Does Li Zicheng know that the Qing soldiers entered the customs?

Zicheng (1606- 1645) was the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty. Formerly known as Hongji. When he proclaimed himself emperor, he regarded Li as Mao. Licun, Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province. When I was a child, I worked as a shepherd for the landlord (once I said my family was rich) and as a postal courier in Yinchuan. In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), he rebelled and fought bravely under Gao Yingxiang. At the Xingyang Congress in 1988, he put forward an operational plan of dividing troops and attacking in four ways, which was approved by the leaders of various ministries and gained increasing prestige. The following year, after Gao Yingxiang's death, he continued to be called Chuangwang. Eleven years in Tongguan defeat, only rate Liu Zongmin and more than ten people, hidden in Shangluo (at the junction of Henan and Shaanxi) mountainous area. The next year, the mountain rose again. Thirteen years later, he was trapped in Yudu Mountain, Brazil, and broke through with fifty riders and entered Henan. At that time, the famine in the Central Plains was serious and the class contradictions were extremely acute. Yan Li put forward slogans such as "even the fields are not paid", which were welcomed by the broad masses of the people, and there was a ballad of "welcoming the king and refusing food". The army has grown to millions and become the main force of the peasant war. In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen (1643), Xiangyang was called Xinshun King. In the same year, in Ruzhou (now Linru), Henan Province, Sun Chuanting, the governor of Shaanxi Province in the Ming Dynasty, was completely annihilated and successfully occupied xi 'an. In the first month of the following year, the Dashun regime, named Yongchang, was established. Soon, he conquered Beijing and overthrew the Ming Dynasty. Because when the rebel leader won, he made a proud mistake and persecuted the Wu Sangui family. Forced to fight against Wu Sangui, Manchu nobles entered the customs and jointly attacked the peasant army. Faced with failure, he withdrew from Beijing and led his troops to Henan and Shaanxi. In the second year of Yongchang (1645), I visited Jiugong Mountain in Tongshan, Hubei. Li Zicheng mysteriously disappeared. After the fall of Qing Dynasty, the rest of Li Zicheng rebelled against Manchu Dynasty and continued the struggle against Qing Dynasty.

all one's life

Li Zicheng was born in August in the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606). Zicheng was born in Licun, 200 miles west of Mizhi River, more than 60 miles away from his old parents (both places are now Hengshan Mountain). Li Zicheng's ancestral home is Lijia Station in Mizhi County. There is a village called Li Qianji Village in Dianshi Town, Mizhi County, and the locals also call it Lijia Station. It has been handed down from generation to generation in the village and is a descendant of Li.

Li Zicheng's ancestors moved from Taian, Gansu to Lijia Station (Xixia Liqianji Station) in Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province. His grandfather Li Hai was forced by life and moved to Changmao Village (now Hengshan County) in Mizhi County. People say that Li Zicheng "was born in Licun and grew up in Changmao Village", which refers to this matter. "Examination of Li Zicheng Nationality in Mizhi County" records: "I was born in Riemel, Tai 'an County, and I live in Beixiang, 70 miles away from Lijia Station in the south of the city, in Haihui Sigou. "

"Mizhi County Records" records: "Mizhi Li's surname is divided into Tai 'anli Corner Li and Yonghe Shilou Li. One is Tai 'anli Dimethyl, and the Li Zicheng family belongs to Tai 'anli Dimethyl, who migrated from Tai 'anli, Gansu before the Ming Dynasty. Another plum moved to Mizhi from Yonghe and shilou county, and the two plums are not from the same family. The Li family in Tai 'anli is a large family distributed in Mizhi urban and rural areas. "

Li Zicheng's family, Tai 'anli Dimei, migrated from Tai 'anli in Gansu to Lijia Station before the Ming Dynasty. This Lijia Post Station is the place where the Xixia Tuoba Xiaping Department lived after moving from Gansu to the east.

