The War between Meng Tian and Xiongnu and Its Course

In 2 15 BC, Qin Shihuang took Meng Tian as the commander in chief and led 300,000 Qin Jun to attack Xiongnu in the north. On the banks of the Yellow River, Qin Jun and tarquin, mainly infantry, waged a life-and-death war. Meng Tian's army defeated the Xiongnu army in the upper reaches of the Yellow River (now Ningxia, Hetao, Inner Mongolia), forcing the Xiongnu to escape and leave the desert 700 miles north. Jia Yi in the Han Dynasty commented on the Xiongnu State at that time and said, "I dare not go south to herd horses." Meng Tian dealt a heavy blow to the fierce Xiongnu only in World War I, which led to its flight and wolves scurrying around. The Huns dared not enter the Han Dynasty for decades, and Meng Tian's work was supreme. Meng Tian served as a heavy conductor in Shang Jun (now Yulin City, Shaanxi Province). In order to strengthen the defense line in Hetao area, he built pavilions and pavilions in the north of the Yellow River in Hetao (now Wulashan, Inner Mongolia) as outposts of the Yellow River defense line. After entering this campaign, it brought a stable social environment for more than ten years to the north and created conditions for the development of Hetao area. Meng Tian fought bravely and defeated Xiongnu by surprise, which was the greatest achievement in his life. People praised him as "the first warrior in China".

Battle of Baden

In the seventh year of Emperor Wudi's reign (200 BC), in the war between the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, Xiongnu Khan surrounded Liu Bangjun with superior cavalry in Deng Bai (now Dabaideng Town, southeast of Yanggao, Shanxi). On the management of Datong city today.

In the autumn of six years, the Han Dynasty sent Han Wangxin to Mayi (now Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province), and the Huns marched south. In October of seven years, Liu Bang led an army to the north, defeated Han Wangxin in Tongxing (now south of Qinxian County, Shanxi Province), and defeated Xiongnu and Han Wangxinjun in Jinyang (now Yingcun, the southwest ancient city of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province), and turned to pursue. Liu Bang heard that Xiongnu had a sudden death in Jude Valley (now North Yanmen Mountain in Daixian County, Shanxi Province), so he sent messengers to explore the road. In order to lure the Han army to the north, modu chanyu hid the elite soldiers and fat cattle and horses when the Chinese envoy arrived to show his weakness. The Han envoys successively approved the Xiongnu to attack. Liu Bang underestimated the strength of Xiongnu and led 320,000 troops across Zhu Zhu (now North Yanmen Mountain in Daixian County, Shanxi Province) to the north. Liu Jing, a doctor of Xiongnu, just returned, thinking that Xiongnu was "luring the enemy for profit" (Hanshu Liu Jingchuan), and advised Liu Bang to stop fighting. Liu Bang did not listen to dissuasion and led some troops to Dengbaishan, surrounded by 400,000 Xiongnu fighters. The Han army was besieged for seven days and seven nights, and the food and grass would be broken and it was in danger. With Chen Ping's secret plan, Liu Bang took a thick bribe and took Khan E Shi (the wife of Xiongnu Khan). Due to the persuasion and meeting with the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Huanghe failed to arrive as scheduled. Khan suspected that they were plotting with Korea, so he cleared the dead corner. At that time, the world was foggy. Liu Bang ordered a strong crossbow and two arrows to cover the outside world, led an army to escape from Dengbaishan to Pingcheng from Qingjiao, and then joined forces with the main force. Liu Bang ordered Fan Kuai to guard the county (now Wang Cheng in the northeast of Yuxian County, Hebei Province) and lead the army south. The Huns also retreated.

Mayi campaign

In the second year of Yuan Guang (BC 133), during the war between the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, attempted to ambush Xiongnu in Mayi (now Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province).

