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Hanzhong Han Xi Hotel
Introduction The Battle of Sanqin, which broke out in August of the first year of Han Dynasty (206 BC), was a very fast and beautiful war that Liu Bang rarely fought in his life. In just four months, it successfully broke through Hanzhong and won most of Guanzhong. On this basis, they launched a Chu-Han war with Xiang Yu for the world. It can be said that "Returning the Three Qin Dynasties" is the first battle for Liu Bang to officially blow the horn of unifying the world, and it is also a crucial battle for him, because if he loses this battle, Liu Bang will be trapped in this remote place in Hanzhong forever and miss the dream of winning the world. In addition, he will call for a military strike by Xiang Yu, and the day of his defeat can be expected. So, what is the cause and effect of "returning to Sanqin"? How did Liu Bang win the war? This article will discuss this classic battle in detail. First, the interweaving of discontent and ambition In October of the first year of the Han Dynasty (in October of 207 BC, the first year of the Qin Dynasty was October), Zi Ying, the king of Qin, surrendered to Liu Bang and officially declared the demise of the Qin Dynasty. In November of the same year, Xiang Yu led the allied governors into the customs. In December, there was a very famous banquet in the history of China. Under the military pressure of Xiang Yu, Liu Bang had to surrender to Xiang Yu and hand over control of Xianyang. At that time, the future of the world was entirely in the hands of Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu's approach was to restore the enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In February of the first year of the Han Dynasty (February 206 BC), Xiang Yu officially made various governors kings. According to "Han Gao", in February, Yu became the overlord of western Chu, nine counties, and Chu was Pengcheng, the capital city. He broke his word and made Pei Gong Hanwang, and 41 counties of Shu and Hanzhong were all in Nanzheng. Guanzhong three points, Qin three generals, Zhang Han as the king of harmony, all abandoned the hill; Sima Xin is the king of the game, both in Liyang; Dong Kun is Zhai Wang, and he is a slave. Chu Jiangqiu is the king of Henan and the capital of Luoyang. Zhao named Sima Chen the king of Yin, and everyone sang. Yang Jun Ying Bu was only six years old when he became the king of Jiujiang. Wang Huai is the king of Linjiang and the capital of Jiangling. Fan Jun Wu Rui is the king of Hengshan Mountain, and they are both honored. Therefore, both Qi and Sun Tianan are kings of northern Hebei. Wei Wangbao moved to the Western Wei Dynasty, with Pingyang as its capital. Han Guang, the prince of Yan, was moved to Liaodong. Strictly call Tibetan tea the prince and the whole thistle. Move the King of Qi to Tian Cheng as the King of Jiaodong. Qi Jiangtian is the King of Qi, and they are all nearby. Move the king of Zhao to rest in peace as the acting king. Zhang Zhaoxiang is the king of Changshan. Including himself, Xiang Yu * * * conferred the title18 C. At first, Liu Bang was very angry with him for being named Hanwang: "Hanwang complained that Yu had broken the contract and wanted to attack it. Prime Minister Xiao He admonished him." Liu bang's anger has reached the point where he wants to fight to the end regardless of the huge strength gap between himself and Xiang Yu. According to historical records, the reason why Liu Bang was angry was that Xiang Yu had broken his word. This promise refers to Chu Huaiwang's promise that Wang Zhi was the first to settle in Guanzhong. At that time, Zhao was besieged, and as an anti-Qin leader, the Chu army headed by him was sent to save Zhao. On the other hand, he plans to concentrate his main force under the rule of Zhao, open another front, bypass the main force and take the center of Qin. But at that time, many people were afraid of Qin Jun, and few people responded. In order to encourage many people to respond, Chu Huaiwang put forward the agreement that "the first person to settle in Guanzhong is king". The "King of Guanzhong" is the "King of Qin". As the most powerful country among the six countries at that time, Qin became the political, economic and cultural center of the world after the