Information about the Yellow River

The Yellow River, known as the Great River in ancient times, originated in bayan har, Qinghai Province, and flowed through nine provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong, and finally merged into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Shandong Province. The main river is 5,464 kilometers long, second only to the Yangtze River, and is the second longest river in China. The Yellow River is also the fifth longest river in the world.

The Yellow River reaches Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a total length of 3,472 kilometers. The middle reaches are from Hekou Town to Taohuayu, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, with a river length of 1206 km. Below Taohuayu is the downstream, with a river length of 786 kilometers. There are many opinions on the division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Resources Commission is adopted here. The Yellow River runs across China from east to west, with a length of 1.900 km from east to west and a width of1.654,38+0.000 km from north to south, with a total area of 752,443 square kilometers.

The annual average flow of the Yellow River 1774.5 m3/s, the annual average natural runoff of the whole river is 58 billion m3, the annual average runoff depth of the basin is 77 mm, the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 m3, and the per mu yield of cultivated land is 324 m3.

The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, and tributaries bring a lot of sediment, making the Yellow River the largest river with sediment concentration in the world. The annual maximum sediment discharge is 3965438+ 1 100 million tons (1933), and the maximum sediment concentration is 920kg/m3( 1977). The average sediment discharge of Sanmenxia Station for many years is about 65.438+0.6 billion tons, and the average sediment concentration is 35 kg/m3.

Yellow river allusions

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the birthplace of Chinese civilization. There are many anecdotes related to the Yellow River, all of which are related to its hydrogeological characteristics.

a tower of strength

The idiom "mainstay" refers to a strong person or group that can play a pillar role, just like a pillar standing in the flood of the Yellow River. The mainstay mountain is actually a boulder, located in the rapids of Sanmenxia section of the Yellow River, and it is a stone island, which is called "mainstay" or "mainstay". The water of the Yellow River flows into the canyon, and is bound by rocks on both sides of the river into a narrow stream, which rushes to the stone pillars, forming a rapid vortex, splitting into two streams and leaving the Sanmenxia Valley. The scene is thrilling. In the past, the Yellow River was well-developed and was the main channel for shipping. But in Sanmenxia section, people often hit the rocks. Even the mountains under the water are called "rice piles" and "grain piles". When the boat behind reached this point, the boatman disembarked and pulled it over. The legendary pillar is used to calm the waves of the river, but in the eyes of boatmen, it is a navigation mark. The stone was originally engraved with the words "follow me", which means to drive to it. As long as the ship comes towards it, when it is about to hit, the waves in front of the pillar will return to the water, just pushing the ship to a safe channel, which is very magical.

Speaking of Yellow River shipping, it has played an important role in history. Therefore, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a record of "boating after being defeated by Jin". Both the Western Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty took Chang 'an as their capital, and used the Yellow River and Weishui Waterway to connect the Canal with Jianghuai, making Chang 'an an an international metropolis with convenient transportation. On the other hand, there are many dangerous shoals in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River, with rapid current and much sediment in the middle and lower reaches, which is not conducive to navigation. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, highways and railways have risen, waterways have not been integrated for a long time, and the Yellow River waterway has declined.

There is a saying in history that "saints come out of Huang Heqing". But can the water in the Yellow River become clear? The Yellow River is very clear in Qinghai, but after flowing through the Loess Plateau, tributaries bring a lot of sediment. This is mainly because of the environmental damage caused by human activities, resulting in soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. At present, the sediment flowing into the Yellow River every year is beyond human control. Although the long-term efforts have achieved certain results and reduced the sediment by 50%, there are still 800 million tons downstream, and the Yellow River still cannot be dredged. It's hard to be a saint. When the sage comes out, the Yellow River will be treated first. This sentence is changed to "when the sage comes out, Huang Heqing comes out".

Yue longmen, a carp ―― Climbing the social ladder.