In the second year of Yuanguang, Nie Wengyi, the rich man of Mayi, proposed to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty through Wang Hui that Khan be lured to Mayi and ambushed and annihilated. Emperor Wu summoned his ministers to discuss and had different opinions. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed that after decades of rest and preparation, the national strength was substantial and the military strength was strong, and the conditions for counterattack against Xiongnu were ripe, so he decided to abandon the strategic defense of peace and affinity and turn to counterattack. Let Nie Wengyi go to see Shan Yu, the minister of Xiongnu, falsely claiming that he could kill the magistrate of Mayi and let Xiongnu get their children and belongings. After returning, a condemned man was hanged on his head, assuming that the county magistrate came first. Khan, the secretary of the army, believed it, so he led 654.38+ ten thousand cavalry into the fortress. Emperor Wu sent 300,000 troops. Taking Han Anguo, the ancient imperial adviser, as the general to protect the army, Li Guang, the general of Wei State, and Gong Sunhe, the general to be good, led the army to ambush in the valley near Mayi, ready to destroy the main force of Xiongnu; With Daku Wang Hui as the general and Taizhong doctor Li Xi as the material officer general, he led 30,000 people to the county (the county governs the county, now Wang Cheng in the northeast of Yuxian County, Hebei Province), ready to intercept the Xiongnu trench. When soldiers and ministers entered a place more than 100 miles away from Mayi, they saw cattle and sheep everywhere, unattended, and suddenly became suspicious. They sent troops to capture Hanting. I learned from Shikou, the commander of the captured Han Yanmen, that the Han army was lying in ambush in the mountains around Mayi, so I quickly led the troops to retreat. I fell to the king's headquarters and saw that there were many Xiongnu soldiers, so I didn't dare to attack.

Although Mayi's ambush was not successful, it started the Western Han Dynasty's counterattack against Xiongnu.

Battle of Hexi

In the second year of founding ceremony in Yuan Dynasty (BC 12 1), during the war between the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, Korea made two deep raids on Xiongnu in Hexi (now Hexi Corridor and Huangshui Valley).

After Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, launched a strategic counterattack against the Huns, he successively won the battles of Henan and Monan (see the battles of Henan and Monan). Xiongnu Khan and Right fled to the north of the desert, leaving only Xiutu Wang and Wang in Hexi. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty seized the favorable opportunity and launched the Hexi War. This campaign is divided into two actions: spring and summer. In the spring of two years, Han took Huo Qubing as a title of generals in ancient times and led ten thousand troops. He set out from Longxi (now Lintao, Gansu), waded into Hunushui (now Shiyang River, Gansu), passed through five countries, fought for six days, crossed Yanqi Mountain (now Huangshan, southeast of Shandan, Gansu) and advanced more than a thousand miles to the northwest. Defeated King Hutu and King Wang, killed Wang Zhelan, captured Prince Edward, and captured more than 8,900 people, and the Han army lost seven tenths. In the summer of the same year, in order to further annihilate the Huns' effective forces and completely control the Hexi Corridor, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Huo Qubing and Hou Gongsun Ao to ride tens of thousands of fine horses and set out from the north (Maling, now northwest of Qingyang, Gansu) to attack the Huns in Hexi in two ways. Huo Qubing led his troops across the Yellow River, crossed the southern edge of the desert, detoured to Juyanze (now north of Ejina Banner in Inner Mongolia), crossed Xiaoyuejia in the west (now southwest of Yangguan Site in nanhu town, Dunhuang City, Gansu Province), turned to the southeast, attacked Qilian Mountain (now northwest of Sunan Yugur Autonomous County, Gansu Province), and defeated the chieftain Tuwang. 6500 prisoners were released. More than thirty thousand people were beheaded. The Han army also suffered three tenths of casualties. On the other hand, Gongsun Aobu was lost and failed to participate in the war. In order to cooperate with Huo Qubing's operations, Li Guang and Zhang Qian led more than 10,000 cavalry, and set out from Right Peiping (now northwest of Lingyuan, Liaoning Province) to attack Left. Li Guang led 4000 people to ride hundreds of miles north. Because Zhang Qian failed to start on time, he was surrounded by 40,000 left cavalry, and the sergeants panicked. Li Guang ordered his son Li Gan to lead dozens of riders to attack the tarquin team to boost morale. And the cavalry will form a circle to defend the enemy. When the Huns attack, the crossbow will be launched. Fighting all day long, the arrows of the Han army will be exhausted. Li Guang, armed with a strong crossbow, shot and killed several Huns one after another, thus alleviating the Huns' attack. By the next day, more than half of the Han troops were killed or injured, and so were the Huns. When Zhang Qian arrived, he cleared the road to the left and retreated to the north, thus completing the task of containing the left. After the war, Yizunxieshan was defeated by the angry evil king and the king of Xiutu, and wanted to be summoned to the court for punishment. The two kings were afraid, but they asked Han to surrender. King Xiutu repented, and the evil king then killed King Xiutu and all his followers, and more than 40,000 people surrendered to Han. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were five counties, namely Longxi, Beidi, Shang Jun (the county administered leather facilities, now Yu He Fort in the south of Yulin, Shaanxi Province), Shuofang (the county administered Shuofang City, now north of Hangjinqi, Inner Mongolia) and Yun Yun (the county administered Yun Yun, now northeast of Togtoh, Inner Mongolia), which were collectively called the Five Kingdoms. Since then, the Huns have rarely attacked and plundered in Longxi, Beidi and Hexi areas, so they reduced their troops by half.

