Types of stone materials

Natural stone refers to materials mined from natural rock mass and processed into blocks or plates. The two most basic stone materials used in architectural decoration industry are natural stone and artificial stone. Natural stone materials such as marble, granite and limestone. Natural stone materials used for architectural decoration mainly include granite and marble. Natural stone is one of the oldest civil engineering materials. Natural stone has the advantages of high compressive strength, good wear resistance and durability, beautiful and decorative surface after processing, wide distribution of resources, abundant reserves, convenient local materials and low production cost. In ancient and modern civil engineering, it was used to build city walls, bridges and houses. Main materials for road water conservancy projects. It is one of the main decorative materials in modern civil engineering.

Natural stone can be roughly divided into three categories. Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and consolidation of molten or partially molten substances such as magma, and granite is a kind of igneous rocks. Sedimentary rocks are the weathering products of other rocks and some volcanic eruptions in places not too deep on the earth's surface, which are rocks and sandstones formed by the transportation, deposition and diagenesis of water or glaciers. Metamorphic rock is a kind of stone that naturally degenerates into another kind under the mixed action of high temperature, high pressure and minerals. Marble, slate, quartzite and jade all belong to metamorphic rocks.

Granite is a very hard igneous rock with high density, scratch resistance and corrosion resistance. Very suitable for floors and kitchen countertops. There are hundreds of kinds of granite.

Marble refers to sedimentary rocks or metamorphic carbonate rocks, including marble, dolomite, limestone, sandstone, shale and slate, and is a derivative of limestone. Marble is a kind of metamorphic rock that can be polished. Marble is soft and easy to be scratched or corroded by acidic substances. There are countless kinds of marble in the world. I recommend a new product-wood grain jade chips.

Limestone is a sedimentary rock, which is composed of calcite and sediments, forming various colors.

Sandstone is also a sedimentary rock, mainly composed of loose quartz sand particles, with rough texture, and there are many kinds of sandstone to choose from.

Slate is a metamorphic rock. The original rock is argillaceous, silty or neutral tuff, which can be stripped into thin slices along the foliation direction. The color of slate varies with the impurities it contains, and the iron-containing ones are red or yellow. Carbon is black or gray; Calcium bubbles when it meets hydrochloric acid, so it is generally named and classified by color, such as green slate, black slate and calcareous slate. Artificial stone is made of unnatural mixture, such as resin, cement, glass beads, bauxite powder, etc. And gravel binder. Artificial stone (also called artificial marble). Artificial stone appeared in America 30 years ago. In China, artificial stone products were first used as decorative materials in some developed coastal cities in the mid-1990s, and became widely popular a few years later.

Cultural stone is a kind of stone mine mined in nature, in which slate, sandstone and quartzite are processed to become a decorative building material. Cultural stone is hard in texture, bright in color, rich in texture and different in style, and has the characteristics of compression resistance, wear resistance, fire resistance, cold resistance, corrosion resistance and low water absorption.

The so-called marble refers to sedimentary rocks or metamorphic carbonate rocks, including marble, dolomite, limestone, sandstone, shale and slate. For example, the famous white marble in China is dolomite produced in Fangshan, Yunnan marble is marble produced in Dali County, and the famous Dandong Green is serpentine skarn. Similarly, all kinds of magmatic rocks mined as stone materials, such as andesite, diabase, greenstone and gneiss, are called granite. For example, the white granite in Beijing Baihujian is granite, Jinan black is gabbro, and the black granite in Qingdao is diabase.

Artificial stone is a synthetic decorative material. According to the different binders used, it can be divided into organic artificial stone and inorganic artificial stone. According to the different production processes, it can be divided into four types: polyester artificial marble, composite artificial marble, silicate artificial marble and sintered artificial marble. Stone must be maintained in time to reach its due level. What should I do if the gloss drops more than the maintenance and recovery ability? You can't reach the recovery level.

The correct maintenance method is to adopt the maintenance technology in time before the glossiness of stone decreases less than the recovery ability of maintenance measures. After the maintenance is completed, the gloss can basically reach the original level, so that the stone will remain as good as new for a long time and be in an ideal state of use.