revolt

Teenagers in Li Zicheng like guns, horses and clubs. After his father died, he went to the post station in charge of delivering court documents in the Ming Dynasty as a postman. There are many disadvantages in the post station system in the late Ming Dynasty. In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Ming Sizong reformed and simplified the post office system. Li Zicheng was fired for losing his official documents, went home unemployed and was heavily in debt. In the winter of the same year, Li Zicheng was sued by Ai to the Mizhi county government because of her inability to repay her debts. County magistrate Yan Zibin "travels around the city mechanically, and there is no doubt that he will die." After being rescued by relatives and friends, he killed his creditor Zhao Ai at the end of the year. Then, Li Zicheng killed his wife for adultery with Han Jiner, a villager. Two lives were at stake, and the government had to ask questions and the lawsuit would kill them. So in February (1629), Li Taichong joined the army in Ganzhou, Gansu (now Ganzhou District, Zhangye City). At that time, Yang was appointed as the company commander of Ganzhou, and Wang Guodong was appointed as a participant. Li Zicheng was quickly promoted by the kingdom to the general manager of the army. In the same year, in Yuzhong (now Yuzhong County, Lanzhou, Gansu Province), due to the problem of arrears of military pay, the warring vassal States and local county magistrate were killed and a mutiny was launched.

To explore/take part in sports

In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Li Zicheng led the people to vote for the leader of the peasant army without touching the mud, and then voted for Gao Yingxiang of Team 8.

In six years, after Wang Zi, the leader of the peasant army, died of illness, he recruited more than 20,000 people. Later, Zhang Huishi, the leader of the peasant army, defeated Deng Gui, the general commander of the Ming Dynasty, in Linxian County (now Linzhou), Henan Province, killed his Ministry, and then moved to Shanxi and Shaanxi.

In seven years, Lianke was defeated by Zuo Guangxian, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, in Chengcheng, Shaanxi, Ganzhou, Gansu (now Ganxian) and later Gaoling and Fuping.

In eight years, I got together with the leaders of various peasant armies in Xingyang, Henan Province (once said that there was no such meeting) to discuss the strategy of dividing troops and orienting with * * *. Then he moved to Jiangbei, Henan and Shaanxi, and killed Ai Wannian, the deputy commander of Ming Dynasty, in Ningzhou (now Ningxian, Gansu). Spin in Zhenning (now southwest of Zhengning) and defeated the Ming army, forcing Cao Wenzhao, the company commander, to commit suicide.

Nine years later, he was captured and killed in Gao Yingxiang, and he was promoted to king. Leading the people to "defect to the enemy", they adopted the tactics of introducing from the east to the west, avoiding the real and attacking the virtual, and even connected Longzhou (now Wudu, Gansu), Longzhou (now Longxian, Shaanxi), Ningqiang (now Ningqiang) and other States. Soldiers entered Sichuan in three ways, and defeated the Ming army repeatedly in (now southwest of Guangyuan), Jianzhou (now Jiange) and Mianzhou (now Mianyang), killing Hou Liangzhu, the general of the Ming Dynasty.

In the winter of ten years, the siege of Chengdu failed for many days. Later, Zitong, the defeated teacher, confronted Zuo Guangxian, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, and Cao was defeated by a wide angle. So they parted ways and went back to Shaanxi and moved to Tongguan, where they were ambushed by the Ming army and suffered heavy casualties. He led Liu Zongmin, Tian Jianxiu and others 18 to ride in Shangluo mountain area of Shaanxi province. Soon, I went to Gucheng (now Hubei) and got Zhang's support for the Ming court.

In 12 years, Zhang joined hands with Zhang, who made a comeback, to break the Zhuxi River and cut off the route for providing foodstuff for the Ming army. Later, he helped Luo Rucai defeat Yang Shien, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty in Xiangyouping.

In thirteen years, Zuo Liangyu, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, was defeated in Fangxian County, re-entered Henan Province, broke Yongning (now Luoning) and beheaded Wan 'an Cai? . Fighting the local peasant army leaders, hundreds of thousands of people conquered Yiyang. Go to Lushi, get Niu Jinxing, give advice and use it as a counselor. Naliyan's policy of exempting farmland taxes won the support of the people. There is a ballad "Welcome the King, Don't Receive Grain" ("Ming History? Biography of Li Zicheng ").