In this battle, the Western Han Dynasty adopted the tactics of deep detour, long-range attack and continuous assault by the cavalry group, which caught the Huns off guard and suffered a devastating blow.

Battle of Mobei

In the fourth year of founding ceremony in Han and Yuan Dynasties (1 19 BC), in the war between the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu, the two sides fought a strategic decisive battle in the north of the desert.

After Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, launched a strategic counterattack against Xiongnu, he successively won the battles in South Henan, Monan and Hexi. Xiongnu Khan and Right Saint Wang Yuan fled to Mobei, which greatly reduced the war in the northwest border of the Western Han Dynasty. However, the Huns did not give up their attack on Hanbian County. In the autumn of three years, tens of thousands of tarquin invaded Right Beiping (the county ruled Pinggang, now Lingyuan West, Liaoning) and Dingxiang (the county ruled Le Cheng, now Tuchengzi, northwest of Inner Mongolia and Linger), killing thousands of officials and people. In order to wipe out the main force of Xiongnu completely, Liang Wudi was determined to take advantage of the fact that Xiongnu misjudged that the Han army was unable to fight across the desert. In the spring of four years, 654.38+ 10,000 cavalry were concentrated, led by General Wei Qing and General Huo Qubing, seeking the main force of Xiongnu. In order to ensure the transportation and supply of military supplies for the Big Cavalry Group, 40,000 private horses (10.4 million) and hundreds of thousands of infantry carrying trench were organized to join the army. The original plan of the Han army was to start from Dingxiang and go north, with Huo Qubing attacking Khan as the main force. Later, I learned from the prisoner's confession that Khan was in the east, which changed the original deployment. Wei Qing remained in Dingxiang and Huo Qubing stayed in Dongjun (the county governs the county, now the northeast city of Yuxian County, Hebei Province). According to the news that the Han army attacked Mobei, Xie Khan took Zhao Xin's advice, moved the people and livestock to the rear, and led the soldiers to wait in Mobei. Wei Qing led the former general Li Guang, the left general GongSunHe, the right general Zhao, and the later general Cao Xiang * * * fifty thousand rode out of Dingxiang. Later, he learned from the prisoners that the list was alive, and Li Guang and Zhao joined hands to go out and find the host to coordinate. After that, they rode more than 1000 miles to the north, crossed the desert and saw Khan waiting in line. Even if you are surrounded by a martial car, you have to ride 5 thousand. At sunset, Wei Qing surrounded Khan with his left and right wings. Khan was defeated, so he led Zhuang to ride hundreds to break through and escape. The Han army pursued Zhao Xincheng in Kanyan Mountain (a branch south of Hang 'ai Mountain in Mongolia), and captured more than 9000 people before and after/kloc-0. Li Guang and Zhao couldn't arrive as scheduled because they got lost. Huo Qubing led his troops out of the fortress, crossed the desert and walked more than 2,000 miles north, where he met Zuo. After fierce fighting, Zuo was defeated. Huo Qubing sealed the wolf in Xushan Mountain (now Kent Mountain in Mongolia) to worship heaven, and Zen Ancient Rock Mountain (now Kent Mountain in Mongolia) to worship the land, and returned it to the vast sea (now Lake Baikal in Russia). * * * More than 70,000 people were captured and beheaded.

