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What are the architectural features of Kunming architecture?

Abstract: What are the architectural features of Kunming architecture? The traditional architectural features in Kunming are closely related to the local climate conditions with four seasons like spring. Traditional culture is more obvious in the integration of Han and Yi in central Yunnan. The influence of ancient Dian culture in Dianchi Lake basin on the development of architectural style needs to be explored. Traditional folk houses belong to the core area of "compact growth" quadrangle architecture culture represented by "one shade", which is characterized by compact land use and symmetrical axis. Traditional architectural features, such as long inside and short outside and hard top, are widespread. So what are the styles of traditional architecture and modern architecture in Kunming? The following article introduces the overall architectural style of Kunming for everyone. Let's have a look! I. Overview of Old Buildings in Kunming

Kunming is a city with a history of more than 1000 years and a reputation as a "spring city". Its architectural style is deeply influenced by the Central Plains culture and western culture. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, an architectural system integrating multi-culture and local culture was formed, which gradually gave birth to the architectural style of the old city of Kunming, reflected the colorful traditional architectural culture of the old city of Kunming and reflected the harmonious coexistence of all ethnic groups. The old buildings that can still be seen in Kunming today include "Eight Faces Wind"-Fu Lin Hall, "One Seal"-Siheyuan Residential Building, "Goblet"-Memorial Hall for the Victory of the Anti-Japanese War, "Wujiang Hall"-Yunnan Military Academy, "Jianjianwa Top Floor"-YMCA and "Lu Han Mansion"-the private residence of Lu Han, President of Yunnan Provincial Government.

In Kunming, due to various reasons, the old buildings have been demolished by the relevant government, and the original features of old Kunming are running out. Jingxing Flower and Bird Market is a famous old building. The old buildings in Kunming are residential houses built by the old Kunming people according to the natural geographical conditions and humanistic customs of Kunming. Among them, the famous ancient buildings in Kunming are:

Jinma Bijifang is the ancient city feelings of several generations of Kunming people. The once sparse figure, the once camel bells and shouts seemed to disappear at the end of Qingshi Hutong. Songs written in the past have been handed down from generation to generation. Now, simple and elegant, it is still close to the sun, smiling and waving hello to every visitor who comes to watch.

Jinri Mansion was built in Yuan Dynasty, and was praised by Laokun people as a "recent high-rise building". It was originally located on the north-south axis of the old Kunming city and was the south gate of Kunming. Like Jinma Bijifang, it is the symbol and pride of Kunming, also known as the beautiful gate. After Governor Yungui of Qing Dynasty came to Kunming, Li's main entrance was renamed as the nearest door, and the gatehouse was also called Lou. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jinri Mansion was the main commercial center of Kunming, where a large number of commodities were distributed. In 1950s, Jinri Building was demolished.

The East Temple Tower is located on this Linshu Street. It turned out to be a pagoda in the temple. Pagodas and temples were built in Nanzhao era. At that time, there was Chorakuji Temple in the city, and the temple tower was Dongsi Tower, also known as Chorakuji Temple Tower. In contrast, Huiguang Temple, the inner tower of which is called Xisi Tower, is also called Huiguang Temple Tower. Today, the temple has been abandoned and the tower still exists. _ Dongsi Tower is a square hollow brick tower with dense eaves and a height of 40.57m, with a grade of 13. There is a tower gate in the south of the basement, and the underground palace is deep 1.5 meters. 2- 12 has a Buddhist shrine on all sides, and there is a stone Buddha in the Buddhist shrine, all donated by good men and women. During the period from1946 to1948, Kunming was known as the "fortress of democracy", and the wall of Jinri Building was covered with anti-imperialist and anti-Chiang poems, which was called the "democratic wall".

Xisi Pagoda, also known as Huiguang Pagoda, stands on the west side of the middle section of Dongsi Street, with a history of more than 1 100 years. Facing the East Four Pagoda, it has experienced the storms in Kunming and been repaired many times, which is the witness of ancient civilization and culture. Plum blossoms and misty rain in February, "misty rain in two towers" became one of the "eight scenic spots in Kunming" in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Second, the overall architectural style of Kunming

The traditional architectural features in Kunming are closely related to the local climate conditions with four seasons like spring. Traditional culture is more obvious in the integration of Han and Yi in central Yunnan. The influence of ancient Dian culture in Dianchi Lake basin on the development of architectural style needs to be explored. Traditional folk houses belong to the core area of "compact growth" quadrangle architecture culture represented by "one shade", which has the characteristics of compact land use and symmetrical axis. Traditional architectural features, such as long inside and short outside and hard top, are common, and the architectural form is suitable for high sunshine on the plateau. The colors of buildings tend to be neutral and warm gray, and the exterior walls are often khaki.