In the spring of 14th year, when he moved to Luoyang, he was defeated by the defenders and executed Zhu. Revolving troops surrounded Kaifeng, failed to attack several times, and reached Dengzhou in the south, where they would learn from Luo Rucai, who had left Zhang. Later, the fourth route of the Ming army was taken to gather in Xincai and Xiang, Henan Province, and soldiers were sent to ambush on the way, causing the Ming army to flee in disorder and killing Fu, the governor of the Ming Dynasty, in Xiang.

After 1634, 8 jin j entered the fortress for the second time. 1635, thirteen 72nd Battalion Insurgents, including Zhang, Lao, Luo Rucai, Ge Liyan, Zuo, Gai Shi Wang Wang, She Tian, Du Tian Wang, Hun Shi Wan, Du Tianxing, Jiu Tiaolong and Shun Tian Wang, held a "Xingyang Conference" in Henan, and Li Zicheng put forward the operational strategy of "dividing troops and attacking on all sides". After the meeting, Zhang Lingbing captured Fengyang, South Zhili, dug up the tomb of the royal family, burned the "ancestral temple" where Zhu Yuanzhang became a monk, killed more than 60 eunuchs and beheaded the commander-in-chief. Zhang was at odds with Li Zicheng, but left.

After 1636, Jin changed to Qing. The Qing army entered the fortress for the third time. When Gao Yingxiang attacked Xi, he was defeated and killed by Shaanxi Governor Sun Chuanting. Li Zicheng was promoted to "King of Breakthrough" and continued to fight in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi.

In the tenth year of Chongzhen (1637), Yang Sichang mobilized 654.38 million soldiers and increased his salary by 2.8 million. He put forward the strategy of "four corners, six corners and one net on all sides" to limit the mobility of the rebels, divide them one by one and finally annihilate them. This measure has achieved considerable results in two years. Zhang was defeated. Li Zicheng was ambushed and defeated by Hong Chengchou and Sun Chuanting in Nanyuan and Tongguan in Weinan, and took the remnants 17 people to hide in Shangluo Mountain in the southeast of Shaanxi. In August of the 11th year of Chongzhen (1638), the Qing soldiers entered the customs from Qingkou Mountain (now northeast of Yu 'an, Hebei Province) and Qiangziling (now northeast of Miyun, Beijing), and launched the fourth entry operation. In order to implement its strategy of "keeping the country safe and the outside world busy", Yang Sichang advocated making peace with the Qing Dynasty, but it was strongly opposed by Lu Xiangsheng, governor of Xuanda and commander-in-chief of Qin Wangbing. Chongzhen and the battle were undecided. Hong Chengchou and others were rushed to the east to serve, but Li Zicheng survived.

Declare oneself a king

1639, Zhang started again in Gucheng (located in Xiangfan, Hubei), and Li Zicheng led thousands of troops from Shangluo Mountain. 1640, Li Zicheng pursued Sichuan Zhang by the main force of Ming army and took in the hungry people. In Bian Yulue, Zheng Lian recorded the grand occasion of Li Zicheng's great relief for the hungry: "Thieves used it to show that they opened warehouses to help the hungry. Hungry people from far and near hoe away, and those who answer are like running water, calling a million day and night, which is unstoppable. " Since then, Li Zicheng's army has grown to tens of thousands, and put forward the slogan of "evenly distributing land and exempting taxes", that is, the folk song "Welcome the king, don't collect food." In the fourteenth year of Chongzhen (164 1 year 1 month), he conquered Luoyang, killed Zhu, the son of Emperor Wanli, brought some deer from the backyard, cooked them with meat, and named them "Fulu Banquet" [1] to have dinner with soldiers. Known as the "Grand Marshal Fengtian Chongyi". After that, Kaifeng, the capital of Sanwei, failed within one and a half years. The Yellow River burst its banks for the last time 1642, and Kaifeng was destroyed. Killed fu he, the governor of Shaanxi province. 65438+ 10 defeated Shaanxi Governor Sun Chuanting in Jiaxian County, Henan Province. At the same time, the Ming dynasty was unfavorable to the war in the Qing dynasty. In March, Hong Chengchou was cleared. 165438+ 10, the Qing army entered the fortress for the fifth time and went deep into Shandong, plundering 360,000 people.

