontal composition to allow monumental figures to appear in the wilderness at the end of the forest: "The Shepherdess" and "Evening Bell" (3) Daumier: lt; 1gt. ;gt;A master who reflects on urban life, caricatures and lithographs, and paintings that are witty and simple: "Forgiveness" is one of his favorite subjects: a source of joy and sympathy. Go to everything that is not directly related to the theme: "Third Class Carriage" and "Don Quixote"

14. Column style of ancient Greek architecture (3)

Greek temple architecture Typical form: Perimeter style, that is, the building is surrounded by colonnades. The basic architectural column styles have been formed: Dorian style and Ionian style (1) Dorian style: A. There is no column base, and the column body is thick. It gradually shrinks from top to bottom. B. It is slightly bulging in the middle, showing the perseverance, uprightness and severe atmosphere under pressure. C. The capital is simple, consisting of a square crown and a disk. D. The column body is engraved with vertical and parallel inscriptions. (2) Ionian style: A. Delicate, slender, and graceful. B. There is a column base, the column is slender, and the grooves on the column are finer and deeper. C. The stigma. It has scrolls and friezes with relief friezes. D. The column style is related to the Greeks' worship of the human body: a. The Dorian style imitates the strong male body. b. The Ionian style is the soft female body. (3) Corinthian style: evolved from the Ionian style, with a more ornate capital, like a flower basket.

15. Representative figures of the Impressionist school and their style. Artistic Features (7)

With the rise of Impressionism, the modern style of European art is beginning to emerge: lt; 1gt; Impressionism is an artistic trend and genre with duality: A. Prosperity, development and depression in economic life With the existence of contradictory and unified phenomena, literature and art inevitably have duality. B. The side that is related to the traditional style and the side that pursues originality lt; 2gt; Realistic, scientific depiction and objectiveness from a new perspective. The world (including light and air atmosphere), depicts the reality around the artist, expresses his own perceptual and rational understanding, opens up a new world of painting language: A. Uses new techniques to show the richness of the objective world and subjective spiritual world. It expands the aesthetic field and creates new possibilities for artists to express their individuality. B. These new trends of thought and new schools are revolutions in the field of art.

lt; 4gt; Impressionism: A. It is a loose art society with no clear program. It entered the French painting scene with an innovative attitude in the 1860s and 1870s. A. The edge is: opposing the classical painting school and Chen Chen Xiangyin. Falling into artificial romanticism: inspired by modern science and technology (especially optics), focusing on the study and expression of external light in paintings. b. Ignore the shape of the object and focus on the visual impression and light and color effects: the contours are weakened, the shape is hazy and blurred, and black is eliminated, pure colors are used, and the brightness of the tone is pursued. c. Promote outdoor sketching: depict objects under the sun and express subtle color changes based on direct observation and feelings. B. Pay more attention to the painting language itself: there are two types of painters: represented by Degas and represented by Monet: a. Focus on depicting the reality felt and recording the impression of the moment. b. Deliberately not seeking composition Integrity, pursuit of accidental and straightforward effects. C. This group of young people with a spirit of exploration and innovation united around Manet, forming a group that was opposed to the official salon, and held exhibitions, calling themselves the "Unknown Association of Painters, Sculptors and Printmakers". Among the exhibits Monet's oil painting "Impression." Sunrise" was titled by the critic Louis. Leroy used it in his article to satirize it, hence the name "Impressionism". D. Impressionism: a. Denies the role of imagination in artistic creation, excludes narrative literary content, allows the language of painting to be fully developed, meets the aesthetic needs of the emerging citizen class, and has an innovative side. b. At the same time, it makes the language of painting fully Other means of expression were weakened, which reduced the social and historical content of paintings, neglected the lasting and eternal shape of objects, and became obsessed with color and light, which inevitably set the precedent for formalism and abstraction in painting. (1) Manet: lt; 1gt; has close ties with the Impressionist school of painting, but has never participated in any major Impressionism exhibition. lt; 2gt; The picture is bright and has a fresh feeling of external light: A. "The Absinthe Addict": a. Emphasis on the contrast of light and shadow, painted with direct sketching, and the instant effect is outstanding. b. The colors are concise and rich, with special emphasis on black role, showing his rebellion against academic tradition. B. "Lunch on the Grass" and "Olympia": use rigorous and realistic traditional methods to express the secular spirit. (2) Monet: <1gt> The most typical Impressionist painter and one of the founders of early Impressionism, and he adhered to the Impressionist painting style throughout his life. lt; 2gt; Landscape painting: Breaking through the traditional subject matter and composition, taking the perception of the visual experience of the theme as the main starting point, painting in primary colors, creating a strong effect, full of freehand brushwork, and the unique frankness and certain impressionism Mysterious color: A. "Impression." "Sunrise": Observe the ever-changing nature, capture the beauty of the sunlight and the tones in the air. B. Landscape group paintings "Graystacks" and "Rouen Church": Ignore the realism of object outlines, mainly use light and color to express instant impressions, and pursue the independent beauty of color relationships. C. "Water Lily": It has magnificent momentum and charming artistic expression. lt;3gt;The hazy nature of the picture and the grand decorative effect are its distinctive features. (3) Renoir: A. Mainly paints portraits of women and nudes, which are full of happy atmosphere and emotion, and the painting style is more gentle and poetic. B. "Pancake Mill": The outlines are weakened, the color processing is soft, and the picture has an intoxicating dreamy feel. (4) Degas: A. Outstanding in painting female workers, models in dressing and bathing, and ballet dancers, capturing the movement of a moment: the colors are warm, light and vivid. B. "Absinthe" and "The Ironing Woman": Express the object's movements, expressions and emotions in a characteristic environment. (5) Sisley: Landscape painter, one of the core figures of the French Impressionism movement: good at arranging details and processing pictures, full of lyrical poetry: "The Seine in Argenteuil". (6) Pissarro: A. One of the key figures in Impressionism: Radical thinking, with a utopian socialist flavor. B. Linked innovation in painting with the free liberation of ideas, sympathized with farmers, and focused on describing farmers and Rural scenery. (7) Morisot: A talented and warm impressionist female painter. The themes of her paintings are taken from the surrounding life scenes. Her painting style is elegant and delicate, and the colors are full of subtle changes.