Third, the style characteristics of traditional residential buildings in Kunming

1, layout technology of residential buildings in Kunming historical and cultural blocks

The plane layout of traditional residential buildings in Kunming historic district is basically square, which embodies the idea of advocating "founder" in traditional culture, the pursuit of the golden mean in traditional consciousness with harmonious and steady philosophical thinking, and is also reflected in the architectural pattern of "one letter". Through the investigation of traditional houses in Kunming historic district, it is found that although this kind of buildings have a certain pattern, they can be transformed according to the actual terrain and various economic conditions. Only one-fifth of the buildings are square on the real plane, while four-fifths are rectangular. This is because the depth of the main building is greater than the total area of the main building due to the width of the wing and the inverted seats. This kind of building layout is more reasonable and scientific, and it is more convenient and practical in life. On the one hand, the number of rooms in the main room and wing room on the plane can be adjusted, and on the other hand, multiple families can be combined to form a coherent series of rows, which has strong regional adaptability. Shops and houses in historical and cultural blocks are basically two floors except for a few three floors. Most of the buildings facing the street are strip buildings, with more than ten rooms, and a stacking wall is set up every five to seven rooms. This kind of strip building facing the street, the lower floor is mostly shops, the upper floor is occupied by people or warehouses, and the stairs are always behind. The layout is balanced and symmetrical, but the plane layout has primary and secondary points. The difference of ground elevation and floor height reflects the traditional custom of respecting the elderly in China. The ground layout of the whole first floor consists of three different levels: high, medium and low. The tall one is the main house, where the elders and newlyweds live. The middle room is a two-wing room, also called a wing room, which is used by the younger generation and the kitchen. The lower is the patio, which mainly provides convenience for life, such as wells and flower beds. The traditional residential buildings in the block are generally composed of abutment, wall and roof. Abutment is the foundation part and the plane layout part, and its layout determines the layout form of the building. At the same time, the patio is also the main channel for rainwater collection and drainage. Therefore, there are generally drainage ditches underground, and some drainage ditches are made of stones with patterns of copper coins on them. Rainwater flows along the eaves to drains or sewers. People in Kunming call it "rolling financial resources", "fat and water don't flow out of the field", "old times bring happiness" and "four waters return to the hall", which reflects people's respect for water and water's life to people.

Although the layout of residential buildings in Kunming Historic District is similar to the typical "one shade" residential buildings in the suburbs of Kunming, they are not exactly the same. There are three differences: first, at least three rooms in the main room are exposed to the inner courtyard, which is large in scale; Second, most floors are corner buildings in Happy Valley, and there are many corridors on both sides of the wing. Third, every back wall of the room on the second floor has windows, which are not completely closed to the outside world. These are all caused to meet the needs of modern urban life. So the houses in the block, because they are square on the plane, can generally be called "a letter", but they can't be regarded as a typical "a letter" house in a strict sense. Therefore, the plane layout of buildings reflects people's inheritance of traditional ideas, but there are also traces of constant innovation and change, which embodies practicality and sustenance.

2. The facade and gate style of residential buildings in Kunming historical and cultural block.

The modeling characteristics of street-facing pavement buildings in Kunming historical and cultural blocks are typical manifestations of traditional commercial streets in old Kunming. Most of the traditional commercial pavements along the street belong to two-story straight-down type. This type of roof has a deep eaves, because the two floors are straight. First, reduce the attack of rain on the bottom facade; The second is the need of modeling proportion. To this end, there are often multi-layer flower board covers under the eaves. How to avoid monotony is particularly important. At this time, it is necessary to deal with the form and proportion of upper and lower doors and windows and the layout of signboards. For example, the well-known Chinese medicine shop "Fu Lin Hall" located in the street corner of jing xing has a simple three-story vertical facade. However, the forms of the following window and the above two windows were treated differently and changed. It is a simple and changeable facade example, which is unified and contrasted, handled properly and profitable.

The gate of residential buildings in the whole historical block is the most important entrance and exit connecting the courtyard with the outside world, and it is also the key part of the whole building appearance treatment. The gate can be simply presented as a relatively independent building or a house, which can be said to be both a house and a door. The stone steps in front of the door are called "General Stone", mostly paved with all stones, more than 3 meters long, mostly odd numbers of one or three. There is a small cornice on the door head, which is closed with bricks. The wood on the door is finely processed, and the roof above the door is generally hard mountain. The inside of the pier is generally supported by two square eaves columns to form an outer door frame. The two columns are generally carved and hung, and the decorations are mostly auspicious patterns. There is a square door sleeper under the threshold, and the whole door and inverted seat form a whole, which is harmonious, beautiful and practical and has local cultural characteristics.