1643 In June, Li Zicheng was called "Xinshun King" in Xiangyang. In March, Luo Rucai, a peasant leader who joined the army, was killed. In April, he killed Yuan Shizhong, a rebel. In May, Zhang Jianli established the "Great West" regime. In June 5438+10, Li Zicheng attacked Tongguan, killed Du Shi Sun Chuanting and occupied Shaanxi. 1644 65438+ 10 Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in Ann, with the founding name "Dashun".

Enter Beijing

In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Li Zicheng marched eastward to Beijing in January, broke through Ning Wuguan, killed Zhou Yuji, the company commander, and conquered Taiyuan, Datong and Fu Xuan. Ming officials and Wang came to surrender one after another, even Juyongguan and Changping were no exception. Late at night on March 17, Cao Huachun, the eunuch guarding the city, took the lead in opening the Guangning Gate on the west side of the outer city, and the peasant army was like this. On March 18th, Li Zicheng sent Du Xun, the eunuch who surrendered in Changping, into the city to commune with Chongzhen. According to the four-year volume of Oda Chronology Examination, Li Zicheng put forward the following conditions: "Break the northwest and reward a million troops, and retreat to Henan ... Since I broke into the imperial court and was sealed, I am willing to curb the bandits in the imperial court, especially to help suppress the Liao princes with my strength. But I don't serve you. " The negotiations between the two sides broke down. In the early morning of March 19, Zhang Jinyan, the minister of the Ministry of War, took the initiative to open the Zhengyang Gate to meet Liu Zongmin's army. Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan, and Li Zicheng ordered a "ritual burial", offering sacrifices to the factory outside Donghuamen, and then moved to the Buddhist temple. On the 27th, he was buried in Tian Guifei's tomb. Li Zicheng stayed in the Forbidden City and took the maid-in-waiting Dou Yimeina as his concubine. When Dashunjun entered the city, the order in Beijing was good, and the shops were open as usual. However, since 27th, Dashun Army began to raid Ming officials and ransack property everywhere, stipulating that the reimbursement amount was "100,000 in the Central Temple, 7530,000 in the Imperial Palace Ministry of Education, 530,000 in the Daoke Official Department, 321,000 in the Hanlin, and thousands of subordinates" [2], and Liu Zongmin made 5,000 clamps. "All the wood is angular and connected with nails, so people are broken." [3] The atmosphere of terror in the city is gradually dignified and people are worried. "Copying officials are generally rich people, forcing 20,000 to 30,000, and they are slightly dissatisfied. Then hit it hard, brand it, be vicious and die. " [4] Tan Qian's Zao Lin Za said that there were more than 600 people who died/kloc-0. Li Zicheng's soldiers plunder, and I will be arrogant. "Killing people is not empty, but soldiers plundered people's wealth" [5]. On April 14, a notice appeared on the West Chang 'an Avenue: "The days of the Ming Dynasty are not over, people think of loyalty. It is scheduled to be the emperor of the East Palace on the 20 th of this month, and the first year of Yixing will be changed. " 13, Li Zicheng led 100,000 troops into the customs to pacify Wu Sangui.

It is said that after Li Zicheng entered Beijing, he found out from the palace that "thirty-seven million ingots of silver and ten million ingots of gold" and "thirty-seven million ingots have not been used in the old town of Kujin for many years, and all the ingots are five hundred (ten? ) Second, the word Yongle is engraved (Volume 20 of "Ming Ji Bei Lu"). The contemporaries Xu borrowed Tan Qian's words in "A Brief Introduction to the Second Year of the Ming Dynasty": "If you lose the odd zero, you can send it for more than two years. Today, you will pass the exam, tomorrow, the house will be full of excitement, but the key is still the same. Why did the first emperor not see the legacy? " It's hard to chase. "But the credibility is not high. Ji Liuqi thought, "You said that you need 18.5 million mules and horses to transport so much gold. Even a few months is not enough, so you know that your words are not credible. "According to Liang's estimation, from 1390 to 1486, the total domestic silver output in China was only 32 million taels. Before the Ming Dynasty, although a large amount of silver flowed in, it was only 45 million taels.

