Where is Bao Gong's graveyard?

Bao cemetery has two kinds of historical records: Hefei, Anhui and Gongxian, Henan. Both theories are based on reliable historical data and real local tombs. Now Bao Zheng's tomb in Hefei has been excavated and confirmed by experts. What about Song Ling's tomb in Gongxian County?

According to Lin Zhi, an office worker at the appeasement office of Huainan West Road in the Southern Song Dynasty, Qingyuan Rebuilds Xiaosubao Cemetery, Baoling Cemetery is located in Hefei City, Anhui Province. "Hefei, the hometown of the public, was also caught in the fire, and the children and grandchildren were displaced, so the house was abandoned as a private house and was enshrined in the people. Fifteen miles to the city today, the so-called dongyuan village is also the tomb of the public. " After Bao Gong was buried for more than one hundred years, he experienced years of war and famine. During the Qingyuan period, local officials rebuilt it. In addition, documents such as the unified annals of Daming, the annals of Hefei County and the genealogy of Bao's family also clearly record that Bao's cemetery is located in Hefei, Anhui Province.

However, according to the Gongxian Annals compiled in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1555), Bao Zheng's tomb is located in the west of Song Ling. After Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, the annals of Henan Province inherited the old theory. On-the-spot investigation, Baoling Mausoleum is located between Yongding Mausoleum and Yongzheng Mausoleum, only half a kilometer away from the tombs of Zhenzong Liu and Yongzheng. It is a tomb about five meters high, with a flat earth seal and a diameter of more than ten meters. There are still pillars sitting in front of the tomb, two Shi Hu and one Shiyang, all in the style of the Northern Song Dynasty. On the scale, it is indeed the tomb of a senior official in the Northern Song Dynasty. Today, there is a Qing Dynasty stone tablet in front of the tomb, two meters high, in the middle of the regular script "The Tomb of Bao, the Prime Minister of the Song Dynasty". The burial monument is high and the weather is magnificent.

1973, due to the expansion of Hefei Iron and Steel Plant, Bao Zheng and his family cemetery in Shuangwei Village, Daxing Township, the eastern suburb of Hefei City were thoroughly cleaned and excavated. The excavation of Bao Zheng No.1 Tomb took four months, and it was actually a relocated tomb. There is a basically complete male skeleton in the tomb, which was identified to be over forty years old, which is roughly consistent with Bao Gong's situation. The epitaph unearthed has more than 3,000 words, written by Wu Kui, an envoy of the Tang Dynasty. It gave a solid account of Bao Zheng's life, saying that he could plan state affairs with foresight, advocated "sparing taxes, levying taxes and helping the victims", strengthened market management and increased the revenue of the state treasury. Focus on justice, not afraid of corrupt officials, and dare to investigate and deal with powerful people. Pay attention to investigation and study, enforce the law like a mountain, be honest and upright, and not seek personal gain, and win the respect and praise of the people. Call him "his voice is loud and violent." Although foreigners also wear the same name. The scholar-officials of the imperial court are all scholars from afar, and their official names are not called' Gong'. "Visible, Bao Zheng was called" Bao Gong ".

Tomb No.2 of Baolingyuan is also buried with Bao Zheng's eldest sons, Baode and Cui Shi; Sun Yongnian, the head of Tomb No.3, is the stepson of Cui Shi; Bao Zheng's second son, Bao Mao, and his wife are buried in Tomb No.4, and Tomb No.5, which has been consecrated as a cemetery since the Southern Song Dynasty, is actually the tomb of Bao Zheng's wife Dong Shi. When it was rebuilt in the fifth year of Qingyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 199), Bao Zheng's wife Dong Shi's tomb No.5 was used as a memorial cemetery for a long time, so there was a saying among the people that "Bao Zheng's tomb was fake". Finally, according to the ancestral rumors recalled by the local old people, Tomb No.6, originally belonging to Bao Gong, was unexpectedly excavated in the northernmost part of the cemetery, and there are still stone slabs and east-west debris, among which the wooden figurine "Twelve Gods" buried with him is an important material evidence to determine Bao Zheng's tomb. The cemetery was destroyed by Jin Bing in the early Southern Song Dynasty, and the coffin bones were moved to Tomb No.1 for reburial, and the original tomb was abandoned as cultivated land.