"Carp yue longmen". Longmen is at the southernmost tip of Shanxi-Shaanxi Canyon, 65 kilometers north of Hukou Waterfall. South of Longmen is the open Guanzhong Plain. The Yellow River water enters the wide river bed from the narrow Longmenkou, and the nature of the river course has changed greatly. Longmen is formed because its East Longmen Mountain and its West Liangshan Mountain are close to each other and become a narrow portal with a width of only 100 meters, which binds the river and forms a swift current. Whenever the flood season, the water level rises, and after the narrow valley, the valley widens, and the water level drops sharply, with a great drop, so there is a saying that "Longmen falls into the water three times". The legend of "Carp yue longmen" refers to jumping here. It is said that the little carp is not afraid of difficulties and dangers, scrambling to jump into Jackie Chan's door. You can jump and become Jackie Chan immediately. Only those indomitable carp can eventually become Jackie Chan. For thousands of years, this legend has also inspired the descendants of the Chinese people to work hard and struggle endlessly. The ancients thought that this Longmen Gorge was opened by Dayu, so it was also called "Yumenkou".

There are many bends in the Yellow River, which is called "Nine Curves of the Yellow River". The Yellow River turned many big bends on the Loess Plateau and roared away. The high-pitched folk songs that left Xintianyou still reverberate in our ears: "Do you know? How many bays are there in the Yellow River in the world? There are 99 Yellow River bays in the world ... ". In ancient times, "nine" and "ninety-nine" meant "many", indicating that the Yellow River was curved. From the source to the Yellow River estuary, there are many big bends. There are six big bends in the main stream, and there are many small bends, mostly in the Loess Plateau. In the big bend, there are three 180 degrees, two/90 degrees and 1 45 degrees. The general trend of the Yellow River forms a tortuous bend, and the general flow direction is still from west to east. The straight-line distance from the source to the estuary is only 2068 kilometers, but the actual flow is 5464 kilometers, which is 2.64 times of the straight-line distance.

The Yellow River has a horseshoe-shaped bend called "Hetao". As the saying goes, "The Yellow River is full of disasters, but it is not rich in one episode". The set mentioned here refers to the Hetao area. The Yellow River, originally from west to east, runs from Gansu to Ningxia Zhongwei, along Helan Mountain to the north, and then eastward to He Lin, Inner Mongolia. It suddenly turned around in Tuoketuo County, and turned a big bend along Luliang Mountain to the south. This unique big bend is like a big cloth covering the Ningmeng Plain, so people call it "Hetao". Hetao Plain starts from Helan Mountain and Daqingshan in the west, reaches Hohhot and Helinger in the east, reaches Ordos Plateau in the south, reaches Langshan and Daqingshan in the north, and runs through Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. Part of Ningxia is called Tao Xi, also called Ningxia Plain or Yinchuan Plain; Inner Mongolia is called Tao Dong, which is divided into pre-set and post-set, collectively known as Hetao Plain. The Yellow River flows through here and is located in the plain. The river is wide and the current is gentle. People have built many water conservancy projects, diverted water from the Yellow River, and formed the Yellow River irrigation area, which made the grain and cotton rich and "blocked the south of the Yangtze River".

You can't wash it clean if you jump into the Yellow River. The original meaning of this sentence is that you have suffered a lot of grievances, even if you jump into a big river like the Yellow River, you can't wash it away. In fact, no matter who jumps into the Yellow River, you can't get rid of it. The reason for saying this is because of the sediment of the Yellow River. The Yellow River is famous for its rich sediment. The ancients in China often described the sediment concentration of the Yellow River as "one stone for yellow water, six buckets for mud" and "the Yellow River fights for water, and mud ranks seventh". The average sediment concentration of the Yellow River is 35 kilograms per cubic meter. Its sand quantity is unique among the rivers in the world. At the same time, the sediment particles in the Yellow River are very fine, and sometimes the river even turns into mud, which is really difficult to wash on your body. It's really "jumping into the Yellow River can't wash it off".