Henan campaign

In the second year of the Yuan and Shuo Dynasties (BC 127), in the war between the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu, Wei Qing, a general riding a chariot in the Han Dynasty, led his army to seize the long-range circuitous operation in Henan (now the Ikke-Zhaomeng area in southern Inner Mongolia, Hetao of the Yellow River).

In the first year of Yuanshuo, tarquin successively raided western Liaoning (county governs Yang Le, now Yixian West of Liaoning), Yuyang (county governs Yuyang, now southwest of Miyun in Beijing), Yanmen (county governs goodness, now south of Youyu City in Shanxi) and other places. In the spring of two years, it attacked Shanggu (the county ruled Ju Yang, now southeast of Huailai, Hebei Province) and Yuyang, killing many officials and people.

In the case that Xiongnu raided the eastern border counties of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the operational policy of riding Hu Dongjin, riding Han Xi to attack, and avoiding reality and being empty. Make Wei Qing recover Henan and Qin Changcheng, so as to maintain the security of the border county and the capital Chang 'an. Wei Qing rode out of the cloud (the county ruled the cloud, now northeast of Tuoketuo, Inner Mongolia), crossed the Xihe River (now the Yellow River between Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia) and circuitous to the west, then went north (now Wujiahe, Inner Mongolia), went straight into Gaoque (now Jilan Pass in the middle of Langshan Mountain, Inner Mongolia), and turned south, surrounded and raided the Xiongnu Aries King and Loufan King who were nomadic in Henan. The king of Aries and the king of Loufan fled north. The Han army beheaded more than 2,300 people, captured more than 3,000 people and seized more than 1 million cattle and sheep. Then take Henan land. Cross the North River again, break Xiongnu Puni and Fuli, and take the desert south of Hebei.

After the war, the Western Han Dynasty built Shuofang County in Henan, which led to the construction of Shuofang City in Su Jianfa (now north of Hangjinqi, Inner Mongolia) with a population of 65,438+10,000, and restored the Great Wall and fences built by Qin Mengtian. It also immigrated 65,438+10,000 from the mainland to Shuofang, enriching the border defense.

Comments: In the battle of Henan, the Han army won an unprecedented victory, which first came from the active strategic deployment of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. When the Xiongnu army boasted in the northeastern border of the Western Han Dynasty, he did not restrain himself because of local defeat, but resolutely adopted the strategy of avoiding reality and making a virtual attack on the empty land of Henan, thus firmly grasping the initiative of factory warfare. Secondly, this victory also benefited from the success of long-range raid and the application of big detour tactics. Wei Qing and Li Xi, led by elite cavalry, dared to go deep alone, boldly crossed the cracks between Aries, Loufan and Youxian of Xiongnu, marched for more than a thousand miles, cut off the connection between Aries and Loufan and the hinterland of Xiongnu, and then outflanked Longxi and caught the enemy off guard. In addition, the victory of the Han army is also related to the fact that Aries and Loufan have few troops and weak combat effectiveness. This war was an important turning point in the history of Sino-Hungarian war, although the two sides did not invest much troops and the scale was not large. The recovery of the Great Wall built in strategic places such as Henan and Qinmengtian in the Western Han Dynasty further moved the northern border defense line of the Han Dynasty northward along the Yellow River, adding a barrier for Chang 'an, thus greatly alleviating the direct threat of Xiongnu to Guanzhong area.