Because of the natural characteristics of stone and its connection with various forms of chemicals, stone will suffer from diseases and weathering in its environment, which is caused by internal factors of stone. On the other hand, the deterioration of the use environment, such as acid rain, pollution, humidity and so on. It is also the main cause of various problems and diseases that lead to and accelerate stones. The consequences of these problems and injuries are serious. From the natural weathering damage of ancient stone cultural relics to all kinds of natural damage and pathological changes of building stones today, the losses caused are enormous. Then, how to effectively prevent this situation and avoid and control the occurrence of these injuries and lesions to the maximum extent becomes more and more important. Waxing is widely used as a method to protect stones. It is mainly used on paved stone floors. However, the protective effect on stone is limited, the weather resistance is poor, the antifouling effect is not ideal, and dust is easy to attach. Now people also find that waxing will do some harm to the stone, because waxing is applied to the surface of the stone as an airtight sealing and protection material, and the water inside and behind the stone can not be emitted after the pores of the stone are closed, and it will accumulate in the stone for a long time, leading to the disease of the stone. There is also liquid wax water, which is usually painted on the inner wall. This is a membrane material, the main disadvantage is that it affects the natural texture of stone. The appearance of infiltration protection products is a great progress in the development and research of stone protection products, but it has not been used for a long time in China. This product mostly takes solvent or water as the medium, and brings some effective waterproof materials into the stone to form a deep protective barrier to keep water and some liquid pollution out. This kind of penetration protection product not only does not change the natural texture of stone, but also maintains the permeability of stone, with superior performance and scientific rationality. However, due to different materials, some products have different waterproof, antifouling and oil-proof effects, but most products have better effects.

For the selection and use of stone protection products, besides knowing the product performance, we should also pay attention to the following points: (1) compatibility. Choose products that have no effect on stone color. If it is wet bonding construction, it is necessary to check whether the back treatment of stone will affect the bonding between stone and cement. (2) In the case of wet bonding construction, it is necessary to treat the back and side of the stone, so it is necessary to choose protective agents with good waterproof effect. (3) The protective agent of the ground stone is waterproof on the back, and the front of the stone is properly protected according to different use environments. Some special places, such as hospitals, should choose products with good antifouling performance, and hotels should choose protective articles with good antifouling and oil-proof effects. (4) Dry hanging stone is of little significance. For the front, you can choose the corresponding protective equipment for treatment according to the use environment and the characteristics of stone. (5) Stone materials that are prone to pathological changes, such as some gray granite and marble, often rust or spit yellow under wet conditions. It is very important to do waterproof treatment, and the protective agent should be chosen with good waterproof effect. (6) When granite tailings with loose materials and high water absorption rate are used in public environment, products with good waterproof, antifouling and flood-proof effects must be selected, so that once they are polluted, they can be easily cleaned. After the stone is polluted by organic matter, the color of the polluted part will deepen, it will not fade for a long time, and it will also absorb dust. Organic pollutants mainly come from oil pollution and contact with animals, especially where people often touch with their hands. In fact, it is often in the most conspicuous place, the most exquisite place for decorative stone, and also the place where human beings have the closest contact. For example, stair handrails are generally decorated with special-shaped high-grade marble. The most unsuitable thing is to use white marble sculpture as decoration in public places. It is conceivable that this material is polluted in such an environment.

Inferior organic joint sealant will also cause pollution of dry-hung stone curtain wall. On the one hand, the edge of the stone plate is impregnated, and on the other hand, the reason why rust spots are adsorbed on the dust in the air can be generally divided into two types:

The first rust spot is caused by iron contained in the stone itself. Generally speaking, every kind of stone itself contains iron. When the rain touches the iron in the stone, it will slowly form rust spots. This rust spot is difficult to remove and takes a long time to deal with. Kline KL608 powerful rust remover can be used, which has strong permeability and can penetrate into the pores on the stone surface to ensure the thoroughness of cleaning, and can effectively remove rust spots without harming the stone. Industrial hydrogen peroxide or other corrosive strong acids must be avoided. The most important thing is how to prevent the regeneration of rust spots. The most effective method is to carry out protective treatment immediately after rust removal to prevent water from infiltrating into stone and avoid rust spot regeneration.

The second kind of rust spots are foreign objects, such as steel grit left during processing or ironware and decorative metal devices during construction. This rust spot is easy to remove, and Kline KL308 rust remover can be used. Generally speaking, it is not easy to completely remove the rust spots on stone after they are produced. Therefore, it is better to protect the stone before installation than after completion, because the external wall is quite high after completion, and the construction is not easy, and the stone may come into contact with acid rain during installation, so it is best to protect it before construction to prevent rust and pollution. The phenomenon of stone rust spots is shown in the figure: Because the building is in a pivotal position, the relative pollution is particularly serious. Because of the porosity and water absorption of stone itself, air pollution, dust, acid gas in the air and exhaust gas from cars and locomotives are all piled up on the surface of stone. When it rains, acid rain will accelerate the erosion of stone, adsorb in the pores of stone, and produce stains that are difficult to clean. Especially for the stone with burning surface, these pollutions form faster and are not easy to clean, and cannot be removed only by commercially available cleaning agents. If it is a smooth stone, these luster will be eroded away quickly.