The form and scale of the gate can best reflect the identity, status and economic level of the owner of the house. Some are simple (only one roof, with little decoration), and some are gorgeous (the door is supported by wooden beams, decorated with multi-layer flower covers under the eaves, and the foot of the door is sometimes decorated with exquisite stone carvings). At the same time, the gates of many residential buildings in Kunming can best reflect the extent of their influence by modern foreign buildings, and also reflect the characteristics of multicultural integration here. For example, the gatehouse at No.8 Xiaoying Guixiang uses modern-style archways, stone carvings and tiled tiles; The decorative patterns of quadrangle gatehouse are extremely rich and exquisite. The whole courtyard consists of an outer courtyard and two inner courtyards. The outer courtyard obviously bears the trace of western architectural culture style, but the details are combined with China classical patterns. Among them, the most unique style is the door. The outer door is divided into four tall cylindrical supports, with a stone arch in the middle and a central arch at the top, and three arches on each side fall down in turn. Entering the inner courtyard from the outside, there are two doors, and the one on the right is the most beautifully decorated, engraved with golden patterns and surrounded by a circle of classical flower patterns. The following is a decorative relief with strong three-dimensional effect, and the waistline of Mei Zhulanju is engraved in the middle of the whole. There are gorgeous bas-reliefs along the arch and column foot in the lower section of the door, and the details are still dominated by China classical decorative patterns.

Most of the gate forms of traditional residential buildings in the block have traces of the influence of Chinese culture, and because people believe in Feng Shui culture, there are many taboos, such as the gate can not face the road, and the roofs of other people can not face the opposite gate. Or painting Tai Chi gossip on the front door, planting cactus on the front door to ward off evil spirits, or putting a tile cat or a stone lion on the top of the door, all these are people's wishes for a better life.

3. Corridor form of residential buildings in Kunming historical and cultural blocks.

Corridor is an important passage connecting the interior of quadrangle building, and it is also an important space connecting indoor and outdoor. Its width often determines the space size of the building. On the contrary, the size of the building can be seen from the width of the corridor. The corridor of residential buildings in Kunming Historic District is also called "Youchun", that is, between the first and second floors, there is a corridor composed of a waist building sheltered from rain and a walkway higher than the patio below, so people can freely shuttle in the rain and live more conveniently. At the same time, it also plays a protective role in the building, so that the doors, windows and walls on the first floor of the building are protected from rain erosion. As an integral part of the building, Xia Yao is an important storage place for daily necessities and clothes, which is convenient for life. It is a very practical building component, and it is also decorative. The beams of Xia Yao pass through eaves columns and are connected by columns, forming a relatively stable structure. Columns are often made into lantern patterns or lotus petals, which has certain artistry and is also a reflection of people's cultural psychology of worshiping and believing in Buddhism in architectural art.

Corridor is also an important place for family members to communicate with each other. People who can live in the same hospital are often traditional families in China. People are more accustomed to the family-style lifestyle, working together and living together. Mutual understanding and skill training among family members can all complete their functions through this place, and they can also enjoy the sunshine or watch the rain fall. In any case, as a part of the building, the corridor not only has the function of sheltering from the wind and rain and protecting the building, but also has the cultural function, which can enhance people's understanding and convey culture, and is also a leisure place.

As an integral part of the residential building type, the corridor is long and narrow, with a waist on the top and a mansion on the bottom, which is used for traffic rather than living. In addition to the human environment, it also has a certain relationship with the natural environment in Kunming. In particular, the single-story eaves gallery in front of the main house connects purlins and becomes the main activity space in the family. Almost all living, eating and housework activities can be carried out in this area, which is a * * * enjoyment space for people and plays an important role in connecting courtyard space and purlin space. It has also become the main space for family life communication, with special architectural and cultural functions.

4. Door and window styles of residential buildings in Kunming historical and cultural blocks.

Kunming Historic District consists of single traditional buildings, courtyards, buildings and streets. In terms of architectural culture, the shape and quantity of doors and windows are a direct reflection of the building grade, the social status, identity and economic situation of the owners. In ancient times, doors and windows were also set according to certain etiquette systems and norms. Similarly, doors and windows can also reflect the social, economic and cultural conditions at that time from one side. Generally speaking, the doors and windows in the yard are relatively large and artistic. Doors and windows are not directly fixed between columns and beams, but through members, and the left and right mullions are arranged near columns. As the most important building in the courtyard, the main room has relatively high specifications of doors and windows, with six doors, the heart-shaped pattern is mostly double cross diamond, and the skirt and window sash are mostly carved grass and festive, auspicious, longevity and happiness patterns. The main room on the second floor generally adopts six double cross diamond windows with gold relief and flowers, birds, insects, fish, birds and animals on the skirt. One window, one painting and one window, and the vase-shaped column base at the door are all in line with the psychology of the old citizens to pray.