Battle of the southern desert

From the 5th year (BC124th year) to the 6th year, in the war between the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu, Wei Qing led troops to fight back against the right-wing king of Monan (south of the Mongolian desert) and the main force of Khan.

In the second year of Yuanshuo, after the Battle of Henan (now in the area of Yikezhao League in southern Inner Mongolia and Hetao area of the Yellow River) (see the Battle of Henan), the Huns were unwilling to fail, and successively raided Dai Jun (the county ruled the county, now the northeast city of Yuxian County in Hebei Province), Yanmen (the county was well governed, now the south of Youyu City in Shanxi Province), Dingxiang (the county was well governed, now Tuchengzi in northwest Inner Mongolia and Linger) and Shang Jun. He toured Wang Xian several times to attack Hanbian County, merged into Henan, harassed Shuofang County (now north of Hangjinqi, Inner Mongolia), and killed the captured people.

Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, decided to fight back against Wang Xian and Xiongnu Khan. In the spring of five years, Emperor Wu counterattacked the right king with 65,438+10,000 cavalry. Cycling general Wei Qing rode out of Gaoque (now Jilan Pass in the middle of Langshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia) with a rate of 30,000, and commanded guerrilla general Su Jian, strong crossbow general Li Ju, riding general Gong Sunhe, Qingqi general Cai Li and other six generals to leave the north and attack the Youxian King Pavilion from a distance; At the same time, the big bank stabbed the public and led his troops out of right Beiping (the county ruled Pinggang, now northwest of Lingyuan, Liaoning) to contain the left.

Wei will be out of the city for six or seven hundred miles, surrounded by night and attack the son of heaven. Right Wang Xian, unguarded, fled with hundreds of riders. Wei Qing captured more than 5000 people with a population of/kloc-0, and nearly 100000 heads of livestock. In the spring of six years, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered General Wei Qing to lead six generals, namely, General Gong, General Gongsun He, former General Zhao Xin, General Su Jian, General Li Guang and General Li Ju, to attack Xiongnu on horseback. Hit the Huns Khan main force, cut thousands of return, buried in Dingxiang, Yun Yun, Yanmen. In the summer of the same year, Wei Qing led six generals with more than 65,438+/kloc-0,000 to attack the Huns again, killing 65,438+9,000 prisoners.

Comments: In the battle of Monan, in terms of strategic decision-making, it is obviously more appropriate for the Han army to take advantage of the weakness exposed by Huns Khan's right wing of the imperial court and choose Khan's headquarters as the target. However, because this campaign is the second large-scale strategic counterattack after the Henan campaign, the attack of the Han army has lost its concealment and suddenness. The Xiongnu army learned the lessons of previous failures, strengthened reconnaissance, and set an ambush before the war, so the Han army failed to achieve the expected goal. After fierce fighting, the victory of the Han army was largely due to its military superiority, as well as the heroic fighting spirit and excellent command ability of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing. After the battle, although Emperor Wu praised Huo Qubing, he did not reward Wei in the end, indicating that he was not satisfied with the result of the battle. However, after the battle, the main forces of Xiongnu Khan Right Wang Xian and Khan suffered a heavy blow. He also faced up to the military strength of the Han army and began to consider how to avoid the sharp edge of the Han soldiers. Forced to retreat to the bitter cold area north of the desert, it consolidated the Henan area, cut off the connection between the east and the west of Xiongnu, and created favorable conditions for the Xiongnu who later attacked Hexi (now Hexi Corridor and Huangshui River Basin) to get through Hexi Corridor.

