History of Shanhaiguan

History of Shanhaiguan

Shanhaiguan was built in the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1381). It was built in the six dynasties of Hongwu, Chenghua, Jiajing, Wanli, Tianqi and Chongzhen. It took a long time A large amount of funds were mobilized, tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians were mobilized, and it took 263 years (almost the entire process of the Ming Dynasty from its prosperity to its decline) to build an area of ??about 230 square meters. , covering an area of ??about 230 hectares, has a military city defense system with seven connected cities and a line of the Great Wall.

The construction of Shanhaiguan City conforms to the ancient urban planning principle of "the key points are connected to the river". This place is at the choke point of land and sea, and has been called a battleground for military strategists in history.

In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1381), Xu Da, the king of Zhongshan, moved here, even cited the Great Wall as the site of the city, and began to build Shanhaiguan. Shanhaiguan City is composed of seven castles: Guancheng, Dongluo City, Xilao City, Nanyi City, Beiyi City, Weiyuan City and Ninghai City. It is surrounded by a city wall that is 4769 meters long, 11.6 meters high and more than 10 meters thick. The wall is tall, solid and magnificent.

There are four city gates in the east, west, south and north, turrets in the southeast and northeast corners of the city, and a majestic bell and drum tower in the middle of the city. The entire Acropolis has a magnificent building scale and solid defense projects.

Shanhaiguan is the product of the "guard station military system" created in the Ming Dynasty. The "field system" and reform policies of the Ming Dynasty played an important role in the consolidation and development of Shanhaiguan. What happened in the history of the Battle of Shanhaiguan?

A battle between Li Zicheng’s army and the Qing army.

In early March of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Ming court ordered Wu Sangui, the chief military officer of Liaodong, to abandon Ningyuan (today's Xingcheng, Liaoning) and lead border troops to enter the pass to guard Beijing. Wu Sangui led hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians to march into the pass. They entered the pass on the 16th and arrived at Fengrun on the 20th. When they learned that Beijing had been captured by Li Zicheng's Dashun peasant army, he hesitated to move forward.

Li Zicheng ordered Wu Sangui's father Wu Xiang to write a letter to persuade him to surrender, but Wu Sangui refused to surrender. He defeated the Dashun advance troops led by Tang Tong and Bai Guangen in Luanzhou and returned to Shanhaiguan in a hurry. On April 12, Li Zicheng personally led the army through Miyun and Yongping and attacked Shanhaiguan eastward.

Tang Tong was also sent to lead another light force to cross the pass from Yiyishi (now north of Shanhaiguan, Hebei) to prevent Wu Sangui from joining forces with the Qing army. Dashun's army arrayed in the pass, from the south of the mountain to the sea in the north, forming a siege around Wu Sangui. Wu Sangui was afraid and hated, and he actually asked the Qing court for help.

The Qing government had been planning to invade the pass for a long time. At that time, the regent Dorgon was leading troops to plunder the territory outside the pass. When they arrived at Wenghou (near Fuxin, Liaoning Province today), they received Wu Sangui's request and immediately agreed. Tens of thousands of Qing troops rushed to Shanhaiguan at night.

The Ming army led by Wu Sangui had fought dozens of rounds of bloody battles with the Dashun army. On April 22, the Qing army arrived fifteen miles outside Shanhaiguan and defeated Tang Tong's border troops at a stone's throw.

When the army arrived at the gate, Wu Sangui and his cronies waited in front of Dorgon to surrender. At that time, Dashun's army and Wu Sangui's army were engaged in a fierce battle. The Qing army's cavalry galloped on both wings at the same time, with thousands of horses galloping and arrows falling like rain. Dashun's army was shaken.

Li Zicheng climbed to the high hill to watch the battle. Seeing that the Qing army had joined Wu Sangui's army and it was difficult to resist, he rode off the hill and left. The Qing army took advantage of the victory and pursued it, but the Dashun army died in battle and trampled on each other, killing tens of thousands of people.

Li Zicheng returned to Beijing via Yongping. What is the history of Shanhaiguan?