Generally, the doors and windows of the wing are simpler than those of the main room, and the doors and windows of the two wings are symmetrical. The sill walls on the first floor are mostly earth walls and wooden walls, and the sill windows are mostly simple and detachable wooden windows. The second floor wing uses double cross diamond windows, and some simple straight lattice windows are also useful. Because the first floor of the inverted seat is a passage, only the second floor has windows, usually six double cross diamond windows. The wooden doors and windows are beautifully carved and the composition is rigorous. There are many forms such as missing carving and relief, and there are also different methods such as varnish and gold powder paint. Its complexity, painting and carving level can reflect the identity, status and wealth of its owner. From the decorative art and design of doors and windows, we can see people's ideas and social background at that time. Of course, the trend of multicultural integration is most typical in the doors and windows of Wen Ming Street residential building. Under this trend, businessmen are exposed to more frontier cultures, and they have the opportunity to contact foreign cultures, so their housing construction has traces of foreign cultures. For example, Wenmiao Street 103 Courtyard is the best case of the integration of function and art, and eastern and western cultures. The doors and windows on the first floor of the main building are of wood frame structure, with gables as maintenance walls at the bottom, and Chinese bluegrass bamboo knots carved on the bricks. The shape of the six doors is still the traditional wooden door style, surrounded by four auspicious classical patterns. The relief pattern on the sash ring plate is similar to western wrought iron, which is the perfect combination of Yunnan local art decoration style and western cultural elements, functionality and decoration. The influence of western culture can be seen everywhere in the buildings of traditional blocks. At the beginning of the 20th century, due to the invasion of Britain and France and the opening of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, Kunming accelerated its trade ties with Southeast Asian countries and exchanges with European and American countries, and once became a window for domestic and Southeast Asian countries to exchange trade. For Kunming under the impact of western agitation, although China's traditional decoration techniques have developed and evolved to a certain extent, the mainstream is still the result of the great integration of Chinese and Western cultures.

Four. Famous landmark buildings in Kunming

Guandu ancient town 1

Located in the southeast suburb of Kunming, Yunnan Province, Guandu Ancient Town in Kunming is one of the famous historical and cultural ancient towns. It has a long history of more than 2000 years. It is one of the birthplaces of Yunnan culture and the main historical and cultural landscape of Kunming tourism. Guandu ancient town is rich in cultural relics and cultural landscapes. Within an area of less than 1.5 square kilometers, there are many landscapes in the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Wushan, Liusi, Qige and Eight Temples. Guandu ancient town is famous for its profound history and culture. Although historical and cultural sites were destroyed, important historical and cultural sites were preserved. In the ancient town, the courtyard wall rammed with snail shells and soil still stands in the wind and rain. It is rare that a century-old earthen house still exists. As an ancient town with a long history, Guandu was once a famous ancient ferry in central Yunnan and one of the famous historical and cultural towns in Kunming. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was a big market town on the east bank of Dianchi Lake. The Yuan Dynasty and Kunming established counties at the same time. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has become a town with developed commerce and handicrafts. In the past, there were many merchants and towers in Guandu, with five mountains, six temples, seven pavilions and eight temples, and many cultural landscapes. So far, many cultural and architectural sites have been preserved.

2. Zhu Qian Temple

Qiongzhu Temple is located on Yu 'an Mountain in the western suburbs of Kunming, Yunnan, and it is 12km away from the city. It is a famous Buddhist temple in central Yunnan. The Bamboo Temple was built in the Tang and Song Dynasties, with a history of 1300 years. Zhu Qian Temple is built on the mountain, with the east-west axis and the layout from west to east, forming a courtyard space with four courtyards and three courtyards. Bamboo Temple has three courtyards, along the central axis, namely: Shanmen, Daxiong Hall and Huayan Pavilion. The left and right wing rooms of Tianwang Temple are Tiantai Laige and Fanyin Pavilion. The left and right wing rooms of Ursa major are ancestral hall and Galapagos hall respectively. The rest are guest rooms, zhaitang, monk rooms, abbot rooms, incense shops, cloisters and other buildings.