The Battle between the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu in Hexi and Mobei

Battle of Hexi

During the war between the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, Han made two deep raids on Xiongnu in Hexi (now Hexi Corridor and Huangshui River Basin).

After Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, launched a strategic counterattack against the Huns, he successively won the battles of Henan and Monan (see the battles of Henan and Monan). Xiongnu Khan and Right fled to the north of the desert, leaving only Xiutu Wang and Wang in Hexi. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty seized the favorable opportunity and launched the Hexi War. This campaign is divided into two actions: spring and summer.

In the spring of two years, Han took Huo Qubing as a title of generals in ancient times and led ten thousand troops. He set out from Longxi (now Lintao, Gansu Province), waded into the fox slave water (now Shiyang River, Gansu Province), fought for five countries and six days, crossed Yanqi Mountain (now Huangshan Mountain, southeast of Shandan, Gansu Province) and advanced more than a thousand miles to the northwest. Defeated King Hutu and King Wang, killed Wang Zhelan and Wang Zhelan, and captured the Prince and the Grand Master alive, and captured more than 8,900 people, with the Han army losing seven tenths (see Hexi World War I).

In the summer of the same year, in order to further annihilate the Huns' effective forces and completely control the Hexi Corridor, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Huo Qubing and Hou Gongsun Ao to ride tens of thousands of fine horses and set out from the north (Maling, now northwest of Qingyang, Gansu) to attack the Huns in Hexi in two ways. Huo Qubing led his troops across the Yellow River, crossed the southern edge of the desert, detoured to Juyanze (now north of Ejina Banner in Inner Mongolia), crossed Xiaoyuejia in the west (now southwest of Yangguan Site in nanhu town, Dunhuang City, Gansu Province), turned to the southeast, attacked Qilian Mountain (now northwest of Sunan Yugur Autonomous County, Gansu Province), and defeated the chieftain Tuwang. 6500 prisoners were released. More than thirty thousand people were beheaded. The Han army also suffered three tenths of casualties. On the other hand, Gongsun Aobu lost his way and was unable to participate in the war (see the Second Battle of Hexi).

In order to cooperate with Huo Qubing's operations, Li Guang and Zhang Qian led more than 10,000 cavalry, and set out from Right Peiping (now northwest of Lingyuan, Liaoning Province) to attack Left. Li Guang led 4000 people to ride hundreds of miles north. Because Zhang Qian failed to start on time, he was surrounded by 40,000 left cavalry, and the sergeants panicked. Li Guang ordered his son Li Gan to lead dozens of riders to attack the tarquin team to boost morale. And the cavalry will form a circle to defend the enemy. When the Huns attack, the crossbow will be launched. After a fierce battle all day, the arrows of the Han army were exhausted, and Li Guang held a strong crossbow "Dahuang" and shot several Xiongnu generals in succession, thus alleviating the Xiongnu attack. By the next day, more than half of the Han troops were killed or injured, and so were the Huns. When Zhang Qian arrived with Wan Qi, he cleared the way to the left and retreated to the north, thus completing the task of containing the left (see Li Guang and Zhang Qian's battle against Xiongnu Left).

After the war, Yizunxieshan was defeated by the angry evil king and the king of Xiutu, and wanted to be summoned to the court for punishment. The two kings were afraid, but they asked Han to surrender. King Xiutu repented, so he killed King Xiutu and all his followers, and more than 40,000 people surrendered to the Han Dynasty (see the battle of Huo Qubing stationed with the king). In the Western Han Dynasty, there were five counties, namely Longxi, Beidi, Shang Jun (the county administered leather facilities, now Yu He Fort in the south of Yulin, Shaanxi Province), Shuofang (the county administered Shuofang City, now north of Hangjinqi, Inner Mongolia) and Yun Yun (the county administered Yun Yun, now northeast of Togtoh, Inner Mongolia), which were collectively called the Five Kingdoms. Since then, the Huns have rarely attacked and plundered in Longxi, Beidi and Hexi areas, so they reduced their troops by half.