sabotage

On April 2 1, Li Zicheng fought a stone battle with Wu Sangui, the general stationed in Shanhaiguan. War to April 22nd, Wu Jun gradually tired. Wu Sangui fell to Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty, and the two armies jointly defeated Li Zicheng. Commander Liu Zongmin was injured and was ordered to retreat. 26, Li Zicheng fled to Beijing, only more than thirty thousand people. On the 29th, Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in Beijing, killing 34 Wu Sangui family members. The next day, he fled to Xi 'an and retreated from Shanxi and Henan. Before he left, he burned down the Forbidden City and some buildings in Beijing. In July, I crossed the Yellow River and lost to Xi 'an. Soon, he gave up Xi 'an, passed Lantian and Shangzhou, and took Wuguan. As Hong Guang established the imperial court in Nanming, Dashun troops retreated, and many former Ming generals who surrendered to Dashun returned to Nanming or Qing Dynasty, Li Zicheng became more and more suspicious, and finally killed Yan Li and others, causing people's hearts to be divided.

In December of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Qing army attacked Tongguan, and Dashun army lined up to meet. Because the main force and artillery haven't arrived yet, the Qing army insists on not fighting. In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Qing army attacked Tongguan with red artillery, and Li Zicheng fled to Hubei via Xiangyang, trying to unite with Zuo Liangyu, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, in Wuchang, and Zuo Liangyu moved eastward to Nanjing to conquer Ma Shiying, the "Jun Qing side" of the Nanming court. Li Zicheng entered Wuchang in April, but was defeated by the Qing army. He was defeated again in Jiangxi in May and mysteriously disappeared in 1645.

Ethnic relations in Li Zicheng

"History of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 309 "Biography of Li Zicheng": "Li Zicheng, Mizhi, lives in Liqianji Village, Huaiyuanbao."

The History of Ming Dynasty (Volume 309) and Biography of Li Zicheng are "people with high cheekbones and deep eyes."

Li Zicheng proclaimed himself twice, with Li as his ancestor.

Xi' an became king for the first time.

Ming History-Biography 197: "In the first month of the seventeenth year, Geng became King An, usurped the title of Dashun, renamed Yongchang and Sheng. Worship his great-grandfather, add posthumous title, and take Li as Mao. Set up college students in Shenfu Temple. "

Beijing Wuying Hall was crowned king for the second time.

Luqiao: Li Zicheng takes Li as its ancestor.

Wu Jia's inscription announced that the next day, the suburbs acceded to the throne, and many bundles of gold and silk were taken away. A good friend and tyrant set up the Hall of Wu Ying, made him emperor, made Gao Yu the queen of seven generations, and made Niu Jinxing a suburban ceremony.

In the first year of Dashun Shang Yong, after Li Zicheng established the Dashun peasant regime in Xi 'an, he established some etiquette systems, which mainly combined the life etiquette of the imperial courts in previous dynasties with his own Tangut nationality, making it solemn and generous.

Li Zicheng revised the etiquette system of the Ming Dynasty.

On the first day of April, Li Zicheng changed the system of Ming Dynasty to Dashun Gate, and issued a crown suit, while the servant added a pheasant tail and a square collar to the crown suit, and collected various dental cards to be reasonable. Shen Jia Chronicle: The clothes are still blue, so all the troops wear blue, and the official hats also use blue. Ding Ji "However, in the Ming Dynasty, most official systems were more revolutionary, and ... the clothes were still dark blue, and all the publications were finalized.

Li Zicheng, with Li as the ancestor, formulated a series of systems in combination with the Xixia national system.

