What is the history of Shenbao? What is its relationship with stone? Shi's life story?

Shenbao marks the beginning of modern newspapers in China. 1872 a commercial newspaper founded by British businessman Ernest Major, whose main purpose is to make profits. Among the newspapers run by foreigners, Shenbao is the first newspaper run by China people. The news business reform carried out by Shenbao: First, publishing political articles. The newspaper's remarks should be "related to the national economy and people's livelihood" and "concerned about the imperial economy and knowing the sufferings of the people's crops". The second is to reform news reports. Because of attaching importance to the truth of news, the Japanese army invaded Taiwan Province Province, and Meicha sent people to Taiwan Province Province for an interview to find out the truth. This is the beginning of the military communication of Chinese newspapers in Shanghai, and it is also the embodiment of Shen Bao's emphasis on news authenticity. Secondly, it paid attention to reflecting the real social life and reported "Yang Naiwu's unjust case" for three consecutive years, which was the earliest and longest continuous report in China newspapers at that time, and finally revealed the truth of the unjust case. Third, attach importance to the publication of supplementary texts. The fourth is to operate a sideline. (1) set up a literary magazine; (2) Publishing vernacular news. 1876, declared and founded the popular vernacular novel People's Daily. This is the earliest vernacular newspaper in China. ; (3) writing pictorial. 1877 Shen Bao published Ying Huan Pictorial. ; 4 print books. In addition, the Treasure Hall also opened Jiangsu Potion Factory and Soap Factory, and thus established "Ernest Major Co., Ltd." in 1889, with total assets of 302,000 silver, which is more than 180 times that of the founding fund, thus achieving the goal of "making a profit" in Ernest Major.

Abstract: The application was established on April 30th. 1872. After three dynasties of Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuantong in the Qing Dynasty, it also went through various historical stages, such as the Revolution of 1911, the May 4th Movement, the Northern Expedition, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Liberation War. It was closed on May 27th when Shanghai was liberated. 1949. 1982 The Shanghai Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Publishing Bureau decided to entrust the Shanghai Bookstore to preserve and publish the full set of Shenbao by photocopying.

Why spend so much effort to preserve Shenbao? The reasons are as follows: first, Shenbao has only one complete set, and most of the incomplete ones are crisp and yellow, which is difficult to check; Another important reason is that Shenbao is not only one of the earliest newspapers published in China, but also a treasure house of modern history in China.

A treasure house of historical materials after three generations.

During the 78-year existence of Shenbao, besides Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuantong dynasties in Qing Dynasty, there were two world wars, namely, the historic October Revolution in Russia, the Sino-French War, the Sino-Russian War, the Reform Movement of 1898, the Boxer Movement, Eight-Nation Alliance's entry into Beijing and the April 12th rebellion. In addition, there are many anecdotes and social events, such as Yang Naiwu and Pakchoi, one of the four mysteries in the late Qing Dynasty, and the case of unjust imprisonment in Wen Yang Road. Therefore, newspapers with news, comments and advertisements as their contents, whether their records are intentional or unintentional, and whether their views are objective and fair, have no doubt about the role of written records in enriching historical materials.

Take the publishing industry and the monetary system as examples. How did the publishing and printing industry in China develop? When did a printing house and bookstore open and how did it evolve? What are the attitudes of the government and the public towards the publishing industry? What books and periodicals have you published? Over the years, currency changes, price fluctuations, the entry of foreign capital, the rise and fall of national capital, the decline of agriculture and handicrafts and so on. Can be found in the news and advertisements of Shenbao.

The founder is British.

Ernest Major, an Englishman, was the founder of Shenbao. He came to China in the early years of Tongzhi to deal in tea and cloth. Having stayed in China for a long time, Ernest Major is familiar with the situation in China and has learned the language and writing in China. When business was depressed, Ernest Major decided to run a newspaper. 187 1 year, Ernest Major and his three friends each set up an insurance application with 400 shares, totaling 1600 shares. According to business experience, Ernest Major knew that for the survival and development of China newspaper, the content must meet the requirements of China people. So, he said to his colleagues in the museum: "This newspaper is for China people, and the text should be considered from China."