History Shanhaiguan is adjacent to Yanshan Mountain in the north and Bohai Sea in the south. It guards the narrow land transportation artery between North China and Northeast China. The terrain is dangerous and it has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times.

During the Shang Dynasty, it belonged to Guzhu; during the Zhou Dynasty, it belonged to the Yan region; during the Qin and Han Dynasties, it belonged to Liaoxi County. During the Northern Qi, Sui and Tang dynasties, city gates were built in this area. Today, the ruins of the Great Wall of the Northern Qi can still be seen in Shimenzhai, Funing. During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, Yuguan was set up, and it was called Qianmin Town in the Yuan Dynasty.

In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1381), general Xu Da built the Great Wall and set up Guancheng here. Because it is located between Yanshan Mountain and the Bohai Sea, it is named after the words "mountain" and "sea". It is named "Shanhaiguan" and is under the jurisdiction of Yongping Prefecture.

During the Jiajing period, Qi Jiguang, the commander-in-chief of Jizhen, rebuilt Shanhaiguan and the nearby section of the Great Wall - Jiaoshan Great Wall.

Beiyi City was built to the north of Guancheng, and Weiyuan City was built on Huanxi Ridge (also known as Qipan Ridge) to the east. During the Chongzhen period, Sun Chengzong, the Minister of War, built Nanyi City and Ninghai City south of Guancheng and on the seaside.

Ninghai City is connected to the Great Wall on its back. It is 3 feet high and 1 mile in circumference. It plunges straight into the sea from the land and looks like a dragon's head, so it is called "Old Dragon Head". In addition, there are many places such as castles, water passes, piers and platforms, scattered around and echoing each other.

The above-mentioned defense systems together constitute the Shanhaiguan defense system with reasonable layout, clear layers, tightness and solidity. It has always been one of the most important military towns in China. The Ming Dynasty summarized Shanhaiguan's strategy as "arching the sacred capital on the inside and defending the barbarians on the outside. This is the most important point of the alliance."

Sun Chengzong, a great scholar of the Imperial Academy, pointed out: "Closing the door is a threat to the security of the world." In the second year of Tianqi (1622), there were 79,869 troops and 12,760 horses. In the following year, the number of horse and infantry soldiers reached 100,000.

Wang Yu, the censor, said: "The existing soldiers in Shanhaiguan are more than capable of resisting insults, and there is no difficulty in paying the fixed salary." In the late Ming Dynasty, Wu Sangui, the general who guarded Shanhaiguan, cooperated with the Qing regent Dorgon to defeat Li Zicheng's army who came to conquer Shanhaiguan and led the Qing army into the Shanhaiguan. This led to the fall of Li Zicheng's Dashun regime and the Nanming regime.

During the Qing Dynasty, Shanhaiguan was the seat of Linyu County. Because it was located between Beijing and Shengjing (Shenyang), it was known as the "Key to the Two Beijings". During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the area around Guancheng became a battlefield again. The Eight-Power Allied Forces War and the Great Wall Anti-Japanese War after the September 18th Incident broke out here.

At present, most of the ancient buildings in Shanhaiguan and surrounding areas have been restored to their original appearance, forming a comprehensive tourism and cultural city that integrates unique historical and cultural tours of the Great Wall, Ming and Qing social folklore tours, and ancient legend tours such as Meng Jiangnu. Its city wall is still intact and it is a relatively well-preserved Ming Dynasty Great Wall Guancheng in China.

Today, its tourism and cultural value is significant, and it is known as the "Four Famous Cities in Ancient China" together with "Lijiang Ancient City", "Pingyao Ancient City" and "Fenghuang Ancient City".

Extended information: 1. Introduction Shanhaiguan is located in the easternmost part of Hebei Province and the border with Liaoning Province, within the Shanhaiguan District of Qinhuangdao City, and is located between Yanshan and the Bohai Sea, so it is named "mountain" and "sea" Named after two characters.