unification of the six countries. Being a "King of Qin" means gaining the strength of the world at that time, which shows how attractive this agreement is. In the end, Liu Bang got the opportunity to enter the West Pass. After a long and arduous March for one year, he successfully entered Xianyang and destroyed Qin. Then, according to the promise of cherishing the king at the beginning, Liu Bang naturally deserved to be named "King of Guanzhong". However, the pattern at that time changed greatly. In the process of going north to save Zhao, Xiang Yu killed the commander-in-chief of the Chu army and successfully seized the military power. Later, he defeated Qin Jun's main force in the Battle of Julu, and established absolute prestige among the governors. According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Xiang Yu, Xiang Yu summoned the governors and entered Yuanmen, all of whom dared not look up. "Really become the master of the world. However, although Xiang Yu has achieved great success in the military, he has a fatal shortcoming, that is, he entered the customs later than Liu Bang. Therefore, in the face of Wang Huai's appointment, Xiang Yu is facing a very embarrassing situation. If you keep Wang Huai's promise and make Liu Bang the king of Guanzhong, this is what Xiang Yu doesn't want to see. He and Fan Zeng were so terrified of Liu Bang that they almost killed him at the Hongmen banquet. Although they finally eased the contradiction temporarily, Xiang Yu could never give Liu Bang the fertile land in Guanzhong at that time. But if you don't keep Wang Huai's promise, it will be in the name of breaking it, and spreading it doesn't sound good. Moreover, Xiang Yu also has his own ideas on how to organize the land in Guanzhong. In a word, Wang Huai's appointment has actually become insignificant here. What Xiang Yu should consider is actually how to minimize his negative influence. As a result of comprehensive consideration, Liu Bang enfeoffed Hanzhong. Hanzhong was originally the land of Qin, and it has been under the jurisdiction of Qin since Qin Huiwen destroyed Bashu and Qin Zhaoxiang formally annexed Bashu. However, due to the steep terrain and inconvenient transportation, Qin used this place as a place to exile prisoners. For example, after Qin Shihuang put down Lao Ai's rebellion in the early years of his succession, he said, "Old Ai Sheren all moved to Shu and had no place to live. "The famous Lv Qin Buwei also died on the way to Shu. But in any case, the land of Bashu is still the land of Qin. It is not a breach of contract to seal Liu Bang here, but it can also achieve the purpose of containing Liu Bang. For Xiang Yu, this is a win-win situation. But for Liu Bang, this result is hard to accept. From the moment he first entered the customs, he began to dream of becoming the "king of Guanzhong". Although Xiang Yu's entry into the customs awakened Liu Bang from this dream, he still had some hopes that Xiang Yu could abide by this agreement. But in the end, Liu Bang didn't get the Guanzhong king, but was sent to Bashu, a remote and dangerous place like a prisoner. This huge gap will naturally arouse Liu Bang's anger. However, due to the huge gap in strength, Liu Bang had to swallow this tone temporarily. In April of the first year of the Han Dynasty (April of 206 BC), the enfeoffment system was completed, and the governors of all walks of life set off for home. Liu Bang also set off for Hanzhong with deep dissatisfaction. Therefore, the dissatisfaction with Xiang Yu's enfeoffment and his ambition to become the "king of Guanzhong" contributed to Liu Bang's battle of "returning the Three Qin Dynasties" in the future. Second, the power struggle and the "Three Qins" entered Bashu, and Liu Bang's career entered a trough, but at the same time it also ushered in an opportunity, which is the emergence of Han Xin. It is worth noting that there were two Han Xin under Liu Bang at that time. In order to distinguish them, future generations will call them "Han Wangxin" and "Huaiyin Hou Han Xin" according to their titles. Han Wangxin, a descendant of Korean aristocrats, followed Liu Bangxi when he entered the Qin Dynasty. Han Xin, the marquis of Huaiyin, came to take refuge when he entered Shu, and finally became a "general" of the Han army through Xiao He's