Comments: In this battle, the Western Han Dynasty adopted the tactics of the big cavalry group's deep detour, long-range attack and continuous assault, which made the Xiongnu unprepared and suffered a devastating blow. The reason why Huo Qubing lost Xiongnu troops in Hexi in succession in a few months is that there are several factors besides the wise strategic decision of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to fight in Hexi. First of all, the Fourth Army chose the right combat opportunity and skillfully used tactics. Xiongnu always fights in autumn when horses are fat, while the cavalry fighting of Han army is not completely affected by seasons, so it can attack in spring and summer. This time, the Han army took a short break after the spring battle, and then launched a second attack. This way of continuous combat broke through tarquin's combat routine, which completely surprised the Huns, thus achieving a good effect of surprise and surprise. Secondly, the commander-in-chief of the Han army is brave, soldiers can fight and have strong fighting capacity. Huo Qubing stood out in the battle of desert south, and this time he went to Hexi, which was the first time he led the troops independently. The young commander-in-chief has always had a brave fighting style. He is not afraid of hardship or strong enemies. When fighting, "dare to go deep and often ride in front of a strong army" can not but greatly boost the morale of the Han army and inspire them to fight bravely. The heroic actions and high morale of the officers and men of the Han army provided an important guarantee for winning the war. Third, the Han army paid attention to distinguish between the main enemy and the coerced elements, and divided and disintegrated the hostile forces. Hexi has always been a multi-ethnic settlement. Under the rule of Xiongnu slave owners and nobles, ethnic contradictions have always been sharp. In the two cities of Hexi, Huo Qubing paid attention to making use of the contradictions among the Huns and adhered to the policy of "giving up the root and getting rid of the end". As long as the enemy says that he will return to his eyes, he forgives him and does not ask, but focuses on a few stubborn enemies who refuse to surrender and persist in resistance. The first time I marched into Hexi, I passed the Kuaipu tribe without fighting, and the abandonment of the war at the foot of Gaolan Mountain only destroyed the "fierceness" and did not hurt the innocent, all of which were concrete manifestations of the policy of "giving up the root and chasing the end". This not only played a considerable role in dividing and disintegrating the enemy and winning the war, but also had a great influence on all ethnic groups in Hexi, prompting tens of thousands of evil kings to surrender to the Han court later. The battle of Hexi brought about great changes in the balance of power between China and Hungary. This service made the Huns lose Hexi after losing Henan, and the foundation of their rule in the Western Regions was completely uprooted. Since then, the Huns have not only been in a passive position for a long time in the struggle for the western regions with the Han Dynasty, but also suffered huge economic losses.

Battle of Mobei

In the fourth year of founding ceremony in Han and Yuan Dynasties (1 19 BC), in the war between the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu, the two sides fought a strategic decisive battle in the north of the desert.

After Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, launched a strategic counterattack against Xiongnu, he successively won the battles in South Henan, Monan and Hexi. Xiongnu Khan and Right Saint Wang Yuan fled to Mobei, which greatly reduced the war in the northwest border of the Western Han Dynasty. However, the Huns did not give up their attack on Hanbian County. In the autumn of three years, tens of thousands of tarquin invaded Right Beiping (the county ruled Pinggang, now Lingyuan West, Liaoning) and Dingxiang (the county ruled Le Cheng, now Tuchengzi, northwest of Inner Mongolia and Linger), killing thousands of officials and people.

In order to wipe out the main force of Xiongnu completely, Liang Wudi was determined to take advantage of the fact that Xiongnu misjudged that the Han army was unable to fight across the desert. In the spring of four years, 654.38+ 10,000 cavalry were concentrated, led by General Wei Qing and General Huo Qubing, seeking the main force of Xiongnu. In order to ensure the transportation and supply of military supplies for the Big Cavalry Group, 40,000 private horses (10.4 million) and hundreds of thousands of infantry carrying trench were organized to join the army.