Shanhaiguan is also known as "Yuguan", named after the ancient Chongqing River. Historically, the so-called "Guan" characters such as "Guan Nei", "Guan Wai", "Crossing Guandong", and "Kwantung Army" all refer to Shanhaiguan, which has an important influence on China.

Before 1990, because the old dragon's head went straight into the sea, it was considered the eastern starting point of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty, making Shanhaiguan known as "the first pass in the world". It echoes the "Jiayu Pass", the most majestic pass in the world thousands of miles away, and is famous all over the world.

In 1961, Shanhaiguan was announced as one of the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. 2. Architecture Guancheng is square in plan and has a circumference of about 4 kilometers.

The city wall is 14 meters high and 7 meters thick. It is filled with rammed earth on the inside and covered with green bricks on the outside. The north and south sides of the east wall are connected to the Great Wall. There are Kuiguang Pavilion, Muying Tower, Weiyuan Hall, Linlu Tower and other buildings on the wall.

A moat 8 meters deep and 17 meters wide was dug outside the east, south and north walls and a suspension bridge was erected. There is a bell and drum tower built in the center of the city.

There are gates on all four sides of Shanhaiguan. The east, west, south and north are called "Zhendong Gate", "Yingen Gate", "Wangyang Gate" and "Weiyuan Gate" respectively. Except for Weiyuan Gate, all four gates have tall towers.

The east gate faces the outside of the pass and is the most important. From the outside to the inside, there are four protections: Acropolis, Luocheng, Wengcheng and City Gate. The city gate is a huge brick arch located in the middle of the rectangular city platform.

The city platform is 12 meters high, and the tower on it is 13 meters high, 20 meters wide, and 11 meters deep. It is a two-story brick-wood structure with double eaves and a hilltop building. There is a door on the west side of the upper floor of the tower, and 68 arrow windows on the other three sides, which are usually covered with vermilion window panels.

There is also a huge plaque hanging under the east eaves, which reads "The First Pass in the World" in five characters. It is said that it was written by Xiao Xian, a Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty. Each character is 1.6 meters high and the font is vigorous and thick. It is the Shanhaiguan Pass. The symbol of the city.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-Shanhaiguan. Does anyone know the history of the ancient city of Shanhaiguan?

"The first pass in the world" is the world-famous historical ancient city of Shanhaiguan. The pass is a strategic pass and has become the key link from North China to Northeast China. The ancients called it "the key to the two capitals and the first pass of the Great Wall." It is indeed well deserved. It has a superior location, dangerous situation, numerous cultural relics, pleasant climate, and gorgeous scenery. It is also a tourist attraction that tourists yearn for.

The reason why Shanhaiguan is known as "the first pass in the world" is that it is the first pass at the eastern starting point of the Great Wall in terms of geographical location; and secondly, in terms of geographical situation, it is surrounded by mountains and sea. The strong pass is a locked pass, making it easy to defend but difficult to attack. Shanhaiguan, the eastern starting point of the Great Wall, has become the representative title of "Guan" since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in modern history.

Between the mountains and the sea, 7.5 kilometers apart, the Great Wall runs from north to south, and Shanhaiguan City is tightly connected to the pass. Moreover, the steep mountains in the east are a natural barrier and the stone river in the west has become a natural moat, thus forming a veritable strategic location.

Shanhaiguan has a long history and rich culture. As far back as the Neolithic Age, this place was already a place where people worked and lived. Shanhaiguan faces the Bohai Sea to the south and faces the Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula across the sea. Since ancient times, it has been connected to all seas and is "easily accessible by sailing". The east-west crossing is at the forefront. Jieshi Port, formed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, is one of the five major ports in ancient my country.

The first gate in the world is the east gate of Shanhaiguan, also known as "Zhendong Tower". Its specifications, according to the "Linyu County Chronicle": "The building built at the east gate is three feet high, with two floors, the upper floor is five feet high, the lower floor is six feet, and the depth is half and half. The highest level in the world is the Mingxiao Sword. "Things are revealed in the book."