strong recommendation. Why did Han Wangxin specifically mention that there were two Han Xin? Because according to historical records, Han Xin made outstanding contributions to Liu Bang's career at this time. Specifically, they strengthened Liu and Xiang Yu's determination to fight for power and profit. Han Wangxin believes that most of Liu Bang's generals and soldiers are from Shandong (east of Yishan, mainly referring to non-Qin people), and they don't want to stay in the remote Hanzhong for a long time. If they want to return home, Liu Bang can take advantage of this homesickness and take the opportunity to run around and compete for the world. Han Xin, the marquis of Huaiyin, made a concrete analysis of Liu Bang's Xiang Yu character and thought that he was just a brave and soft man. At the same time, he made a detailed analysis of Liu Bang's present environment and advantages, and suggested that Liu Bangxian recover Guanzhong and destroy the three kings of Qin, namely, Zhang Han, Sima Xin, Dong Min and Zhai Wang, and then fight for power with Xiang Yu in the East. In fact, a careful analysis of what Liu Bang did before seems that Liu Bang has made up his mind to win the world, and he wants to get the throne of Guanzhong King. However, after entering Hanzhong, Han Xin's advice twice strengthened Liu Bang's determination to compete with Xiang Yu for the world, especially the analysis of Huaiyin Hou Han Xin, which made Liu Bang see the advantages and disadvantages between himself and Xiang Yu, found the specific direction to beat him, and helped him build up confidence. In other words, at this time, Liu Bang's goal is not only to win Guanzhong and be a Guanzhong king, but to replace Xiang Yu as the new world hegemon. Taking Guan Zhong is only the first step to achieve this goal, and it is also a springboard for him to further seize the world. Thus, the appearance of two Han Xin is crucial to the positioning of Liu Bang's career. Determined the big strategic direction, the next step is how to achieve it, but at the moment Liu Bang is facing an extremely unfavorable situation. In order to contain Liu Bang, Xiang Yu not only sent him to Bashu, but also blocked Liu Dongbang's passage by establishing the king of Sanqin. At the same time, the traffic is extremely inconvenient. The steep terrain of the Qinling Mountains and the burning of the plank road when Liu Bang entered Shu last time all made it unrealistic to set up the Three Qin Dynasties. However, Liu Bang also has an advantage, that is, Liu Bang occupies Hanzhong. In fact, when Xiang Yu enfeoffed Liu Bang, he only gave him the land of Bashu County. Later, Sean bribed Xiang Bo and successfully got Hanzhong County from Xiang Yu, but this was only because Liu Bang obtained the legitimacy of occupying Hanzhong from Xiang Yu, and Hanzhong County was actually under Liu Bang's actual control. According to "Hanshu Fan Liteng, Fujin and Zhou Chuanchuan", "(Li Shang) will attack the Ten-Day Pass and set Hanzhong in the west. "Tang Yanshi drum note:" "When Pei Gong goes out of Wuguan and Lantian, don't pacify Hanzhong from the west when doing business." It can be seen that before Xiang Yu entered the customs, Liu Bang had already sent someone to win Hanzhong. Hanzhong is located between Bashu and Guanzhong, and occupying this place is undoubtedly a springboard to enter Guanzhong. With this condition, Liu bang began to deploy plans to attack Shimonoseki. What is worth mentioning here is who was specifically responsible for the "Three Qin" campaign, because according to the most popular saying, it was Han Xin who successfully attracted Zhang Han's main force and finally defeated him. However, according to Historical Records and Hanshu, the most basic historical materials to study the history of Qin and Han Dynasties, it is not said that Han Xin was in charge of Sanqin, and there is no record about him. The only relevant record is that Liu Bang was overjoyed when Han Xin analyzed Xiang Yu's character and the world situation in Historical Records and Biography of Huaiyin Hou. Later generations thought that this "plan" was "to build a clear road, but it was actually a misunderstanding." The "loyalty" mentioned in Historical Records should refer to Han Xin's grand strategy of seizing the world put forward by Liu Bang before, that