"How does the water of the Yellow River move out of the sky and into the ocean, never to return?" This poem is about the Yellow River rushing out from the distant horizon in the west and rolling east into the sea. Today, "how the water of the Yellow River moves to the sky" is often used to describe the phenomenon of "hanging the river" in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. "Hanging river" refers to a river whose riverbed is higher than the ground on both sides of the river, also known as "the river on the ground". The cause of the suspended river is that from a river with high sediment concentration to a river with open valley, small slope and gentle flow, a large amount of sediment accumulates, the riverbed keeps rising, and the water level correspondingly rises. In order to prevent water damage, the dams on both sides of the river have been continuously raised, and the riverbed has been higher than the ground on both sides of the river for a long time, becoming a "suspended river". After the Yellow River reaches the lower reaches, about 400 million tons of sediment is deposited in the lower reaches every year, and the riverbed is raised year by year, making the lower reaches of the Yellow River a world-famous "suspended river". At present, the riverbed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is generally 3-5m higher than the ground outside the dike, but it is as high as10m in Cao Gang, fengqiu county, Henan. It's really "how does the water of the Yellow River move out of the sky?" Because the river is higher than the ground, generally speaking, the lower reaches of the Yellow River below Zhengzhou become the watershed of Huaihe River and Haihe River. Strictly speaking, the banks of the Yellow River no longer belong to the Yellow River basin.

Sanmen Gorge

"Man Gate", "God Gate" and "Ghost Gate"-the origin of Sanmenxia's name. Sanmenxia is the last canyon before the Yellow River enters the Great Plains, and it is also the most dangerous canyon. The terrain here is steep, the water is fast, and the stone walls on both sides are steep. Two stone islands in the river divide the rapids into three streams. People call these three waterways "Manmen", "Shenmen" and "Ghost Gate", hence the name "Sanmenxia". The water in the gate of hell and the gate of Shen is sinister, as if only ghosts and gods can pass through; The door is a little slow, but it is also deep and fast, and it is difficult to sail. Now, the "three natural disasters" have disappeared, replaced by a dam across the canyon, like a silver ribbon, connecting Shanxi and Henan provinces. This is the first large-scale water conservancy project on the main stream of the Yellow River-Sanmenxia Water Control Project, which started on 1957.

"We should manage the Yellow River well"-Mao Zedong. In history, the Yellow River has been flooded for many times, with rapid water flow and large-scale river swing, which has led to frequent disasters in a large area between Huanghuai and Huanghai, and the disaster is painful. Rulers of past dynasties regarded river regulation as a major event. After the founding of New China, the central government attached great importance to the work of smelting yellow river. On 1952, when Mao Zedong visited Beijing for the first time, he chose the Yellow River, and on 1855, he took the breach of the copper tile box at the east dam head of Lankao as the inspection focus. He went from Likou, Jinan to the old course of the Yellow River in Xuzhou, Lankao to Liuyuankou, the northern suburb of Kaifeng, and from the foot of Mangshan Mountain to the People's Victory Canal on the north bank of the Yellow River. During this inspection, Mao Zedong demanded that "we must do a good job in the Yellow River".

Weihe river

Weihe River is the largest tributary of the Yellow River, which originates in Gansu and flows into the Yellow River through Shaanxi. Water mirror is a tributary of Weihe River, which originated in Ningxia. The two rivers meet in Zhang Cun, Gaoling County, Xi. The well-known idiom "totally different" comes from the intersection of two rivers. It is said that at the intersection of the water mirror and the Weihe River, it is clear and clear, and the boundaries are clear and not mixed. It is used to describe the clear boundaries. The ancients thought that Jing water was turbid and Wei water was clear. According to textual research, Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote Autumn Rain Sigh: "What is the difference between turbid water and clear water?" This idiom is probably the embryonic form. Then, can you still see a landscape where clear water and turbid water flow together and the two rivers are incompatible? It is still possible. However, when we came to the confluence of the two rivers, what we saw was that the Weihe River was muddy in the Shuijing River. Many experts personally went to the field and saw the phenomenon of turbidity. Modern Chinese Dictionary therefore interprets this idiom as "Jinghe River is clear, Weihe River is mixed, and when Jinghe River flows into Weihe River, it is clear and turbid." Some people also wrote articles on this, thinking that the ancients made a mistake and should be clear. What the hell is going on here? Were the ancients really wrong? In fact, judging from the region where it flows, the Weihe River flows from Wushushan Mountain in Gansu into Shaanxi and into the Yellow River, and the land it flows through is the Guanzhong Plain and Qinchuan, which are 800 miles long. Water mirror flows through the Loess Plateau, which is an area with serious soil erosion. As far as the sediment concentration of the river is concerned, it should be that the water mirror is greater than the Weihe River. According to statistics, at present, Jinghe River transports 304 million tons of sediment to Weihe River every year on average, and the average sediment concentration is per cubic meter 196 kg. Before being merged into Jinghe River, the Weihe River had an average annual sediment transport of 1.78 billion tons, with an average sediment concentration of 26.8 kg/m3. Numerically, it is still muddy and clear, especially in the dry season. However, in modern times, the Weihe River basin, especially in the upper reaches, has suffered serious environmental damage due to human activities, and soil erosion is also an important problem. Due to the mineral composition of the soil in the area where the Weihe River flows, when the sediment concentration of the Weihe River reaches per cubic meter 10 kg, the water color will be red and yellow. On the surface, the obvious natural landscape still exists, but the color of Weishui is deeper than that of Jingshui. It's not that the ancients did something wrong, it's the influence of future generations on the environment that can't be ignored. Because of this idiom, many people come to see this "unusual" place every year. Now, the local people are ready to develop this tourism resource and take tourists to "different" places with yachts.