The first gate tower in the world is actually an arrow tower. According to actual measurements, the city platform is 12 meters high, the city tower is 13 meters high, the tower is 10.1 meters wide from east to west, and 19.7 meters long from north to south. The building is divided into two floors, the first floor is 5.7 meters high and the second floor is 8 meters high (including the kissing ridge). The tower building has a double-eaves roof with a resting mountain, and the top ridge is symmetrical with a double kiss. The lower part is a brick and wood structure. The four-corner eaves are decorated with ridged animals of different shapes, which are beautiful and lifelike. Inside and outside the tower, there are three wooden plaques with black characters on a white ground "The First Pass in the World" hung on the top and bottom of the tower: the first floor of the building is the original plaque, the second floor is the re-engraving of Yansai Lake by Wang Zhiqing in the fifth year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty, and the second floor is The inside is a copy of Yang Baoqing's hook in the ninth year of the Republic of China.

The plaque "The First Pass in the World" is more than 5 meters long and 1.5 meters high, and each word is more than one meter long. The calligraphy is in regular script, the writing is vigorous and vigorous, and it is integrated with the style of the tower. It can be called a masterpiece of ancient and modern times.

Climbing to the first gate tower, looking at the Bohai Sea in the south, the vast mist, and the Great Wall in the north, with tight barriers, it feels like being on an ancient battlefield. There are four buildings to the left and right of the "No. 1 Gate in the World" tower, namely Jingbian Tower, Muying Tower, Linlu Tower and Weiyuan Hall. The origin of Shanhaiguan

Shanhaiguan, also known as "Yuguan", was considered to be the eastern starting point of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall before 1990, and was known as "the first pass in the world". It echoes the Jiayuguan Pass, the "most majestic pass in the world" thousands of miles away, and is famous all over the world. After the Hushan Great Wall in Dandong City, Liaoning Province was excavated in 1990, the archaeological community believed that the Hushan Great Wall should be the eastern end of the Ming Great Wall. In 1961, Shanhaiguan, the Great Wall of China, was announced as one of the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Guan Gong's 1,700-year-old Qinglong Yanyue Sword, with its blade facing east, is now placed on the Shanhaiguan Gate Tower and becomes the Zhenguan. treasure.

Shanhaiguan was called Yuguan in ancient times, also known as Yuguan and Linlu Pass. In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1381 AD), Zhongshan King Xu Da was ordered to build Yongping, Jieling and other passes and built them here. Shanhaiguan is named Shanhaiguan because it is adjacent to Yanshan Mountain to the north and the Bohai Sea to the south. In the second year of Qianlong's reign (1737) during the Qing Dynasty, it was named Linyu County.

Linyu County belonged to Yongping Prefecture in the Ming Dynasty, and included Lulong County, Funing County, Changli County, Yongpingwei and Shanhaiwei.

The county implements the lijia system. Lis are also called communities and tuns. Local residents are classified as communities and immigrants are classified as tuns. In the Qing Dynasty, the Ming system was followed and it belonged to Yongping Prefecture of Zhili Province and administered Lulong, Funing and Changli counties. In the second year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1737), Linyu County was added to Shanhaiguan.

Linyu County map lithograph version 1931

"The Unification of the Qing Dynasty·Yongping Prefecture·Linyu County" records: "Qinhuangdao is located twenty-five miles southwest of Linyu County It is one mile into the sea and surrounded by water. It is said that the first emperor of Qin once stayed here. "Linyu County Chronicles" records: "Qinwang Island is 25 miles southwest of the city and is surrounded by sea water." Qin Shihuang sought immortality and stayed here. "The Chronicle of Linyu County in the fourth year of Guangxu's reign has many and detailed descriptions of Qinhuang Island: "Qinwang Island is twenty-five miles southwest of the city. The mountains turn from east to west, inserting into the sea and pressing across the water. Looking from a distance, it looks like a lying silkworm, with the Guanyin Temple on Shuikou Mountain in Haiyang Town."