is, "going against the way of Xiang Yu", taking Guanzhong and competing with Xiang Yu for the world in the East. The battle of "Returning the Three Qin Dynasties" was actually commanded by Liu Bang himself. The battle officially started in August of the first year of Han Dynasty, and the whole process can be divided into three stages. The first step is to defeat Zhang Han, the king of Yong. According to "Historical Records Cao Shijia", "The Three Qin Dynasties are still determined, and it is embarrassing to attack and argue first, and to be in harmony with each other." The word "Chu" shows that Liu Bangxian sent Cao Can as a pioneer to start from Nanzheng and enter Guanzhong via the Taoist and ancient roads. At the same time, according to Zi Ji Yi, in August, Hanwang led the troops out of the old road and attacked Yong; Zhang Han, the King of Harmony, met Han Chencang ",that is, after Cao Can's vanguard troops, Liu Bang also marched from the old road, ready to capture the land of Harmony, but Zhang Han discovered Liu Bang's intention in time and personally led the army to intercept Liu Bang's troops in Chencang. Biography of Heroes in Historical Records shows the story of Hou Zhaoyan in Xuchang: "At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Han Wang, Hanzhong, Yong Jun blocked Chen, climbed to the top and wanted to return. It is said that it came from another road, and the road is connected. " "This record shows that when Zhang Han led the army to meet Liu Bang in Chencang, Liu Bang's intention of entering Guanzhong from Chencang was blocked and he wanted to return to Hanzhong temporarily, but at this moment Zhao Yan proposed" another way "to Liu Bang, that is, to find another way to enter Guanzhong. As a result, the road was cleared. Liu Bang successfully bypassed Chen Cang, raided Zhang Han's army and defeated it (this should be the prototype of Han Xin's "Dark Night" story). "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" contains: "If you are brave and defeated, you will still go; Stop, fight hard, lose again, and go to the wasteland. After losing three games in a row, Zhang Han almost lost his harmony and had to return to his capital, the abandoned mountain. At this point, Liu Bang successfully completed the first stage of the campaign of "Returning the Three Qin Dynasties", broke through Hanzhong, defeated Yong Wang Zhang Han, entered Guanzhong and gained a firm foothold. Guan Ying and Li Shang marched into the second stage map, eastward into Xianyang, and defeated the main force of Sanqin King. After Zhang Han held fast to the abandoned hill, Liu Bang's next goal was to move eastward to Xianyang. Between Chencang and Xianyang, Zhang Han's younger brother Zhang Ping led an army to hold fast to the city. According to Historical Records Biography of Cao Family and Biography of Tengguan, Cao participated in the siege of Fan Kuai and others. At this time, Cao Can also broke the army of the three kings of Qin who came to support him: "Strike Edom, Gao Oak, and break it. "After Zhangping was surrounded, Zhangping went out." Zhangping withdrew from Liangshu City, Liangshu City was breached by the Han army, and Xianyang was also exposed to the Han army. Then, Cao Can defeated Zhao Ben and Neishi Baojun near Xianyang, successfully breached Xianyang City and renamed it Xianyang New City. After Xianyang was captured, the Han army successfully cut off the connection between the three kings of Qin. Later, Liu Bang quickly ordered Guan Ying to move eastward to attack King Simaxin of Cyprus, and at the same time sent Zhou Bo to attack northward: "Attack lacquer in the north." . Hit Zhang Ping and Yao. Siding is dead. It's not good for Yang either. "Put pressure on Zhai Dongjin. In order to stop the mutual rescue between the three Qin Dynasties, Liu Bang sent Cao Can to stay in Jingling for 20 days, and the three Qin Dynasties asked Zhang Ping to attack Cao Can, participate in the attack and break it. At this point, the main forces of the three kings of Qin were all wiped out by the Han army. In the third stage, Sai Wang and Zhai Wang were defeated, slightly less than Guanzhong. After the main force of the Sanqin king was destroyed, the Han army blossomed more, and Guan Ying moved eastward to attack the Serbian king Sima Xin. Sima Xin could not resist