-allusions and famous articles.

Ziqi came to King Zhao of Zhou in the east for twenty years, and Yin was ordered to pass Hangu Pass. When he saw the purple gas in the east and the steaming clouds in the clouds, he boarded the mound in front of the pass and looked out. He saw an old man (Lao Zi) riding a green cow from the east. I am here to help Lao Tzu write the world-famous Tao Te Ching. In order to commemorate this great event, later generations named the towering mound of Yin as the "Observatory of the Sky" and built a "Purple Pavilion" more than 30 feet high on the mound, which means "Purple gas comes from the east".

In 655 BC, I tried to cut Guo in a new way. A doctor named Gong once gave advice to him, saying that his relationship was as close as lips and teeth. Lips peeling, teeth will feel cold. Guo Guo is the barrier of Guo Yu. If the fruit dies, Guo Yu will die with it. Yugong refused to listen to Gong's words and agreed to the road taken by the State of Jin. As a result, after the state of Jin destroyed Guo, it returned to Li and destroyed Yuzhou.

The son of Qi in the Warring States period was a famous scholar, who was famous for his talent and growing popularity. Zhao Haoqi of the State of Qin knew about it and worshipped it. Later, some people under Qin Wang were jealous. Zhao Haoqi imprisoned Meng Changjun and tried to kill him. So he sent someone to ask the king of Zhao for help. Yuki wants foxes and white fur. In Meng Changjun, people can steal for dogs. They went to Qin Gong at night and learned to steal from dogs, so they were lucky. Fortunately, Ji is king, and he is exempted. Meng Changjun flew east and wanted to leave Hangu Pass. Wang Zhao regretted it, and people rushed to chase it. At that time, the practice was closed: the chicken crowed out the guest. Meng Changjun was shut down at midnight, fearing that people would catch up with him. Some guests can crow, so they learned to crow, and Meng Changjun passed the customs.

After Zhou Wuwang died in Zhao Zhou, his son became a young king, and King Wu's brothers Zhou Gongdan and Zhao Gong were used to help the government. At that time, the world was extremely unstable, and Zhou and Zhao decided to divide Shaanxi into two parts (the specific location of Shaanxi was divided, and the Water Classic Notes said that Shaanxi was the boundary, and the brackets recorded that Shaanxi was the original boundary). In this way, the Duke of Zhou can devote his main energy to guarding against the rebellion of the adherents of the Shang Dynasty and stabilizing the newly developed areas in the East. Zhao Gong's responsibility is to further develop agricultural production in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, establish a solid rear area, and relieve worries for the Zhou Dynasty to further expand its territory. The word "Shaanxi" in ancient books refers to the west of Shaanxi County. After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the name of Shaanxi Province also originated from this.