The Han army originally planned to start from Dingxiang and head north, with Huo Qubing attacking Khan as the main force. Later, I learned from the prisoner's confession that Khan was in the east, which changed the original deployment. Wei Qing remained in Dingxiang and Huo Qubing stayed in Dongjun (the county governs the county, now the northeast city of Yuxian County, Hebei Province). According to the news that the Han army attacked Mobei, Xie Khan took Zhao Xin's advice, moved the people and livestock to the rear, and led the soldiers to wait in Mobei.

Wei Qing led the former general Li Guang, the left general GongSunHe, the right general Zhao, and the later general Cao Xiang * * * fifty thousand rode out of Dingxiang. Later, he learned from the prisoners that the list was alive, and Li Guang and Zhao joined hands to go out and find the host to coordinate. After that, they rode more than 1000 miles to the north, crossed the desert and saw Khan waiting in line. Even if you are surrounded by a martial car, you have to ride 5 thousand. At sunset, Wei Qing surrounded Khan with his left and right wings. Khan was defeated, so he led Zhuang to ride hundreds to break through and escape. The Han army pursued Zhao Xincheng in Kanyan Mountain (a branch south of Hang 'ai Mountain in Mongolia), and captured more than 9000 people before and after/kloc-0. Li Guang and Zhao couldn't arrive as scheduled because they got lost.

Huo Qubing led his troops out of the fortress, crossed the desert and walked more than 2,000 miles north, where he met Zuo. After fierce fighting, Zuo was defeated. Huo Qubing sealed the wolf in Xushan Mountain (now Kent Mountain in Mongolia) to worship heaven, and Zen Ancient Rock Mountain (now Kent Mountain in Mongolia) to worship the land, and returned it to the vast sea (now Lake Baikal in Russia). * * * More than 70,000 people were captured and beheaded.

This war * * * annihilated more than 90,000 Xiongnu troops, making it impossible to cross the desert south for a while. The Western Han Dynasty also lost tens of thousands of troops and 65,438+10,000 soldiers and horses. Since then, the two sides have temporarily stopped fighting.

Comments: The Battle of Mobei was the largest and hardest battle between the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, and it was a successful battle in the grassland area, which played an important role in the history of ancient China war. The Han army's operational policy is clear and well prepared. On the basis of winning the three wars in Henan, Monan and Hexi, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, according to the combat experience of using cavalry regiment to carry out long-distance raids and circuitous operations after actual combat training, and taking advantage of the paralysis psychology of Xiongnu Wang Tingbei who mistakenly thought that the Han army did not dare to go deep into Mobei, decided to take it by surprise, boldly made long-distance raids, went deep into Mobei, swept caves and searched for fighters. At the same time, he made careful preparations before the war. In addition to concentrating the best cavalry and soldiers in the country, he also mobilized a large number of horses and infantry to transport grain and grass to solve the supply problem in long-distance operations. In the battle, the commander-in-chief of the Han army gave full play to his outstanding command ability, made full use of the characteristics of quickness, mobility and impact of the large cavalry group, and attacked in different ways with superior forces. He not only dares to go deep into enemy-occupied areas, but also is good at circuitous changes. Wei Qing, in particular, after encountering the main force, tactfully used the new tactics of protecting cars and riding and attacking to cooperate with the battle. He first relied on the defensive ability of the chariot to be invincible, and then made use of the cavalry's fast-moving attack ability to make a detour. All this provided a guarantee for the victory of the Han army. The battle of Mobei ended in a great victory for the Han army. Give the Huns an unprecedented blow. After this Armageddon, the Xiongnu border disaster that had endangered the Han Dynasty for more than a hundred years was basically solved. In this sense, the Battle of Mobei was the highest peak of Emperor Wudi's counterattack against Xiongnu. .