Shanhaiguan is the northeastern starting point of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall, with 26 kilometers of Great Wall within its territory.[2][3] It is located in Qinhuangdao City. More than 10 kilometers east. According to historical records, Shanhaiguan has a history of more than 600 years since it was built in 1381 AD. It has been an important military town in my country since ancient times. The city of Shanhaiguan is a small city with a circumference of about 4 kilometers. The entire city is connected to the Great Wall and uses the city as a gateway. The city is 14 meters high and 7 meters thick.

In the late Ming Dynasty, female general Qin Liangyu guarded Shanhaiguan Pass.

Although this pass has become a historical relic, it inspires people's strong will and patriotic emotions with its majestic and solemn appearance and evocative history. The poet Chen Zhisui visited Shanhaiguan and expressed the following emotion in his poem "Shanhaiguan": "We no longer control the mountains and seas, but still have a majestic city. I have touched the cold battlements several times and imagined the soldiers of the past." The history of Shanhaiguan

Shanhaiguan was known as Yuguan, also known as Yuguan, and Linlu Pass in ancient times. In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1381), Zhongshan King Xu Da was ordered to build Yongping, Jieling and other passes, and Shanhaiguan was created here because it is adjacent to Yanshan Mountain in the north. It is connected to the Bohai Sea in the south, so it is named Shanhaiguan. In the second year of Qianlong's reign (1737) during the Qing Dynasty, it was named Linyu County.

Linyu County belonged to Yongping Prefecture in the Ming Dynasty, and included Lulong County, Funing County, Changli County, Yongpingwei and Shanhaiwei. The county implements the lijia system. Lis are also called communities and tuns. Local residents are classified as communities and immigrants are classified as tuns. In the Qing Dynasty, the Ming system was followed and it belonged to Yongping Prefecture of Zhili Province and administered Lulong, Funing and Changli counties. In the second year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1737), Linyu County was added to Shanhaiguan. "The Unification of the Qing Dynasty·Yongping Prefecture·Linyu County" records: "Qinhuangdao is located twenty-five miles southwest of Linyu County, one mile into the sea, and surrounded by water on all sides. It is said that Qin Shihuang once stayed here." Qianlong 21st. The "Linyu County Chronicles·Historic Sites" recorded in 1998: "Qinwang Island is twenty-five miles southwest of the city and surrounded by sea water. It is said that Qin Shihuang stayed here to seek immortality." There are many descriptions of Qinhuangdao in Linyu County Chronicles in the fourth year of Guangxu's reign. More details: "Qinwang Island is twenty-five miles southwest of the city. The mountains turn from east to west, inserting into the sea, pressing across the water. From a distance, it looks like a lying silkworm. It is also the Shuikou Mountain in Haiyang Town, and there is Guanyin Temple on it."

Before 1990, Shanhaiguan was considered to be the northeastern starting point of the Ming Great Wall (the starting point of the Ming Great Wall that has been discovered is Hushan Town, Kuandian County, Dandong City, Liaoning Province - Hushan Great Wall), with 26 kilometers of Great Wall within its territory. It is located more than 10 kilometers east of Qinhuangdao City. According to historical records, Shanhaiguan has a history of more than 600 years since it was built in 1381. It has been an important military town in my country since ancient times. The city of Shanhaiguan is a small city with a circumference of about 4 kilometers. The entire city is connected to the Great Wall and uses the city as a gateway. The city is 14 meters high and 7 meters thick.

In the late Ming Dynasty, female general Qin Liangyu guarded Shanhaiguan Pass. Shanhaiguan Humanities and History

Yuan Chonghuan, 1584~1630, was a military strategist and famous general of the Ming Dynasty.

Word elements, one word at a time. A native of Teng County, Guangxi, his ancestral home is Dongguan, Guangdong.

Born on April 28, the twelfth year of Wanli (June 6, 1584). In the 47th year of Jinshi, he was appointed as the magistrate of Shaowu County, Fujian Province.

He is fond of discussing military matters, has courage and intelligence, is familiar with dangerous fortresses, and prides himself on his talents on the edge. In the first month of the second year of Tianqi (1622), he was recommended and appointed as the head of the Ministry of War.

