How about shipbuilding and navigation technology in Han Dynasty? Are there any famous examples?

The shipbuilding industry in Han dynasty has been very developed. According to the records of ancient books and the study of modern unearthed ship models of the Han Dynasty, we can know that various types of ships were built in the Han Dynasty according to different purposes and needs, including passenger ships, cargo ships and warships. Passenger ships include official ships and civilian ships; There are Ge, Zhou, Zhou, Zhou, Zhou, Zhou, Zhou, Zhou and so on. Many warships are developed from civilian ships. The manufacturing requirements of warships are much higher than those of civilian ships. The structure and performance requirements of warships are very high. First of all, they must be strong, able to resist enemy attacks, aggressive, equipped with offensive weapons, fast, flexible and free to advance and retreat. Therefore, warships represented the shipbuilding ability and technical level at that time. There are also many kinds of warships, such as Gechuan, Qiaochuan, Douchuan, Dianzi [Meng Ch not ng] mé ngch ū ng] and Louchuan.

China's shipbuilding technology was mature in the Han Dynasty. "Shipbuilding" can best explain the superb shipbuilding technology in Han Dynasty. Shipbuilding is synonymous with the navy and the general name of warships. For example, sailors are called shipbuilders and shipbuilders, and the navy will call schools "shipbuilders" and "shipbuilders". In the third year of Yuanshou (BC120th year), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the construction of Kunchi in the southwest of Chang 'an, 40 miles away from Fiona Fang, and built boats in the pond. This ship can lift tall buildings, so it is called a construction ship. This is an important type of warship in Han Dynasty. Boats existed in the Qin dynasty, but in the Han dynasty, their scale and shape were much larger than those in the Qin dynasty, and their heavy appearance was an important symbol of the high development of shipbuilding industry in the Han dynasty. According to Records of the Historian, "The more we have to fight against China ships, the more we have to overhaul the Kunming pool and build boats, which are more than ten feet high and have strong flags on them." The shell of this building is very high, with three floors above it. The first floor is called "Lu" and "Like Lu Society". The second floor, that is, "the treasure above is called flying, and it is on the ground, so it is called flying"; On the third floor, "I went to Jue (sparrow) room again and waited in the middle like a bird warning" (Liu Xi's Explanation of Names). There is a female wall on each of the three floors, which is used to defend against the enemy's arrows. There is a shooting window on the female wall. In order to defend against the enemy's swords and flames, sometimes the ship will be covered with leather and other things. The building and ship are fully equipped, and running tools such as ropes, paddles and sails have been used. Around the construction ship, the battle flags are still hung, which is magnificent. Sometimes, there are nearly a hundred tall ships in Kunming pool. In the Han Dynasty, more than 200 ships and 200,000 navies could be dispatched in one battle. In the battle, the fleet was equipped with various combat vessels. The foremost warship is called "the first landing"; There are also narrow and long warships that impact enemy ships. There is a kind of red scissors as light and fast as running a horse called "red horse"; In addition, there is a heavy armed ship called "sill", which uses double boards from top to bottom, and there are boards on all sides to defend the arrow stone, and its interior is like a sill. There are also main warships, such as exposure stack, mutation, battleship. Both the floor ship and the Ge ship are big ships, both of which are above 500 hoops. There is also a cabin on board, called "scout", to observe the advance and retreat of the enemy. 300 is called "■". A boat with 200 hoops or less is called a boat. If you behave well, one person will do. There are also "stern ■" and "■" (■), both of which are large sailboats. In addition, there are bigger ships, such as the palace above the Zhang Yu ship (Xi ā ng township, also read chuān ship), which can carry 10,000 people. "Ten thousand people" may be too exaggerated. Even carrying "thousands of people", the load capacity has reached 90- 100 tons.

A large number of ships were built in the Han Dynasty. At that time, all the ships built were calculated by the length of "Zhang", and some big businessmen's ships were 1000.