surrendering to the Han army, and Serbia perished. According to Shi Gaozu's Postscript, "Ding Fu (Hou of Yang Du) decided to go to Sanqin instead of surrendering to Zhai Wang. "Zhai Wang Dongming surrendered to the Han army, and Zhai Guo died. At the same time, Li Shang was sent to conquer a large area of northern Shaanxi, and the northern part of Guanzhong was basically won by the Han army. According to historical records, the families of Hou Jiang and zhou bo are said to have broken down. Strike and steal the Pakistani army and break it. The Historical Records of Justice quoted "Enlarged Records" as saying: "The old city of Xixian County is located in Han Xi County, 90 miles southwest of Shangguan County, Qin Zhou." So, in the west of Guanzhong, Zhou Bo and others led an army to pacify it. At this point, the Han army only lasted for four months, and basically won all the areas in Guanzhong, except the abandoned Qiu Cheng that Zhang Han insisted on was not captured. Although the abandoned mound has not been laid, it is an isolated city and it is difficult to achieve anything. In June of the second year of the Han Dynasty (June 205 BC), after nearly nine months of persistence, the Han army diverted water to fill the barren hills, and Zhang Han committed suicide. Guanzhong was completely pacified by the Han army. Figure 3: Combination of Weather and Location The battle of "Dingsanqin" was the first battle for Wei Liu to fight all over the world. From entering Shu in April of the first year of Han Dynasty, starting troops in Hanzhong in August, and basically pacifying Guanzhong in December, Liu Bang completed a miraculous situation reversal in such a short time, which made people admire him. Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms period quoted the historical story of Liu Bang's breakthrough from Hanzhong and suggested that Liu Bei follow Liu Bang's example. Later, Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan six times, trying to break through Hanzhong and recover the Central Plains through the customs, but he never succeeded. Although different times faced different situations, Liu Bang faced difficulties no less than Shu Han, which reflected how beautiful Liu Bang's battle of "returning the Three Qin Dynasties" was. After a detailed analysis of the reasons for the victory in the battle of "Returning the Three Qin Dynasties", the author summarizes two points, namely, the combination of favorable weather and favorable location. What favorable opportunity did Liu Bang have at that time? Specifically, there are three main types. First of all, Liu Bang's generals and soldiers all want to return to the East. This point was mentioned by Han Wangxin and Huaiyin Hou Han Xin. After Liu Bangzhi entered Shu, the general's soldiers fled frequently, because most of Liu Bangzhi's soldiers were from Shandong. They don't want to stay in the remote Bashu land for a long time, but want to return to their hometown as soon as possible. Liu Bang followed this trend and actively organized the eastward advance, so all the officers and men of the Han army had high morale and doubled their fighting capacity. Liu bang commanded such a high-spirited army, which naturally occupied the favorable situation on the battlefield. This is Liu Bang's first favorable opportunity. Secondly, the Guanzhong people belong to Liu Bang. When Liu Bangchu entered Xianyang, he abolished the harsh laws of Qin, established three rules with the people, and had strict military discipline (although Liu Bangchu's army also indulged, it could be corrected in time), which won a high reputation in the hearts of Guanzhong people, so that he was afraid that Pei Gong would not be the king of Qin. In contrast, the Three Kings of Qin were criticized in the hearts of Guanzhong people, because after the Battle of Julu, Zhang Han and others led Qin Jun to surrender to Xiang Yu, and all of them were raped by Xiang Yu, leaving only three generals, Zhang Han, Sima Xin and Dong Kun, to lead them to enter the customs together. After Xiang Yu entered the customs, he burned and looted Xianyang and set fire to Xianyang Palace, which greatly disappointed the people of Qin. Then Xiang Yu was divided into three, and the three kings of Qin were enfeoffed, but the three kings of Qin could stand on the strength left by