After the Jin army broke through Guangning (now North Town, Liaoning), the Ming Dynasty decided to defend Shanhaiguan, so they rode to the customs alone to inspect the situation, returned to Beijing and recommended themselves to defend Liaoning. In February, he was promoted to a minister in the Ministry of War and supervised the foreign troops.

Before taking office, he conducted an exclusive interview with Xiong Tingbi, the former Liaodong manager who was unjustly imprisoned, and discussed strategies for defending Liao. In June, he was ordered to go to Qiantun (now southwest of Suizhong, Liaoning) to resettle the exiled Liao people. He walked alone at night in the thorn bushes where tigers and leopards were infested.

Yuan Chonghuan strongly refuted the king's idea of ??seizing Shanhaiguan in Shanxi Province and advocated guarding Ningyuan (today's Xingcheng), an important place outside the pass. He was praised by Sun Chengzong, a scholar who patrolled the border and Shangshu of the Ministry of War. In August, fellow supervisor Yan Mingtai came out of the border and made an alliance with the leader of the Mongolian Han tribe to relieve the worries of the western expedition.

In the spring of the third year, he went to pacify the Harashen tribes in Mongolia and regained the land 270 miles outside the pass. In September, under the orders of Sun Chengzong, he and the deputy general Man Gui stationed in Ningyuan, studied the method of building forts, used Taiwan to protect the cannon, used the cannon to protect the city, and used the city to protect the people. An important military, political and economic center.

Because he is good at caressing the officers and soldiers and stabilizes their hearts, the officers and soldiers are happy to do their best. In February of the fourth year, he was a former Taoist priest in Buning.

In September, together with the commander-in-chief Ma Shilong and Wang Shiqin, he led 12,000 infantry, cavalry and boat divisions to patrol Guangning and other places in the east. After returning the division, he suggested to Sun Chengzong to recover Jinzhou and Youtun (southeast of today's Linghai). Wait for the city, use your merits to advance into the army and prepare the deputy envoy, and then be promoted to the right to participate in politics. In the summer of the fifth year, he and Sun Chengzong discussed an aggressive plan. They sent generals and troops to occupy Jinzhou, Youtun, Da and Xiao Linghe Forts (in today's Linghai territory) and other places. They built city walls and opened up 200 miles of territory. Gradually build the Ning and Jin lines of defense.

In October, when Gao Di, the eunuch party, replaced Sun Chengzong as the Liaodong manager and ordered the withdrawal of all the garrison outside the pass and entered the pass, he vigorously warned of the harm of withdrawing from the forward important areas and vowed to defend the isolated city of Ningyuan. In order to stabilize his military morale, he took his mother and wife to live in the city.

In December, the envoy was inspected. In the first month of the sixth year, in the Battle of Ningyuan, he led the army and the people like General Mangui and other governors to fortify the walls and clear the country. With the help of fortified walls and cannons, they defeated the Houjin Khan Nurhachi and achieved the first major victory since the war between the Ming Dynasty and the Houjin Dynasty. With his merits, he was promoted to the Imperial Palace of Youqian. Shi, he was promoted to governor of Liaodong and became the right minister of the Ministry of War.

In October, when Nurhachi died and Huang Taiji became the Khan, he sent envoys to mourn and congratulate his heirs to explore the actual situation of the queen's gold. After that, he communicated with Hou Jin's envoys and talked about peace on the surface, but in fact he slowed down his troops and prepared for war.

At the beginning of the seventh year, he was authorized to take charge of the inside and outside of Shanhaiguan, and he was engaged in it at his own convenience. At that time, the Jin army attacked North Korea (today's North Korea and South Korea) eastward and had no time to look westward. Yuan Chonghuan forged ahead with determination, gradually restored the city walls in western Liaoning, and rebuilt the Ning and Jin defense lines. He was praised as a loyal and virtuous man.

In the Battle of Ningjin in May and June, he and Zhao led the army to guard Yingcheng. They used artillery fire to defeat Huang Taiji of Houjin Khan many times and won a great victory in Ningjin.