After the establishment of Shenbao, Ernest Major trusted China people to do it. Facing the new newsprint business, with the efforts of several major writers and library staff, Shenbao has been continuously improved in form and content, and quickly defeated Shanghai New Newspaper and other Chinese newspapers. 1889, the sales volume increased from 600 at the beginning to 6,000 when Ernest Major left. The name "Shen Bao" comes from the fact that people like to use the word "Shen" to represent Shanghai. Ernest Major also knows that if this new newspaper is labeled "Shen", it will be known at a glance that it is a newspaper run by Shanghainese, so it is officially called "Xin Bao" or "Shen Bao" for short. At the beginning, Shenbao was published every two days, and it was published every day from the fifth (closed on Sunday). "Shen Bao" has been printed on China Maotai paper, Sailian paper, machine-made glossy paper and bamboo paper, all of which are printed on one side. Each edition has 8 editions, and each edition is about 9 inches in length and width. Newsprint double-sided printing has been used since 1909.

"spread what can be passed on to the whole world."

If we look at the inaugural issue of Shenbao from a modern perspective, it is immature in form and content. Only one of the eight pages can be called news, and the other page reproduces the contents of Hong Kong newspapers. Without time and address, it is not news. However, this does not affect the main purpose of the first issue of Shenbao, that is, the main contents of the owner's newspaper, such as purpose, policy, draft contract, advertising funds, etc., are published in the form of "confession of our library" and "articles of association of our library". The main points can be summarized as follows:

1, there are many things that can be passed down in contemporary times, which are not well recorded. Although there are records of ancient furniture in China, they are all from the previous generation, and the language is too old for most people to understand.

Although there are some slightly popular books, novels, natural history and so on. In ancient books, some of them are absurd and can only be used as literati to talk about capital, but not to suit both refined and popular tastes.

Nowadays, the articles published in newsprint are unpretentious and popular, which are not only appreciated by literati, but also familiar to workers, peasants and businessmen.

The contents of newsprint include the changes of national politics and customs, the important tasks of Sino-foreign negotiations, the advantages and disadvantages of businessmen's trade, and all the surprises and comforts.

With newsprint, we can spread everything that can be handed down in the world, so that people can know what is happening in the world without leaving home.

6. This regulation stipulates: the procedures and prices of newspaper retail and wholesale; Welcome to contribute, no charge; Advertising procedures and payment methods. (It is stipulated that the advertising fee of westerners is twice that of China).

As can be seen from the above, Shenbao has a clear meaning from the beginning, aiming at ordinary people, which makes some ordinary people in China begin to know how to read newspapers, and also makes a large part of people in China become readers of Shenbao from the first day they know how to read newspapers.

In 1905, 19 1 1 and 1932, Shenbao carried out several major reforms, rectified and adjusted outdated practices, and formulated new purposes and working principles to conform to the historical trend. The new editorial policy of 1932 was published in the 60th anniversary commentary column of the newspaper, which is refreshing and keeps pace with the times.

The supplement "Free Talk" can be called the history of modern literature.

Shen Bao not only publishes important news and newsletters at home and abroad, but also publishes articles and declarations of famous people. It has also added columns and supplements such as economic special issues, educational news, business news, science weekly, popular science lectures, medical weekly, film special issues, readers' consultants, and photo weekly. Among all the supplements and columns, Free Talk has the greatest influence and a long history, so that some people say that we can't talk about the history of modern literature in China without talking about Free Talk, the supplement of Shenbao.