Xiang Yu. Although they are Qin people themselves, in the hearts of Guanzhong people, they are already minions of Xiang Yu and naturally will not fall in love with them. In contrast, Liu Bang, the favorite of Guanzhong people, came back, and they naturally welcomed him. Therefore, when Liu Bang defeated the main force of the Three Kings of Qin, he basically pacified the Guanzhong area and did not encounter any fierce resistance. This is Liu Bang's second favorable opportunity. Finally, Xiang Yu was thousands of miles away, giving Liu Bang space and time to develop. After being separated by the 18th Route Warlord, Xiang Yu established the hegemony of Chu and Pengcheng, which meant that he gave up the opportunity to become the king of Guanzhong. Pengcheng, now Xuzhou, Jiangsu, is far from Shaanxi, which means that if Guanzhong changes, Xiang Yu will not be able to respond in time. What's more, when Liu Bang entered Guanzhong from Hanzhong, Qi in the north of Xiang Yu also betrayed Xiang Yu. If Xiang Yu abandons Qi and goes straight to Guanzhong to attack Liu Bang, his rear will be completely exposed by Qi's sword. In this way, Xiang Yu's political arrangements put him in a very passive position. Later, it was also true that Xiang Yu could not go straight to Guanzhong regardless of Qi, nor could he go north to fight against Qi rebellion without caring about Guanzhong, thus giving Liu Bang space and time for full development. This is Liu Bang's third favorable opportunity. Xiang Yu Although Liu Bang has so many favorable opportunities, it does not mean that the battle of "Dingsanqin" will be smooth sailing. The strength of the Three Kings of Qin itself should not be underestimated, especially when Zhang Han, the general who opposed Qin Guoping and defeated Chen She and Xiang Liang, was a very good strategist. Therefore, if we want to win the "Three Qin", we still need some tactical cooperation. In a word, the most important tactic of Liu Bang's battle is one word: "Fast". From Hanzhong to Chencang, we fought well, went down to Xianyang, surrounded the abandoned hills, destroyed the blockade lines and blockades, and then settled the whole Guanzhong area. The Han army only took four months, which can be said to be non-stop, and did not give the three kings of Qin time to react and prepare. For Liu Bang, the battle of "Dingsanqin" must be ended as soon as possible, because Bashu Hanzhong has steep terrain and it is very difficult to get in and out. If we can't defeat the enemy quickly, it is very likely that the other side will have enough preparation time, thus completely locking the way for the Han army to advance eastward. At the same time, Liu Bang is not sure whether Xiang Yu will come to support him. If Xiang Yu heard that Liu Dongbang came out of the mountain and rushed to support, then Liu Bang's hope of winning was very small. Therefore, we must quickly win Guanzhong, then establish a solid rear area, and at the same time put the main battlefield for the world with Xiang Yu in Kanto, so that the overall situation can be considered stable. And Liu Bang succeeded in doing this. Conclusion The battle of "Returning the Three Qin Dynasties" is of great significance to Liu Bang's imperial career. Taking Guanzhong means that Liu Bang has become the de facto "King of Qin". At this time, the world pattern, in a sense, is actually the reappearance of the Warring States period, but the victorious Qin Dynasty turned into Liu Han. After Liu Bang, the matter of destroying the princes and competing with Xiang Yu for the world is actually "the process of Qin destroying the six countries again." At that time, Qin occupied an absolute advantage by virtue of its favorable terrain and strong national strength. Qin was not far away in the early Han Dynasty, and this advantage was transferred to Liu Bang. Although Liu Bang was defeated in the battle with Xiang Yu, he always came back to life. In addition to three outstanding heroes of early han dynasty's full assistance, the fertile Guanzhong as his rear area was the fundamental reason for Liu Bang's final victory. From this point of view, although the historical record of the war of "Returning the Three Qin Dynasties" is very short, it has a great influence on the history of China.
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