Exploitation and Utilization of Mineral Resources in Hunan Province

Hunan province has a long history of mining development. In modern history, through in-depth exploration of Xikuangshan Antimony Mine, Shuikoushan Lead-zinc Mine, Yaogangxian Tungsten Mine, Xiangtan Manganese Mine, Xiangxi Gold Mine and Shimenxiong Sulfide Mine, a large number of old mines left over from the founding of New China have become pillar mines and meritorious mines for the economic and social development of New China in recent decades. After the founding of New China, geologists explored and discovered a large number of world-famous deposits, such as Shizhuyuan tungsten-tin polymetallic mine, Huangshaping lead-zinc mine, Xiangnan uranium mine, Minle manganese mine, Gong Xi barite mine, Hengnan fluorite mine and Liuyang sepiolite mine. At present, Hunan Province has formed a unique chemical industrial system of steel, cement, coal, manganese, lead, zinc, tungsten, antimony, gold and salt, especially the manganese processing industry and non-ferrous metal smelting and processing industry have obvious industrial advantages in the whole country, and the output of 10 non-ferrous metals has ranked first in the country for many years.

(A) the development of ancient mining industry

From the late Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty, Hunan began to use copper, tin, gold, porcelain clay and other minerals. Iron appeared in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period; During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the main minerals in Hunan were gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, mercury, mica and rock salt, which were produced in more than 0/0 counties in southern Hunan, western Hunan and central Hunan. Non-ferrous metals in southern Hunan have been mined on a large scale, and lead in Huangshaping, copper mine in Baoshan and copper mine in Tongshanling have all been mined. By the time of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were mining institutions such as supervisor, supervisor, yard, pit and metallurgy, and there were 1 supervisor, No.2 supervisor and No.2 supervisor in the province. The silver and sulfur mines in Shuikoushan, Changning and the copper mine in Qibaoshan, Liuyang were all mined. Mining technology made great progress in Song Dynasty, and the cinnabar burning mining method in Chenzhou was used by private miners for hundreds of years. The estimated annual output of placer gold deposits in Yuanshui River Basin and Yiyang area in Yuan Dynasty reached 654.38 0.3 million. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Hunan's mining industry was quite prosperous. Huangshaping lead-zinc mine, Lvziao copper mine, Wanfalong copper mine and Dayoulong tin-lead mine were mined in large quantities, with strong output. Until Xianfeng and Tongzhi years, most of the surface outcrops of lead and copper mines in Chenzhou and Guiyang were mined out. Later, Yaogangxian discovered the sulfur arsenic mine, and Zixing and Yizhang started mining.

(2) Investigation and development of modern minerals

During 2 ~ 6 years of the Republic of China (1913 ~1917), Japanese Ichiro Koyama, Swedish Ding Gelan, and German sliced and inspected successively Shuikou Mountain in Changning, Lengshuijiang Tin Mine, Jinding in Pingjiang and Liulin Branch in Yuanling/kloc-.

In the Republic of China 16 (1927), the Hunan Provincial Government established the Hunan Geological Survey Institute, and conducted extensive geological surveys, especially for iron, manganese, tungsten, antimony, mercury, gold, coal and other minerals. Hunan Mining Summary and Monographs on Iron, Manganese, Tin and Antimony Minerals were compiled respectively.

By the end of 1949, 35 kinds of minerals and 593 mineral deposits had been investigated in the whole province, of which, except for shallow drilling in a few mining areas, most of them were limited to observation and measurement on the surface or pit, and the obtained mineral reserves were all estimated.

(3) Development and management of modern mineral resources

After the founding of New China, the mineral resources management system mainly implemented the dual leadership mechanism with the central competent department as the main part and the local authorities as the supplement. 1in August, 1983, the State Council stipulated that the Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, under the leadership of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources and the provincial, municipal and district people's governments, should supervise the development, utilization and protection of mineral resources and groundwater resources. 1984 In May, Hunan Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Metallurgical Industry Department, Petrochemical Industry Department, Building Materials Industry Bureau, Light Industry Department and Administration for Industry and Commerce jointly issued the Notice on Developing Township Enterprises, stipulating that all small mines should be proposed by mining units, audited by the relevant mining departments of the county (city) government, approved by the Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, and registered by Hunan Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources.

1986 In March, the Mineral Resources Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) was promulgated, which stipulated that people's governments at all levels should strengthen the management of mineral resources exploration and exploitation within their respective administrative areas, maintain mining order according to law, protect mineral resources and promote mining development. In order to strengthen the supervision and management of mining enterprises, the National Bureau of Statistics approved in August 1987 that the statistical report on the development and utilization of mineral resources should be included in the official national annual statistical report, and the national mine survey data should be summarized by the end of the year. 1986, Hunan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources conducted a thorough investigation of more than 0,000 mines in the whole province, completed the pilot work of designated mine demarcation and mining registration, and completed the general survey and comprehensive analysis of mine data in the whole province at the end of 1987, and submitted a special analysis report.

Since the early 1980s, under the general policy of "opening, invigorating and managing" of the central government to speed up the development of underground resources, Hunan Province has formed a mining development pattern in which the state, collectives and individuals make joint efforts to develop large, medium and small mines simultaneously, and the township collective and individual mining industries have developed rapidly. According to the statistical data of 1987, there are 6 164 mines in Hunan province, including 27 1 state-owned mining enterprises, 619 township collective mining enterprises and 4,274 individual mines. There are 552,200 people engaged in mining all the year round, including more than 260,000 people engaged in collective and individual mining in villages and towns. The ore output is 62.8 million tons (excluding sand, eggs, flakes and flakes), which is equivalent to 104.67% of the national average (600 million tons). However, with the development of township collective and individual mining industry, some new problems have appeared in mining activities. Some local township collective and individual mining enterprises have gone to the mining areas of mining enterprises owned by the whole people without approval, destroying and wasting resources, competing for ore spots, hindering the normal production of mines and affecting the development of mining industry.

In August, 2000, the General Office of Hunan Provincial People's Government issued "Provisions on the Function Allocation, Internal Organization and Staffing of Hunan Provincial Department of Land and Resources", which clearly stipulated that Hunan Provincial Department of Land and Resources should manage the functions of examination and registration of mineral resources exploration and mining rights and transfer examination and registration according to law. After the establishment of the Provincial Department of Land and Resources, the province's exploration license and mining license were renewed, the original exploration and mining right was reconfirmed, mining behavior was standardized, mining disputes were mediated, and a number of mines with backward mining methods, serious waste of resources and small production scale were closed. By the end of 200 1, the number of licensed mines in the whole province had decreased from 1 1008 in 1999 to 8878, a decrease of 2 130.

In September 2003, after the provincial government issued the Notice on Accelerating the Construction of Mining Rights Market, the paid acquisition system of mining rights in the province was fully implemented. In 2004, the transfer of mining rights of new coal mines was stopped. In 2006, the Provincial Department of Land and Resources issued the "Notice on Issues Related to Standardizing the Authority of Mining License Approval", which reclaimed all the original licensing rights of the entrusting city (state) and clarified the licensing rights of mining licenses of provincial, municipal and county land and resources departments. Since 2007, Hunan Province has comprehensively implemented the resource integration work, and comprehensively improved the entry threshold of mines from the aspects of mining right qualification, capital, technology, scale and geological environment protection. In 20 10, the field verification of mining rights was completely completed, and 6849 mines in the province were inspected on the spot.

Second, the present situation of mineral resources development and utilization

For more than half a century, the mining industry in Hunan Province has developed vigorously, forming a complete mining economic system with regional characteristics and advantages, which has promoted other industries and economic construction.

By the end of 20 12, the province had developed and utilized 9/kloc-0 minerals, with 304,200 miners, an annual output of 269 million t, a total industrial output of 33.598 billion yuan and a total profit of 4.03 billion yuan from mineral resources development.

The province's mining system has formed a complete industrial system of geology, mining, mineral processing, metallurgy, design, scientific research and education. Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Triangle has become the center of metallurgy, chemical industry and building materials, and southern Hunan has become the main production base of nonferrous metals in China. Chenzhou, Loudi and Shaoyang are important energy bases in the province, and the mining industry in other departments has also developed rapidly, forming a rational allocation in the region.

Energy and mineral resources: mainly coal and stone coal. Three mining bureaus, namely Lianshao, Zixing and Baisha, and large and medium-sized coal mines, such as Coal Dam, Chenxi, Tanjiashan, Liqun and Xinsheng, have been established.

Ferrous metal minerals: The iron and steel industry system with Valin Iron and Steel Group as the main body has been established, and the manganese industry system with Huayuan Hai Yin Manganese Industry, Huaqiang Mining Industry, xiangtan electrochemical Manganese Industry, Xiangtan Jinshi Manganese Industry, Yongzhou Xincheng Manganese Industry, Anhua Shengde Manganese Industry and Lingling Dongxiang Manganese Industry as the main body has been established.

Non-ferrous metal minerals: a non-ferrous industrial system with China Minmetals Group and Hunan Nonferrous Group as the main bodies has been formed, among which lead-zinc mines such as Huangshaping, Shuikoushan, Baoshan and Zhuye are the main ones; The antimony industry is dominated by Xikuangshan Mining Bureau, Taojiang Banxi Antimony Mine and Yiyang Smelter. The tungsten industry is dominated by Yaogangxian, Rucheng, Kawaguchi, Xiangdong tungsten mines and Zhuzhou cemented carbide plant.

Precious metal minerals: A gold industry system led by Hunan Gold Group has been formed.

Non-metallic minerals: salt production and processing bases with Xiangheng Salt Mine and Li Xiang Salt Mine as the main bodies, cement production bases with Shao Feng Group and Xuefeng Group as the backbone, and chemical production bases with Yueyang Phosphate Fertilizer Plant and Hunan Phosphorus Chemical General Factory as the main bodies have been established. The main minerals used are rock salt, glauberite, phosphorus, marl, graphite and gypsum. , while the comprehensive development and utilization level of other non-metallic minerals is low.

Rare rare earth dispersed elements: only the light rare earth oxide factory in Jianghua County, Yongzhou City is mining, and a complete industrial system has not yet been formed.

Third, the main problems

(A) the scale and structure of mining enterprises are not coordinated

Large and medium-sized mines in Hunan Province only account for 13.44% of the total, while small mines account for more than 86.56% of the total number of mining enterprises. The proportion of large and medium-sized mines is seriously uncoordinated, there are few large and medium-sized mines, the degree of intensification is low, the technology is backward, the equipment is simple, and there are widespread phenomena of mining rich and abandoning poor, mining thick and abandoning thin, mining large and abandoning small, and mining easy and difficult, which seriously restricts the intensive utilization of resources.

(2) There are many poor ores, but few rich ores, so it is difficult to beneficiate and smelt, and the comprehensive utilization efficiency of resources is low.

Most of the mineral deposits in Hunan Province are low-grade refractory ores. For example, 73% of iron ore reserves are refractory hematite, and most of them are lean ore, and the rich ore is less than 1%, so the available iron ore reserves are very small; Phosphate rock is mainly collophane, which has low grade and is difficult to separate. Manganese, vanadium, gold, silver and some lead-zinc mines all have problems of less rich ore and more poor ore. In addition, there are few single deposits, and there are many deposits with * * * and associated components, which makes the development and utilization of mineral resources more difficult.

The "three rates" of development and utilization of major mineral resources in the province are generally low, and the comprehensive utilization rate of refractory metallurgical minerals associated with * * * in non-ferrous metal deposits is only 25% of that of non-ferrous metal mines; Most of the associated rare elements and dispersed elements have not been comprehensively utilized, and only 40% of minerals have been comprehensively utilized; The recovery rate of associated pyrite and fluorite ore needs to be further improved.

(3) The scientific and technological content and added value of mineral products are low, the proportion of deep processing is generally low, and the industrial chain is short.

The mining structure presents a pattern of "small at both ends and large in the middle" (that is, the deep processing capacity of mining and dressing is small and the smelting capacity is large). The product rate of mineral deep processing is low, and the output value of non-ferrous metal mineral deep processing products with advantages only accounts for about 10%, of which the output value of antimony deep processing products only accounts for about 5% of the total output value of antimony products, and non-metallic minerals are basically sold and exported by raw ore or mineral powder. This "resource-based mining", which mainly focuses on primary products, reduces the utilization efficiency of mineral resources in this province. At the same time, due to the competitive export of some dominant minerals in the province, the international market is seriously oversupplied, prices have fallen year after year, and resource advantages have not been transformed into economic advantages.

(D) Mine geological environment problems are still serious.

There are a lot of waste rocks and tailings piled up in mines, and a lot of waste rocks and tailings piled up in individual and township mines can be seen everywhere. These accumulated waste rocks and tailings not only occupy a lot of land and destroy vegetation, but also easily lead to mudslides and become hidden dangers of geological disasters. Geological disasters such as collapse and ground cracking caused by over-exploitation and groundwater extraction in mines occur from time to time, destroying farmland and houses, endangering railways and highways, causing great losses to the lives and property of the country and people, causing constant disputes and a series of social problems; Heavy metal pollution such as lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic and radioactive pollution caused by the development and utilization of non-ferrous metal mines and uranium mines are serious.