Fire Record: I admire my great-grandfather, Jia posthumous title, and take Li as my great-grandfather. Set up a college student in the Temple of God Blessing, and Niu Jinxing will do it. More than six ministries are six governments, with ministers, assistant ministers and other officials. Change Wenxuan Division to Wen Yuyuan, and take charge of politics. Imperial academy was changed to Hong Wen Pavilion, and the position of Zhan Zhifu was changed. Change the Chinese book to the writing room. Imperial academy has set up three drinking ceremonies, taking the business department as the orthodox school and learning to record doctors as the control. Change the suggestion to direct, make suggestions for things, the general political department knows the political department, and the insurance department keeps the promise. Dachang and Kuaikehong belong to the Ritual Department. Taibu Temple is called Yima Temple, and the chief secretary is Tong Hui. The governor said that our time, according to the inspection said that the defense. The government is called Yin, the state is called Mu, and the county is called Ling. The garrison calls the guard, and the general calls the guard. Change it to a deed, a group of big seal characters). The public service is superior, with the cloud as the level. One product is Yunyi and nine products are Yunjiu. Large current crown with pheasant feathers, with rhinoceros, silver and black horns, etc.

Li Zhiqiang, the 15th generation grandson of Li Zicheng and a member of China Ming History Research Association, said: "Li Zicheng is the Tuoba family of dangxiang after Li Yuanhao, king of Xixia. Descendants of Wang Chuang still maintain their original national characteristics, features and customs, which plays an extremely important role in textual research on Xixia and Tangut nationalities. " The descendants of Li Zicheng in Taiping Village still maintain the characteristics, appearance and "baldness" custom of the original nation, especially some old people still maintain the "baldness" custom of Tangut, the main ethnic group in Xixia Dynasty. Most people in the village are physically strong, and it is common for men to practice martial arts.

Tang Rongyao, an expert in Xixia studies, has painstakingly studied Xixia dangxiang for nearly ten years. He traveled all over the northwest Tangut, the birthplace and seclusion of the Qiang people. From plateau to basin, from desert to grassland, the journey is tens of thousands of kilometers. Over the snow-capped mountains and across the grass; I have been to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the mountainous areas of Nepal. In Tang Rongyao's research, it is an undeniable historical fact to confirm that Li Zicheng was a Tangut in Xixia.

Professor Yao, the author of Li Zicheng, visited Licun. In his historical masterpiece Li Zicheng (Volume IV, Chapter 16), he wrote: "After Li Zicheng rode into the imperial city, his dream of replacing the Ming Dynasty for several years has come true today. He is full of pride and joy. At this moment, he even thought that his future exploits should be comparable to that of Emperor Taizong. Seven hundred years later, he established a unified Li Dynasty, which was much stronger than the Xixia Kingdom established by his ancestors, and it was simply not the same! " Now that Beijing has been broken, Jiangnan will soon be pacified and the whole city will be unified. It will really make Li carry forward. "

Ji Lianhai, a historical researcher, said, "Because we all know that Li Zicheng is not a Han Chinese and Li Zicheng is a Tangut Qiang." "What is certain is that Li Zicheng, who was born in Liqianji Village (now Hengshan) in Mizhi Shuangquan, Shaanxi Province, should be the ancestor of the Tangut Qiang people-that is, Li Zicheng should be the descendant of the Tangut Qiang people."

Li Dengdi, an expert from Shaanxi Institute of History, and Shen Changming, former director of Li Zicheng Memorial Hall in Mizhi County, said: "The genealogy of Li Zicheng found in Taiping Village, Fuxian County, Yan 'an City, Shaanxi Province shows that Li Zicheng is a descendant of Li Yuanhao, king of Xixia, and belongs to the Tangut. "

Ding Ling, a famous writer, found the feeling of the grandfather of the Tangut and made a breakthrough in writing.

Ding Ling's family collected several palace cultural relics, such as the flat pot with dragon and phoenix ears, the jade carving with boy controlling fish, the jade cong and the jade ear cup. Ding Ling's uncles and brothers said, "They are descendants of Li Zicheng". Ding Ling also said before her death: That is a fact. 1939, Ding Ling, who lives in northern Shaanxi, said to Mrs. Si Nuo, "I always couldn't sleep before I came here, but now I sleep soundly and get fat. The romantic atmosphere in Sha Fei has become a thing of the past. I found the feeling of my ancestors' Tangut here and made a breakthrough in my writing.

Li said in the Romance of Yongchang: After the capital is established, we must first "follow the example of the ancestor of Wang and take Li as the immortal ancestor".

Gao Effie, member of Mizhi Li Zicheng Research Association, member, in