"Free Talk" was founded on August 24th,191year, and ended in May, 1949, with a history of 39 years. At first, I published articles describing affairs, anecdotes, poems and songs, and serial novels. 1932, Shi (then the general manager of Shen Bao), who was known as a newspaper giant in China, reorganized Free Talk, hired Li Liewen, who returned from France, as the editor-in-chief, and invited two famous artists, Lu Xun and Mao Dun, to publish articles of about 1,000 words in Free Talk. This move attracted many old writers and left-wing young writers to write articles. Chen Wangdao, Zhou, Ye Shengtao, Lao She, Shen Congwen, Yu Dafu, Ba Jin and Zhang Tianyi all sent works, and Zhang Taiyan, Liu Yazi and Wu Zhihui also wrote articles for Free Talk.

For a time, the content of "free talk" was colorful and lively. In addition to miscellaneous feelings, there are essays, essays, travel notes, sketches, small textual research, secretary reading, literary criticism, scientific sketches and short translations, among which the most popular is a kind of argumentative miscellaneous feelings "lace literature" written every day for the current situation and social fashion habits, such as Childhood published by Qu Qiubai and Lu Xun. Because of many writers, sharp and vivid articles and strong pertinence, Free Talk played a role in promoting social progress at that time. Moreover, based on this platform, Free Talk has also cultivated a number of new literary figures, such as Yao, Liu,,,,, Huang Mei, Luo Hong and so on. They took pens to the stage one after another, trying to practice pen and ink on Free Talk and sharpen their works.

The Japanese Puppet and the Kuomintang killed him.

Shen Bao served the society all his life, and also changed and fluctuated with the changes and turmoil of people and society. 1909 "declaration" was transferred from meicha company to China people. After the comprador Xizipei took over, due to poor management, in May 19 12, he was transferred to five people, including Zhang Geng, Shi, Ying Jizhong and Zhao, as the general manager. For more than 20 years, Shi, as the largest newspaper capitalist in China, has worked hard to run Shenbao well. He recruited talents, improved his business, set up branch libraries, expanded news sources and advertising scope, built a five-story building and bought a new printing press, which greatly increased the sales of Shenbao. By the time it was published on 1926, it had exceeded140,000 copies, and together with another newspaper, News, it became one of the two newspapers with the largest circulation in China.

1934165438+1October 13. Shi was assassinated by agents of the blue clothes society on the Shanghai-Hangzhou highway because he was progressive and advocated anti-Japanese. Later, his son Shi inherited his father's business. Due to the situation at that time, the attitude of Shenbao tended to be conservative, and related social and cultural undertakings, such as the publication of Shenbao Yearbook, Shenbao Series and China Province Map, as well as the Shenbao circulation library, Shenbao Correspondence School and Shenbao Women's Tutorial School hosted by Li Gongpu and Ai Siqi, were forced to be suspended or closed. 1937 After the "August 13th" incident, Shanghai fell, and Shenbao was automatically suspended for resisting Japanese news censorship. Later, he moved to Hankou and Hong Kong to run a newspaper, and moved back to Shanghai 1938 in June. 194 1 1 February, when the Pacific War broke out, Shenbao was accepted and reorganized by the Japanese navy newspaper department and became the mouthpiece of Japanese puppet control. 1945 After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Shenbao was accepted as an enemy property by the Kuomintang, with Pan Gongzhan, the head of the Kuomintang "CC" organization in Shanghai, as the president and editor-in-chief, and Chen Ren, the younger brother, as the general manager and editor-in-chief. 1On May 27th, 949, as the gunfire of China People's Liberation Army liberated Shanghai gradually subsided, Shenbao ended with the title "Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo Road opened to Cixi, Ningbo was liberated, and Suzhou-Hebei was also eliminated". At this point, later generations have reached the following conclusion: China newspaper veteran Shen Bao did not die well, but was kidnapped by the Japanese Puppet and the Kuomintang.

Time has passed, looking back at the journey, many historical events are mixed. Whether people's feelings are admiration, regret, praise or disdain, this is, after all, the origin, starting point and the road we have traveled in China. Tracing back to Shenbao to understand the history for reference; Drawing lessons from history is to turn over an old page and usher in a new one.