Archaeological excavation can also prove the developed shipbuilding industry and advanced shipbuilding technology in Han Dynasty. 1973- 1974, a wooden boat model was unearthed in the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Fenghuang Mountain, Jiangling, Hubei Province. It is 7 1 cm long, and the widest part in the middle is 10.5 cm. The head is narrow, the tail is slightly wider, the bottom is flat and spindle-shaped, and both ends are streamlined and upturned. The wooden slips unearthed at the same time as the ship model also contain the information of the ship.

1951-1952 A boat model with 16 oars and two small heads and a large middle was found in No.203 Western Han Tomb unearthed in Changsha. There are regular nail holes on both sides of the ship model and on the front and rear decks. It shows that this ship adopted the advanced nailing technology in the world at that time.

1955, a ceramic boat model was unearthed from a tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the suburbs of Guangzhou. The ship is divided into three compartments: front, middle and back. Each compartment has a roof, three paddles on both sides of the bow, eight beams in the compartment, and side walkways for poles and rudder anchors on both sides of the ship. It is a medium-sized inland river passenger and cargo ship with only part of the deck.

1975, a huge ancient shipyard site was excavated in Guangzhou, and three large slipways were found, which could build several wooden boats weighing 50-60 tons at the same time. According to research, this is a shipbuilding site in Qin and Han Dynasties. In addition, there are Qin and Han shipbuilding workshops in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi.

There were many naval bases in the Western Han Dynasty. The naval standing army is stationed in various important places along the river and the sea, and belongs to the jurisdiction of the county magistrate. The main naval bases in the Western Han Dynasty were Zhang Yu (Nanchang, Jiangxi), Xunyang (Jiujiang, Jiangxi), Lujiang (Anqing, Anhui), Huiji (Suzhou, Jiangsu), Zhang Ju (Qiantang River in Yuyao, Zhejiang entered Hangzhou Bay) and Bochang (Boxing, Shandong entered Laizhou Bay). Lujiang and Huiji counties are also important shipbuilding bases.

With a powerful navy, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty completed the unification of the feudal separatist regimes in Dong 'ou (now southeast of Zhejiang Province), Fujian and Vietnam (parts of Guangdong and Guangxi), consolidated the coastal areas, and laid the foundation for the smooth navigation of the southeast and south coastal routes, thus opening up the Maritime Silk Road.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also went to the sea seven times, not only very close, sometimes once a year, but also until two years before his death, at the age of 69.

First sea patrol: In the first month of spring in the first year of Yuanfeng (BC 1 10), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made his first sea patrol to the East. In Donglai (now Ye County, Shandong Province), Qi people took the opportunity to tell the story of the sea. He sent a fleet of 1,000 people equivalent to Xu Fudong crossing the river to explore the road of Japan. Even personally led the fleet to Penglai to seek immortality. Thanks to the efforts of ministers. Then he traveled from Bohai to Jieshi, east to western Liaoning, and then returned to the capital Chang 'an in May.

The second sea patrol: In the first month of the second year of Yuanfeng (BC 109), it was only half a year before the first sea patrol. Emperor Wu visited Donglai for several months, hoping that the immortals would see nothing. Go back to Chang 'an in April. In autumn, General Zuo Xun Bi [Zhi Zhi] sent troops from western Liaoning, and General Yang Fu, a shipbuilding general, led 50,000 water troops to cross the Bohai Sea from Shandong, attacking North Korea by land and water. This two-way marching route is the same as Emperor Wu's first trip to the east and western Liaoning. It can be seen that this sea patrol still needs to open a route to Japan. The following year, due to the internal division of the Korean ruling group, Weishi Korea perished. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up Fan Zhen (near Kaesong, North Korea), Lintun (south of South Hamgyong Road, North Korea), Le Lang (south of Pyongyang, North Korea) and Xuantu (near Qingyuan, Liaoning) in the Weishi Korean ruling area to open up overseas air routes. Since then, the barrier between China and Japan (North Korea) has been opened, and a large number of Han Chinese have migrated to South Korea and Japan, and Japanese can also come to China via North Korea.

