Why is there 1 1 person in each football match? Where did it come from?

Chronology of modern football events

1863101October 26th, the world's first football association, the English Football Association, was established at the Fried Mei Sen Hotel in queen street, London, and the first formal football rules were formulated and adopted. At that time, there was no crossbar above the goal, but it was stipulated that the foul ball must be thrown by hand. Most of the contents of this rule are very similar to the existing rules. This day is regarded as the birth of modern football.

187 1 stipulates for the first time that the goalkeeper can catch the ball by hand in the goal area.

1871On July 28th, the FA Cup was officially born.

1872 England and Scotland held their first international competition. In the same year, the first FA Cup champion in English history was born, and Bolton Wanderers 1-0 defeated Royal Ennier to win the championship.

The offside rule was first stipulated in 1874.

1875, the referee began to enforce the law from off-site to on-site, and began to use whistles.

1878, the first light football match in the world was held in Sheffield, England.

1885 professional football was recognized by law for the first time in Britain and has been popular in Britain since then.

1888 On March 22nd, the English Football Association decided to implement the national league, which was later widely adopted by all countries.

From 65438 to 0889, several football organizations appeared in Holland and Argentina.

1890 officially specifies the goal size and uses the goal net. Ollie started to hold a football championship. For the first time, a formal women's football match was held in England.

1896 Football was listed as a competition in the first Olympic Games. Because only amateurs are allowed to participate in the Olympic football match, professional athletes in some countries pretend to be amateurs, which seriously damages the interests of other countries. Therefore, the conditions for starting a new world competition are ripe.

1March 898 15 Italian Football Association was born in Turin.

1899 Brazilian Football Association was born.

1899 12 15 Alfred? Edwards founded Milan Cricket Club, which quickly evolved into Milan Club, and then divided into AC Milan and Inter Milan.

1900, Barcelona, Spain established the "Female Tyronia" Football Association. Since then, Denmark, New Zealand, Chile, Belgium and other countries have also established football associations.

1904 on may 2 1 day, FIFA was formally established in Paris, France, and seven countries including France, Belgium, Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland became founding members.

1904 on may 23, FIFA held its first general meeting, the election law was passed, and Robert? Gailin was the first chairman.

1905 April 14 The English Football Association announced its recognition and requested to join FIFA, and Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales followed suit.

19 16 the south American football association was established with its headquarters in Lima, Peru.

At the 8th Olympic Games held in Paris from 65438 to 0924, football was officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee.

1928 FIFA held a meeting and passed the resolution to hold the World Cup every four years by 25 votes to 5 votes.

1930 July13-July 30th, the first World Cup was held in Uruguay. Due to the inconvenient transportation, many European countries did not participate in the World Cup. Under the lobbying of FIFA, only South Sla and Uruguay defeated Argentina 4-2 and won the first World Cup.

1934 the second world cup was held in Italy from may 5 to may 27, and the number of participating teams increased to 3 1. For the first time, 16 teams were selected to enter the finals. The elimination system was adopted in the final stage. The system was attacked after the game because many teams came from thousands of miles away to go home just to play a game.

1June 4, 938 to1June 9, 9, the third World Cup was held in France, and the number of participating teams increased to 36.

1June 27, 938-1July 7 Due to the outbreak of World War II, the Fourth World Cup originally scheduled for 1942 was postponed to 1950. Because the European continent has been traumatized by war and has no time to rebuild its homeland. The right to host this event fell to Brazil in South America. There are 33 teams.

1954 On May 8th, the Asian Football Association was established with its headquarters in Penang, Malaysia. The 65,438+02 national and regional football associations are: Afghanistan, Myanmar, China Taipei, Hongkong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Philippines and Vietnam.

1954 June 65438+June-July 4th The 5th World Cup was held in Switzerland, with 38 teams participating. The competition system has changed again. The 16 team in the final stage was divided into 4 groups, each with 2 seed teams. Two weak teams, the seed team and the weak team played two games respectively, and the second team with high score entered the top eight. This competition system has the characteristics of elimination system and round robin system.

From 65438 to 0954, the Hungarian team created the "four strikers" system, which is called the first revolution of world football technology.

1954 uefa was established with its headquarters in Bern, Switzerland.

On April 2-3, 1955, the French newspaper L 'Equipe proposed to host the European Champions Cup and set up an executive committee.

12/9551UEFA held a meeting in Paris, France, and officially decided to hold the European Champions Cup.

September 1955— The first European Champions Cup was held in May 1956.

1956 the African football association was established with its headquarters in cairo, Egypt.

Brazil created 424 formations from 65438 to 0958, which is called the second revolution of world football technology.

1June 8th, 958-1June 9th, 9 The 6th World Cup was held in Sweden. After the war, the economies of various countries recovered, and the World Cup attracted the attention of all countries. 5 1 countries, including socialist countries such as China and the Soviet Union, participated in the qualifiers.

1960 On July 3rd, the first European and South American Club Champions Cup was held in Montevideo. The competition was renamed "Toyota Cup" from the 19 session and was held in Tokyo, Japan.

65438+August 0960-19665438+May 0, the first European Cup Winners Cup.

1960 the south American football association founded the south American club champions cup, also known as the liberator cup.

196 1 the football association of central, north America and the Caribbean was established, with its headquarters in Guatemala.

From May 30th, 1962 to June 7th, 1962, the 7th World Cup was held in Chile, and 56 countries signed up for the qualifiers.

1966 July 1 1 The 8th World Cup was held in Mexico from July 30th, and 7 1 countries participated in the qualifiers.

1966 Oceania Football Association was established with its headquarters in New Zealand.

From 65438 to 0969, the National Women's Football Association was formally established in Britain.

1970 May 31-June 2 1 The 9th World Cup was held in Mexico, and 7 1 countries participated in the qualifiers.

1970may3112: 29 It is the first time to use a yellow card in football history.

1972 uefa cup was founded.

1974 June13-July 7 The 10th World Cup was held in the Federal Republic of Germany, and 99 countries participated in the qualifiers.

1974, the Netherlands pioneered the "all-football" formation, which is the third revolution of world football.

1975 FIFA decided to hold the World Youth Football Championship every two years.

1977 trials of the first world youth football championship.

1978 June1-The 11th World Cup was held in Argentina on June 25th, and 106 countries participated in the qualifiers.

1978 FIFA decided to increase the number of teams participating in the finals of the 12 World Cup from 16 to 24.

198 1 The 5th World Youth Football Championship was officially recognized by FIFA.

1982 June1March-July 1 1 The 12th World Cup was held in Spain. Since this World Cup, the number of finalists has increased from 16 to 24, and the number of countries participating in the qualifiers has reached 108.

1984 in order to improve the level of Olympic football matches, professional players were allowed to participate in the 23rd Los Angeles Olympic Games for the first time, but European and South American athletes who had participated in the World Cup were forbidden to participate in Olympic football matches.

1986 May 31-June 3 1 13 The World Cup was held in Mexico, which was the second time that Mexico hosted the World Cup. 12 1 countries qualified.

1990 14 The World Cup was held in Italy from June 8 to July 8, with 103 countries participating in the qualifiers.

199 1 the first women's world cup was held in Guangzhou, China.

1992 stipulates that players participating in Olympic football matches must be under 23 years old.

The 5th 15 World Cup was held in America.

For the first time in the history of the World Cup, a match was held in an indoor football field. In this game, the United States 1 drew Switzerland.

1995 the second world women's football championship was held in Sweden, and Norway won the championship.

History of the Premier League Britain (England) is the birthplace of modern football. According to historical records, football activities similar to today appeared in medieval England. By the beginning of19th century, football was quite popular in Britain. Due to the need to form a unified view on the football match,1October 26th,1863 10, relevant people gathered at Fremason Hotel in queen street, London, to discuss and agree to set up a football association. In addition to announcing the formal establishment of the Football Association, the meeting also formulated and adopted relatively unified football competition rules, which are the embryonic form of modern football competition rules. Its establishment marks the birth of modern football.

With the increasingly consolidated status of the English Football Association, its influence in the whole country is also growing, so the proposal of holding the Challenge Cup appeared on July 20th, 187 1. This suggestion was put forward by Charles, secretary general of the Football Association. Alcock proposed that he hoped to attract all members of the Association to participate in the competition and promote their communication by holding the Challenge Cup. 187 1 year1October 16, this motion was passed.

What makes the English proud is not only that they founded the first football association, but also that they organized the first international match, which was1the match between England and Scotland on October 30th, 1872, 165438. The establishment of the English Football Association has promoted the vigorous development of football in some countries in Europe and Latin America, and various countries have established football associations one after another, thus promoting the establishment of FIFA and UEFA. It can be seen that England is indisputably called the originator of modern football.

1882 65438+On February 6th, the representatives of the four Commonwealth Football Associations in Manchester adopted the unified rules of football matches. In the following years, the rules were revised many times. 188 1 or so, the tendency of professional football began to appear, and the British Football Association recognized the legal status of professional football on June 20th. 1885. However, on the issue of professionalism, there has been a sharp conflict between the British Football Association and FIFA. The four Commonwealth Football Associations withdrew from FIFA twice from 1920 to 1924, 1928 to 1946 respectively, and did not participate in any activities of FIFA. It was not until 1958 that the two sides reached a consensus. In the same year, the British Professional Football Players Association was established. 1862, Nottinghamshire, the first football club in England, was founded. Since then, various football clubs have been established in England. By 1870, there are 39 football clubs in England, and by 188 1, there are 128 football organizations in England. Today, * * has 160 professional football clubs, 40 of which have a history of more than 100 years. The Football Association Challenge Cup, founded in 187 1, is the first competition in England. The competition adopts the continuous elimination system, and the two sides of the competition will play a game in the venue decided by lot in advance to decide the outcome. The first Football Association Challenge Cup final in English history was held at 1872. From 1872 to * * 2000, 1 19 sessions were held. Because the FA Cup is not only attended by first-class teams, all teams in England can participate, so it is often cold, and many strong teams are defeated by weak teams, so it is called "a hotbed of sudden coldness". Today, English football is still growing.

In order to expand the influence of football, the English Football Association made a decision on March 22 1888 to establish a national first-class league. There were 12 teams in the first league. In the end, Preston won the first league title and successfully defended it the following year. 1892, the Football Association began to hold the second division; 1920, the third-level league appeared; 1958, adding D League. At this point, the English Football League has begun to take shape, divided into four levels: A, B, C and D, and implemented a relegation system. The English Football League is the earliest national unified league in the world, with the most perfect competition system. Later, countries all over the world widely used this league system for reference. 1992, in order to adapt to the growing football, the English Football Association established the Super League on the basis of the first league, and the original second, third and fourth leagues were upgraded accordingly. The first Premier League title was won by the powerful Manchester United team.

At present, the promotion and demotion system of the league is roughly like this: every year, the last three players in the Super League are reduced to the first class, the first two players in the First Class are directly promoted to the Super League, and the players in the third, fourth, fifth and sixth places will compete and decide two winners. Then, on the other day, we will play in a neutral stadium (usually Wembley Stadium) and decide the third team to advance to the Premier League. From b to a, from a to b, from c to b, from b to c, all are the same as the super promotion and demotion system. But the last four players in the third division were relegated to the fourth division, and the top three players in the fourth division directly advanced to the third division. The fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh runners also held home and away games to decide the two winners. Then, on the other day, there will be a game in a neutral stadium (usually Wembley Stadium) to decide that the fourth team will advance to the third division.

The romantic and tender Italians in Serie A history are rich in imagination and creativity. In this hot land, Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and other outstanding masters of humanities and arts were born, and Julius Caesar and Mussolini were also cultivated. Italians also give football a strong imagination. The Italian national team is the second team after Brazil to win the World Cup three times. /kloc-In the past 0/00 years, the Italians, with their unique European Latin style, stood with the European Power School and South American Technical School, and successively created modern football tactics such as "chain defense", "free central defender" and "quick counterattack", and created a large number of all-round excellent stars.

Any sport will be eclipsed if it loses its obsessed audience and fanatical fans, while the eccentric Italians only give football such deep and lasting feelings. In the passionate Apennine Peninsula, football fans have reached 72% of the total population, and 30% of them are beautiful women. No wonder the whole Apennine Peninsula was immersed in a noisy ocean after the opening of the league on Sunday afternoon. The best stars, the most advanced tactics and the best management make Serie A exude striking charm. Superstars from all over the world gathered here to perform on the pitch of Apennine, with bright stars. AC Milan, Juventus, Inter Milan, Turin, Lazio, Rome, Parma, Florence and other famous teams. They have demonstrated their abilities by crossing the ocean, pushed the overall level of Serie A to an unprecedented peak, and turned Apennine Peninsula into a football hotspot attracting worldwide attention.

Here are the world's most famous Hulk, the most dazzling football superstar and the best football conductor. Their names excite everyone. This is the centenary celebration of the Italian Football League. . . . . .

/kloc-At the end of 0/9 century, modern football spread from England to Italy, first appearing in the northern industrial city of Turin and the port city of Genoa. 1898 March 15, the Italian Football Association was announced. Only four teams applied to join the organization at that time. On May 8, on a warm spring day, the first Italian Football League was born like a newborn baby in Turin. The participating teams were Turin International and F.E. Turin, Turin Sports Team and Genoa Team. The game lasted only one day, and Genoa won the championship in two wars.