3. Yuantong Temple

Yuantong Temple, located in Yuantong Street in the center of Kunming, is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Kunming with a history of 1200 years. It is also the largest temple in Kunming. Built in Nanzhao period of Tang Dynasty, it was originally named Butuo Temple. Yuantong Temple Square is magnificent with lush trees. Known as "the snail peak is full of green" and "the snail peak is full of green". It has always been one of the eight scenic spots in Kunming, just like a beautiful Jiangnan garden. Architecturally speaking, it seeks tranquility in the noise, sees the big from the small, and forms a unique Shui Yuan Buddhist temple with the scenery of Luofeng Mountain as the background, which has a unique style in China's gardening art; The main entrance of Yuantong Temple is located in Yuantong Street. The more you enter the temple, the lower the terrain, which is a rare "temple falling" in temple architecture in China.

4. East Temple Tower and West Temple Tower

Dongsi Pagoda and Xisi Pagoda are monuments in Kunming. Linshu Street and Dongsi Street are located in the south of Kunming, facing each other across the street from east to west, with a history of more than 1 100 years.

5. Jinri Building

Jinri Mansion, built in Yuan Dynasty, was praised by Laokun people as "a tall building close to the sun". It was originally located on the north-south axis of the old Kunming city and was the south gate of Kunming. Like Jinma Bijifang and Dongxisi Pagoda, it is the symbol and pride of Kunming, also known as Lidongmen.

6. Black Dragon Pool

Kunming Heilongtan Park is located in the northeast suburb of Kunming 12km at the foot of Wulong Peak in Longquan Mountain. It is one of the ancient scenic spots in Kunming, famous for its "four wonders" of Tang Mei, White Pine, Tea and Ming Tombs, and known as "the first ancient temple in central Yunnan". Black Dragon Pool was founded in the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1394). Because there is a Bitan Lake at the foot of the mountain, the deep water in the lake is blue. It is said that the Dragon Palace of Yunnan Dragon King and Black Dragon is here, and the pool water here will not be exhausted all the year round, so it was later called "Black Dragon Pool".

7. Huating Temple

Huating Temple, located in Huating Mountain, Xishan, Kunming, was founded in the Yuan Dynasty. It is a famous Buddhist temple in Kunming, and it has also been identified as a key Buddhist temple in Han areas of China by the State Council.

8. Golden Temple

Jindian, also known as Tongwa Hall, is located at the foot of Mingfeng Mountain, 7 kilometers northeast of Kunming, sitting east to west. It is a famous Taoist temple in Yunnan. It was built in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1602). It was built by Chen Yongbin, governor of Yunnan Province, after imitating the Hall of Supreme Harmony and Jin Dian in Wudang Mountain, Xunxian County, Hubei Province. It's been 4 15 years. The main hall is made of bronze, which is shining and dazzling, hence the name "Golden Hall" and is a national key cultural relics protection unit.

9. Jinma Biji Restaurant

Jinma Bijifang, located at the intersection of Shisan Street and Jinbi Road in the center of Kunming, is a symbol of Kunming. Jinma Bijifang was founded in Xuande period of Ming Dynasty, and has a history of nearly 400 years.

Daguanlou 10

Daguanlou, located in Kunming, Yunnan, near the south of the flower garden, is named after facing Dianchi Lake, overlooking Xishan Mountain and surrounded by lakes and mountains. It was built in the 29th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1690) and a two-story building was built in the 35th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1696). During the Qianlong period, Sun Ranweng wrote long couplets for it, which were written and printed by the famous scholar Lu Shutang. Daguanlou became a famous building in China because of its long couplets. Daguanlou became the key cultural relics protection unit in Yunnan Province in 1983 and the national key cultural relics protection unit (the seventh batch) in 20 13.

Cuihu Park 1 1

Cuihu Lake is located at the western foot of Wuhua Mountain in the urban area, and it is the central sightseeing spot in the urban area. It is famous as "the spring dawn in Cui Di". People call it "an emerald embedded in Kunming". Governor Fan Yungui and Governor Yungui built Biyi Pavilion (commonly known as Haixin Pavilion) in the lake in 1834. 19 19, the Tang Dynasty built east and west dikes and north and south dikes in the lake, which divided the lake into four parts, with Haixin Pavilion in the lake, Fish Watching Hall in the west and Shuiyuexuan in the southeast.

Wanda Twin Towers 12

The 300-meter "Wanda Kunming Twin Towers" is the masterpiece of Wanda Center, with a total investment of nearly 654.38+0 billion yuan. 2065.438+June 365.438+1October 365.438+0. As the 65.438+000th wanda plaza opened by Wanda, it is of milestone significance and one of the few in Wanda Group.