The third sea patrol: In the winter of the fifth year of Yuanfeng (BC 106), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first toured the shipbuilding bases in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Jiangxi and Hunan, and then led a huge fleet from Xunyang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi and Huangmei, Hubei), "floating on the river from Xunyang and shooting into Jiaojiang to get it". Down the river, I went to Anqing to inspect the Zongyang (Anhui Zongyang) shipbuilding base at the mouth of Caizihu below Anqing to replenish ships and sailors. Then, I went downstream, out of the Yangtze River estuary, into the East China Sea, and went north along the coast to Langxie. March, back to Mount Tai, April back to Chang 'an. For the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and coastal areas, Lujiang (Anqing and Zongyang in Anhui) naval base is more important than Xunyang (Jiangxi) naval base.

Fourth Sea Patrol: In October of the sixth year of Yuanfeng (BC 105), Liang Wudi made a sea patrol to the east to find the whereabouts of the fairy-seeking ship sent out to sea in the first year of Yuanfeng. As no one came back, he sent the second fleet to the east.

Fifth Sea Patrol: In the first month of spring in the third year (BC 102), Liang Wudi made another sea patrol, searching for immortals at sea and learning about the fleet, but he still didn't come back. In April, Mount Tai was sealed and the Zen Stone Pavilion (under Mount Tai, the alchemist thought it was a fairy pavilion) was returned to Chang 'an.

Sixth cruise to the sea: In February of the third year of Taishi (94 BC), Emperor Wudi traveled eastward again to seek immortality and ward off evil spirits, and then crossed the sea to Chengshan and Zhifu, "crossing the sea and returning".

Seventh Sea Patrol: In the first month of the spring of Zheng He's fourth year (89 BC), Liang Wudi made his last sea patrol to Donglai, trying to seek the holy mountain by himself, but his ministers refused to listen. It happened that there was a strong wind blowing at sea for more than ten days, and the sea was boiling, so the ship could not leave the port and had to return. In March, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty regretted his past mistakes, adopted Tian's suggestion and cancelled all alchemists' demands for immortals. Later, every pair of ministers of Emperor Wu sighed: "I was stupid and cheated by the alchemist. Are there any immortals in the world? It's all crazy talk, or go on a diet to take medicine and get sick less. "

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty tried his best to open up maritime traffic and devoted himself to the exchanges between countries at sea. With the efforts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty finally opened three important sea routes.

1. North from Dandong, Liaoning, south to the north-south coastal route of Bailunkou, Guangxi.

2. From Shandong coast to Korea and Japan via the Yellow Sea.

3. Maritime Silk Road: Xuwen and Hepu routes.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian twice in the third year of Jianyuan (138 BC) and the fourth year of Yuanshou (1 19 BC). -BC 1 14) to the western regions. It opened up a transport and trade channel between China and the West-the "Silk Road" on land.

China has been famous for its silk since ancient times. The ancient Greeks called silk ser, which came from the pronunciation of the word "silk". Seres (people who make silk) later expanded to China, the origin of silk. The ancient Greeks once called China Cyrus. After the opening of the Silk Road, China silk was exported to Daqin (that is, the Roman Empire), but it had to be resold by merchants in an ancient country in West Asia (including the Iranian Plateau and the two river basins). The Romans hoped to find a sea passage to China. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Great Qin paid tribute. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), the State of Daqin paid tribute to Hua Ti. Its color is very handsome, it is six feet high, its tail surrounds its body, its horns are fleshy, its hooves are like lotus flowers, and it is good at walking with greater strength.

Sailboats in the Han Dynasty opened a route from the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean, which was the first ocean-going route in China's history and the earliest overseas trade in the world.

The earliest and relatively complete record of the South China Sea and Indian Ocean routes in China ancient literature can be found in Hanshu Geography: "Starting from Japan, Nanzhangsai (now the Lingjiangkou of Hue, Vietnam), Xuwen (now xuwen county, Guangdong) and Hepu (now Hepu County, Guangxi) can sail in May, and Duyuanguo (Sumatra) is available; In April, the ship set sail again, and Lu Yi (now near Bago, Myanmar) had no country; Sailing for more than 20 days, leaving the country (now along the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar); It can be walked for more than ten days, and there is Fugan Dulubang (near Beimu in the middle reaches of the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar today); From Fukandulu to February, there was Huang Zhiguo (near Madras, India today); Folklore is slightly similar to Zhu Ya. Its state is vast, with many accounts and many foreign bodies. They have existed since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. There is an interpreter, Huang Men, who went to sea with the applicant. City pearls, city walls, strange stones and gold are mixed together. Wherever we go, the country depends on food, barbarians and ships, and they are transferred to it, which is also conducive to trading, killing people and being submerged in the storm. Otherwise, it will be paid back for several years. When the area around Dazhu was less than two inches, Emperor Ping was in the Yuan Dynasty, and Wang Mang was in charge. He wanted to show off, leaving a thick legacy to Huang, and ordered the envoy to give birth to a rhinoceros. From Huangzhichuan to Pizong in August (Baiqiang Estuary in Kela Isthmus, Malay Peninsula); The ship can sail in February and reach the border between Rinan (now central Vietnam) and Xianglin (now southern Guangxi and southern Weichuan). South of Huang Zhi Branch, there was a journey to the country (now Sri Lanka), and the Chinese translation was returned from then on. "

This is a true portrayal of China ships sailing in the Indian Ocean through the South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca. That is, from Xuwen in Guangdong and Hepu in Guangxi to the South China Sea and then to India and Sri Lanka, with Sri Lanka as a transit point. China can buy pearls, colored glasses, strange stones and foreign objects from here. Silk from China can be transported to Rome, thus opening up the Maritime Silk Road.

According to the "Natural History" written by Pliny (AD 23-79), a knowledgeable scientist in ancient Rome, four people, including Sri Lankan Raccis, went to Rome by boat. According to Raccis, he told the Romans that his father had been to China himself. It is also said that both China and Rome have direct links with Sri Lanka. Pliny also said that Roman nobles "threw themselves into the depths of rivers and seas to catch pearls". Roman nobles not only took the jewels for themselves, but also used them to "go to Ju Lushi (China) for cloth (silk)". "According to the lowest calculation, the currency of China (referring to Rome) flows into India, Thrace and Arabia every year, no less than 1 100 million times." (1) Only by going back and forth many times can a large amount of silk be transported to Rome in exchange for "strange stones and foreign objects", and the trade volume of 100 million companies can be reached.

In the ninth year of Yan Xi in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 166), "Denton, king of Daqin, sent an envoy to offer ivory, rhinoceros horn and tortoise shells outside the southern emblem of Japan." This is the earliest record of direct friendly exchanges between China and European countries. This kind of friendly exchange broke through the transit of Sri Lanka and was directly carried out by connecting the east and west sea routes.

The development of shipbuilding and navigation industry in Han dynasty also showed the richness of navigation knowledge. In the Han dynasty, when the compass could not be used for navigation, navigators could only determine their course by observing the stars, especially the Big Dipper and Polaris, according to their experience. "If the husband is confused by the boat, he doesn't know anything. If he sees a fight, he will be embarrassed. " ("Huainanzi Qi Customs") In terms of meteorological changes, the Han Dynasty knew how to observe and judge the wind direction and know how to sail with the monsoon. The wind is very important. Sailing downstream, plus downwind, is fast and safe. If you sail against the current and against the wind, you will sail slowly and be prone to danger. Sailors attach great importance to this monsoon, which changes direction with the seasons and comes regularly.

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