From this moment on, football, a powerful whirlwind, blew all over the Apennine Peninsula. More and more teams are participating, the level is getting higher and higher, and the audience is getting more and more enthusiastic. In the meantime, people debated and negotiated for a long time around the competition system, schedule, location and qualification.

Because the Italian Football Association was a loose organization at that time, it failed to manage the league well. Soon, the professional team and amateur team under the Football Association had a dispute over the competition system, time and place, which eventually led to division. The professional team then set up a professional football league to compete with the Football Association. Until the end of the First World War, the two organizations turned to war and reunited, and held the first national championship after the war in 1920. However, due to the large scale and complicated work after the merger, the Football Association made a wrong decision: instead of holding national competitions, it divided the team into several regions and held regional championships respectively. This wrong decision made the Football Association lose the unified management of the national football team and the right of newspapers and periodicals, and became an organization in name only. As a result, the national football team has stagnated and the survival of the team has become a big problem. It wasn't until 1929 that the Italian Football Association finally decided on a new competition system: teams were divided into four levels: team A, team B, team C, and team D. The competition adopted a double-cycle scoring system for home and away games (originally 2 points, now 3 points), and then the regional teams and newly formed teams were classified as selection teams, with qualifications below team D. After the new competition system was determined, Italian football swept away its decline and moved towards a healthy development.

The sun and the moon shuttle, and the stars shift. With a long history, Italian football has become more and more brilliant. 1980, the Italian Football Association announced the opening of the foreign star market, and each team can introduce two foreign stars. 1988 expanded to 3 people. 1993 changed to allow only three foreign players to play at the same time. After the "bosman incident", the number of foreign aid for each team was no longer limited, and only three non-European players were allowed to play at the same time. 1982, the Italian national team won the 1 1 Spain World Cup, so this passionate land became the cradle of the growth of football stars, and Italy became the world's leading football kingdom.

At present, Italy has 18 teams, B has 20 teams, C has 16 teams divided into two groups and D has 72 teams divided into four groups.

Big waves wash sand eastward, and the boundless years have passed a hundred years. After experiencing setbacks and storms, the Italian first-class football league finally brought together stars from all over the world, learned from others' strengths, eclectic and comprehensive, and created the world's highest level competition. Serie A is known as "the first league in the world" and is the jewel in the crown of world football.

History of English football

Britain is the birthplace of modern football. Football has a high reputation and a large number of employees in Britain, and has long been an important part of its social life.

The social foundation is solid, and all kinds of football matches in Britain continue all the year round. For example, this season, there are Premier League, FA Cup, First Division and Second Division, and the total number of participating clubs exceeds 100. Turn on TV, Internet and newspapers every day, almost all of which are news of football matches. Sky TV can broadcast football matches on up to five channels. The reporter once met China player Sun Jihai who played for Manchester City Club in England. Talking about the difference between playing in China and playing in England, he said that playing in England is much more tiring! This includes frequent participation in competitions, which requires high physical quality and skills of athletes. He made an analogy. In China, it only takes 80% effort to reach 120. In the UK, if you work 120%, you may not get 80 points.

At the same time, the audience's enthusiasm for participation is also extremely high. The most famous Premier League, although expensive, has an average audience of 3 people. More than 40,000 people, higher than Germany, France, Italy and Spain and other European countries. A three-level league consisting of 72 clubs has a total audience of140,000 in 2002-2003. If you add the audience watching the live broadcast in front of the TV, the high attention paid to football in England with a total population of 49.5 million can be seen.

Football is also one of the main sports that teenagers actively participate in. Among the school-age teenagers aged 6- 16, 42% participate in football 10 days or more every year. Parents encourage students to participate in this sport, not only to exercise, but also to cultivate children's basic qualities such as cooperative spirit and conformity from an early age. Children with football talent can enter amateur clubs for training and participate in regional leagues from an early age. The state invests in football through the Football Foundation, which is mainly used for basic education in grass-roots and communities and the development of the central stadium. From 2000 to 2004, the British government invested 67 million pounds. Grass-roots youth training has sent hundreds of excellent players to English football. Shearer, Fowler, Owen and popular star Rooney all stand out from grassroots clubs.

The organizational form, operating mechanism and competition rules of the modern English football league have been standardized and improved by 100 years on the basis of such a strong mass. And a high degree of social concern is actually an invisible social supervision force. Any immoral behavior of athletes, coaches and referees will cause strong social reaction. Fraud such as gambling, match-fixing and black whistle is absolutely unacceptable to public opinion. Several scandals in the history of English football have been exposed, such as 1994, where Liverpool goalkeeper Grobbel and others colluded with illegal gambling groups, and 1963, the biggest match-fixing case, which was first exposed by the media and then investigated by the police, all the match-fixing participants were punished by law.

Market operation norms. Football is a business. Since 1970s, football has become a science. English football is a club system. There are more than 50,000 football clubs in England, Scotland and Wales alone. Take Britain as an example. The Football Association of England has 365,438+00 member clubs, and there are about 4 clubs of local and regional football associations in England. 20 thousand Professional football clubs in Britain basically operate independently and commercially. Each club has its own board of directors, chairman, etc. Broadcasting rights, tickets, advertisements, gambling income and player transfer are the main sources of income for most clubs. If Manchester United put Rooney, a new football star, under the account of more than 30 million pounds this year, the financially strapped Everton Club will benefit a lot. Manchester United, Arsenal, Chelsea and other famous clubs all have their own stadiums, museums and brand stores, and the TV broadcast fee of the game is also an important source of income.

English football leagues at all levels are mainly organized by club leagues at all levels. The operation is also commercialized, completely in accordance with market rules. For example, the English professional football league, which has a history of 100 years, is currently divided into the Premier League and the first, second and third leagues. There are specialized league companies responsible for the arrangement of competitions and commercial activities such as advertising, TV broadcast and ticket income during the league. The clubs participating in the league have equal shares and the interests are very clear. On the basis of historical evolution, the rules related to the competition can be continuously improved and refined within the rules of the FA and UEFA. In case of new problems, the representatives of all parties shall negotiate to solve them. If the salary of Manchester United players in the Premier League is too high, which will affect the salary increase of players in other clubs and bring financial problems to the club, the Football Association will entrust a research team to submit a research report. In June, 2002, 1 1, the Football Association passed the proposal of salary limit by a majority vote, introducing the mechanism that the total salary expenditure of players should not exceed 60% of the club's annual income.

The English Football Association and the FA are not affiliated, but have different division of labor. The Football Association only covers clubs participating in a single league. For example, the Football Association has 72 clubs and 24 clubs at each level. The Premier League consists of 20 clubs. The members of the Football Association of England include 365,438+00 professional clubs in England. They are collective members of UEFA and FIFA, and they are more representative. It is responsible for the formation and competition of the England national team and the organization of the FA Cup, which is its main source of income. The Football Association does not interfere in the management activities of the club, but its daily main function is to formulate football standards and rules and supervise their implementation, and to arbitrate and coordinate the problems that arise. If irregularities are found during the competition, the Football Association will first ask the referee on duty to submit a situation report and then investigate the incident according to the report. The recent incident of Liverpool players hitting people on the pitch has been ruled by the FA Disciplinary Committee. The contradiction between Manchester United and Arsenal is also coordinated by the FA.

Brand reputation is very important. Many football clubs in Britain are listed companies, and brand reputation is the life of big-name football clubs. Of course, the establishment of football brand must have excellent technology. For example, Manchester United's reputation in the league in recent ten years, 1998- 1999 won the Premier League, FA Cup and Champions League, and established its flagship position in British football. Because of this, tickets for Manchester United games are very popular and can accommodate six people. The 80,000-person Old Trafford Stadium was packed. In the 2002-2003 season, Manchester United's TV broadcast revenue reached 83.6 million euros, ranking first among the richest 10 football clubs in the world.

And 83.6 million euros only accounted for 2.5% of Manchester United's total income that year. 1/3 of more than 500 million euros. Commercial image advertisement, club museum, club brand store, etc. It is also its source of income. The higher the brand reputation, the higher the popularity and the better the economic income.

Therefore, whether for commercial purposes or for the long-term development of the club, in the fierce market competition, all clubs attach great importance to self-discipline and try their best to put an end to despicable behaviors such as match-fixing and self-smashing. Sir Alex Ferguson, the head coach of Manchester United, is famous for managing the team. He is responsible for everything from the skills and style of the game to the personal life of the players. Although Beckham broke up with him because of this, it was unheard of when Beckham went to Real Madrid, Spain. After Rooney, a star with disorderly life, moved to Manchester United, the British society cheered and said that Ferguson would let him study hard.