In addition, there is a suspected tomb, that is, in the southwest of the central axis of the cemetery, there is a large sealed mound with a height of about four meters and a bottom diameter of ten meters. The layout is said to be larger than the relocation tomb of Bao Zheng and his wife. Digging down from the surface of this sealed mound is all raw soil with the same color, and there is no pit position, which is a typical "suspected grave". What's interesting is: Why did Bao Lingyuan set up this "suspicious tomb"? When was it built?

In short, in a cemetery, there are Bao Zheng's original burial tomb, moved burial tomb, No.5 tomb, and suspected tomb in Dai Li, Zhang Guan. True or false, this is rare in archaeological excavations of related tomb sites. Why is the Bao cemetery built so mysterious? There is also some confusion. Of course, the precious cultural relics unearthed from Bao's tomb provide rare physical materials for studying the political, economic and cultural life of the Song Dynasty. It also provides valuable information for historians to supplement and correct relevant historical facts and further study related issues.

Now Hefei Cemetery has been proved to be Bao Zheng's tomb from all aspects. The specifications of its stone tomb seem to exceed the relevant provisions of the Book of Rites Record in the Song Dynasty, which also shows that the owner of the tomb was particularly favored by the court before his death. The epitaph it unearthed, with a thousand words, undoubtedly tells the origin of the cemetery here. In particular, 35 pieces of Bao Zheng's remains have been identified by experts and buried in the newly-built Baogong Mausoleum. At this point, it seems that the mystery of the Bao cemetery site has been solved for thousands of years. The Bao cemetery should be located in the eastern suburb of Hefei City, Anhui Province.

However, what happened to Bao Lingyuan in Gongxian County? When was it fixed? Why did you build this grave? Does it have anything to do with Bao cemetery in Hefei? Especially what's buried inside? This series of questions is still difficult to answer. It is said that this tomb was stolen. The grave robbers said there were no bricks, no coffins and nothing stolen. Is this credible? According to the Records of Gongxian County, which was first compiled in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, this cemetery existed in Songling County of Gongxian County at least in the middle of Ming Dynasty, and it has gone through at least four or five hundred years now. However, the relevant historical books in Yuan and Ming Dynasties did not explain this. Because there are still some confusion in the archaeological excavation of the cemetery, some scholars still insist that the real cemetery is Gong Xianbao's cemetery buried with the Mausoleum of the Song Dynasty.

If this tomb was really built by the minister buried with him in the Song Dynasty, there are still some unclear questions. Bao Mausoleum in Gongxian County is far from Yongzheng Mausoleum, but near Yongding Mausoleum. Some history books say that it is "buried with the true clan mausoleum." However, all Bao Gong's political activities took place in the Song Renzong era. Why is he buried with Song Zhenzong? This basically violates the general law of burial of tombs by ministers in China. Therefore, some scholars speculate that another minister buried in Bao Lingyuan may be buried with Zhenzong. Due to the age, the name of the original minister was forgotten, and it was posted on Bao Zheng. Some scholars also pointed out that Bao Zheng died in Kaifeng and was finally buried. After a long time of one year and three months, people speculated that he might ask to be buried in Gongxian with the mausoleum for a period of time. Eventually, he was moved to Hefei, but left a cenotaph in Gongxian. Out of respect for Bao Zheng, people could not bear to abandon it, and further repaired it to make it conform to Bao Gong's identity, so that Bao Gong had two mausoleums, which were difficult to distinguish between true and false.

What is the truth about Gong Xianbao's cemetery? Only waiting for the archaeological site excavation can give us a clear answer.