Zhao Gong left his love for the Duke of Zhou, asking him to govern Shaanxi, and Zhao Gong to govern the western counties of Shaanxi. According to legend, when he went to the countryside, he handled civil affairs in the field. Local officials asked the masses to make room for him to rest and cook tea for him. He immediately stopped him and said, "This is not my first monarch to learn from Wang Zhaogong and accept civil cases under the Li Tang tree, and sentenced him to prison by hearing the lawsuit. He made a fair decision, so that the people had no grievances, managed the land he was in charge in an orderly way, prospered the economy, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. Therefore, after Zhao Gong's death, people missed his achievements and pear trees and wrote Gan Tang's poems. Under the lush trees in Gan Tang, Zhao Gong's sympathy for people's feelings, benevolence and righteousness, as well as the eternal beautiful talk of "the legacy of Zhao Gong" were left behind.

In the first year of Tang Dynasty in Shihao Village (AD 758), Du Fu was demoted to join the army in Huazhou because of the case involving housing officials and moved from Luoyang to Huazhou. At this time, during the Anshi Rebellion, when I spent the night in Shihao Village (now Ganhao Village, Kannonji Town, Shaanxi County), I found that the residual suffering of conscription here was even worse than what I saw in Xin 'an. No soldiers during the day, but at night. He witnessed an old man fleeing over the wall, and the old woman begged and told the family's misfortune: "Three men were guarding Yecheng, and two died in battle-",which made people cry, and even inspired Du Fu's noble sentiment of worrying about the country and the people and condescending to the weak, so he wrote the famous poem "Shi Hao was an official": at dusk, officials were arrested at night. The old man climbed over the wall and left, while the old woman went out to watch. Why are officials angry? Why do women cry? Listen to the woman, "three people guarding yecheng. One man attached a book, and two men died. Those who drag out an ignoble existence are dead! There is no one in the room, only a baby and a grandson. And grandma didn't go, and there was no skirt in and out. Although the old woman is weak, please come back at night. " I'm in a hurry to wait on him and Yang, but I have to prepare for cooking in the morning. "The night is long and silent, like crying and choking. Dawn will rise into the future, leaving the old man alone.

The leader of Mianchi, Biographies of Historical Records of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, said: Money is quite worthy of Zhao worshipping Qi Yougong as prime minister. When Lin Xiangru was an official in Zhao, he ordered Miao Xian to give up his family. When Zhao Huiwen was king, he got Chu and Cui. Zhao Haoqi of Qin cheated the goods of fifteen cities. Zhao Wang recommended Miao Xian and sent Lin Xiangru to the State of Qin. Xiangru lived up to his mission, not only foiled the plot of the king of Qin, but also returned to Zhao intact. The prince of Zhao thought that a good doctor did not insult the princes and worshipped him as a doctor. Qin did not give Zhao, Zhao did not give Qin Bi, pulling Shicheng. Attack Zhao again next year and kill 20 thousand people. The king of Qin sent an envoy to tell the king of Zhao that he would meet him in Mianchi outside Xihe River. Wang Zhao was afraid of Qin, so he wanted to stop it. Lian Po and Lin Xiangru said, "You can't do it, which shows that Zhao is timid." . Wang Zhao followed closely, and followed suit. Lian Po sent him to the border and said to the king, "Wang, go and return the gifts you met in the Taoist temple. It is only 30 days. " . If you don't pay back the money within 30 days, please make the prince king, so as to completely destroy the king of Qin. Wang De, hence and Mianchi. The king of Qin shouted loudly and said, "I heard the good voice of the king of Zhao, so I would like to ask Qin Se." . Wang Zhao drum and harp. "The First Book of the Qin Empire" said: "One day, the king of Qin and the king of Zhao drank wine, which made the king of Zhao play drums." . Lin Xiangru said: "The king of Zhao secretly heard that the king of Qin was the voice of Qin, so he invited Qin to pay tribute to him for entertainment." . The king of Qin was furious and refused. So they went forward and knelt down to invite the king of Qin. The king of Qin refused to strike. Xiang Ru said, "Within five steps, Xiang Ru can spill blood on his neck!" " Think left and right like a blade, and think right like a slap. So the king of Qin was unhappy and got a punch. For example, Gu Zhao said in his book Suggesting Zhao Qian: "One day, the king of Qin attacked the king of Zhao." The ministers of Qin said, "Please take the fifteenth city of Zhao as the birthday of Qin." Lin Xiangru also said: "Please take Xianyang, Qin Dou as your birthday." The king of Qin actually drank wine, but he couldn't beat Zhao in the end. Dream of the Yellow River