Therefore, in order to remove these pollutions, stone cleaning agents can be used. This special cleaning agent for stone can completely remove the pollution that seeps into pores without hurting stone. If you want to prevent the stone from being polluted again, you can do another protective treatment after the stone is cleaned and the surface of the stone is dry. This osmotic protective agent can penetrate into the stone to form a protective layer, which has the functions of waterproof, antifouling, alkali resistance, rust prevention, oil prevention, windproof, anti-aging, acid and alkali resistance, tea stains prevention, cola, soy sauce and the like, and can

Pre-protection treatment of external wall pollution: Generally speaking, the external wall of stone is relatively high, and once it is polluted, it is extremely inconvenient to clean. If the protective treatment can be done in advance, there will be no pollution problem after the completion, and the daily cleaning work can only be wiped with clean water. Moreover, the cost of protective treatment before construction is low, and the construction is easy. The use of stone protective agent improves the trouble of time-consuming and laborious protective treatment in the past. This method has been widely used in foreign stone engineering. After the stone is finished, it will not dry for a long time, and always leaves wet marks on the surface, which is also commonly known as water spots. The causes of water damage are very complicated. Some scholars believe that the water absorption rate of stone is high, and the stone is not well protected. Atmospheric precipitation or water seepage from buildings seeps into the stone, which makes the stone in a state of water saturation, thus forming water spots. Specific problems should be treated in a specific way. If there is water leakage in some parts of the building, such as toilets or water rooms that have been flooded for a long time, or water spots appear in rainwater pipes, it is in line with the above viewpoint. The problem is that water spots generally appear on the walls of buildings with insufficient water or on the floors of high-rise buildings. This phenomenon can't be explained by the above viewpoint, so we need to take some measures to analyze the composition and source of the water spots, find out the root cause of the water spots and deal with them pertinently. It can be said that water spot is the most common lithiasis in our stone application and nursing industry, and it is also a difficult problem with the most complicated cause and the most difficult treatment, which needs to be solved with great efforts in the future.

It can be said that it is very difficult to remove water stains, because the formation of water stains is very complicated, including cement, acid rain, white flowers, poor sandy quality, and the pollution of stone from underground, which causes the deterioration of stone itself. This kind of deteriorated stone is not easy to clean, so the only way to prevent water damage is to prevent it. In order to prevent the formation of water stains, stone protectants can be used before construction. Protecting the stone before construction can effectively avoid the formation of water spots and achieve good antifouling effect. Baihua is the phenomenon of white powder or sagging on the stone surface or joint filling, which mostly occurs outdoors or in places rich in water, such as flower terraces, outdoor stairs and joint filling of external walls.

When installing stone by wet method, alkaline substances such as calcium hydroxide filled in cement mortar on the back of stone are dissolved by a large amount of water and penetrate into the stone surface or false joints. Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide in the air or SO2 sulfuric acid compound in acid rain to generate calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate, which will crystallize out to form albino body when water evaporates.

The formation factors of white flowers in stone are similar to water spots. A large amount of water and alkali metal ions are the causes of white flowers. Among them, water plays the role of destroyer. After dissolving alkali metal ions, it permeates the stone surface or fills gaps through capillary phenomenon, further forming white flowers. Therefore, preventing moisture and alkali metal ions from infiltrating into the stone surface or falsely filling the joints can prevent the occurrence of hoarfrost.

Measures to prevent white flowers are: before installation, protect the stone (front, five sides or six sides, depending on the engineering requirements), prevent the stone from absorbing too much water, prevent the front of the stone from entering water or the underground water source from infiltrating into the cement mortar below the stone, and prevent the alkali metal ions of the cement mortar from infiltrating into the stone, resulting in white flowers. Select the joint filling material suitable for stone and apply it according to the correct construction method. High-quality caulking materials and correct use methods can prevent frost from appearing at the caulking place. When mixing cement mortar, adopt low water cement ratio or add water reducing agent. Reducing too much water can avoid frost. Adding waterproofing agent to cement mortar can prevent metal ions from being dissolved by a large amount of water and seeping out of the stone surface to form white flowers. Choose pollution-free bone materials, such as avoiding using sea sand with more calcium, magnesium and sodium plasma, avoiding using groundwater with more minerals as mixed water, reducing the source of metal ions and reducing the probability of blooming. Measures to form flowers:

You can choose a professional stone cleaning agent. KL7 10 alkali remover is mainly developed according to various whitening characteristics of ceramic tile and stone surface, which can clean natural whitening substance and whitening substance (whitening substance) on the surface of ceramic tile, decorative tile, clay product, natural stone and concrete product respectively.

Using stone protectant after cleaning can prevent the stone from blooming again.

Shi Baihua (pan-alkali) phenomenon is shown in the figure below: