How to introduce Qin terracotta warriors and horses

Guide words of Shaanxi Xi Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors Museum

Dear ladies and gentlemen,

Today, we will visit the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum. Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum is located 35 kilometers east of You 'an, and it takes about 50 minutes by car from Sheraton Hotel. Since the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum was opened in June 1 979+1October1,party and government leaders from many countries have visited this museum, and millions of Chinese and foreign tourists have come to visit this human miracle. French President Jacques Chirac once left a message saying: "The discovery of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is the eighth wonder. You haven't really been to Egypt without seeing the pyramids. You haven't really been to China until you have seen the Terracotta Warriors. Former US Vice President Mundell also said; " This is a real miracle. People from all over the world should come here to have a look. "From these highly concise words, we can easily see the historical value and artistic value of Qin figurines. Next, I'd like to introduce you to Qin Shihuang, an accomplished historical giant, so that you can have a more detailed understanding of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Warriors and Horses and its related history.

Speaking of the Qin Terracotta Warriors, we should first introduce the following victories. In 259 BC, a generation of great men was born. /kloc-When he was 0/3 years old, his father died and he succeeded to the throne. According to Thai practice, the king can only be in power personally after he has been crowned at the age of 22. At that time, the power of Qin was still in the hands of the Empress Dowager, Prime Minister Lv Buwei and eunuch Mu Ping (160 6i). Luo Zhen, in particular, is in power and hot. When he saw Wan Gai grow up, he planned a rebellion and seized power. In 238 BC, 22-year-old Ying Zheng went to the New Year Palace in Yongcheng, the old capital, to hold a coronation ceremony. Miao You set an ambush on the way back to Xianyang from the Eight-year Palace, preparing to assassinate Ying Zheng. When Ying Zheng noticed this incident, he defeated Gong and helmet with superior forces, and took them alive and smashed them to death. After taking power, he was exiled for a long time in the name of indulging in marrying Liang. Lv Buwei later committed suicide by drinking poison. In this way, the victory successfully eliminated two hostile forces within the regime and consolidated its position.

In order to further consolidate the power of the monarch, Ying Zheng chose a group of smart civil servants and military commanders, such as Liao Wei, who mastered military power, and Reese, who climbed the country to Europe. Then, Ying Zheng formulated the policy of making far-reaching friends and attacking near, alienated foreign enemies, and began to unify China, ending the chaotic situation in which the vassal states ruled independently for more than 500 years since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, in less than1year, Thailand destroyed six countries, finally completed the great cause of reunification and established the first centralized feudal country, which laid the foundation for the rapid development of feudal society, economy, politics, ideology and culture. This once again shows the great ability to win the government.

Ying Zheng claimed to be the first emperor, because he hoped that future generations would pass on the regime he established from generation to generation. To this end, he reorganized the bureaucracy. First, he personally appoints and dismisses all officials from the central government to the local government; Second, abolish the enfeoffment system and promote the county system. Third, Qin Shihuang also unified laws, writing, currency, weights and measures, etc. These measures greatly promoted the political, economic and cultural development of feudal society. In addition, he also requisitioned labor and repaired the equator on a large scale, making transportation convenient and facilitating economic and cultural exchanges. He connected the Great Wall built by Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period, and then extended it to form the Great Wall of Wan Li from Lintao, Gansu in the west to Yin Shi, Liaodong in the east, effectively curbing the intrusion of nomadic tribes from heaven on this case.

Most emperors in China built huge and luxurious tombs for themselves. At this point, the situation of the first emperor is no exception. /kloc-When he ascended the throne at the age of 0/3, he was ordered to build a mausoleum for him. This huge mausoleum, with a height of 1.20 meters and a circumference of more than 2,000 meters, is still 76 meters high and 400 meters long despite wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction. At the beginning of the case, the emperor miniature the capital Weiyang in his own cemetery, with almost the same layout. The northwest of the inner city of the cemetery is a building area for offering sacrifices to temples, the depression in the northeast of the cemetery is a fish pond for memorial, and the northwest corner of the outer city of the cemetery is a stone processing factory. Outside Lingxi, there is a large cemetery. According to historical records, the total population of the Qin Dynasty was about 20 million, and there were only 7 million able-bodied men. When the mausoleum was built, the maximum number of able-bodied men reached 700 thousand, which shows that the project is huge.

The emperor's mausoleum at the beginning of the case is like a huge underground palace, which is really an underground "blessed land". There is an astronomical star chart on the top of the tomb, and T is made of all kinds of precious stones inlaid with bright fillers. There are rivers, lakes and seas made of Wuyue Kyushu and mechanically driven mercury below. In addition, there is no hall for officials to worship the first emperor. In order to guard against theft, there are automatic bows and arrows on every tomb door. The whole mausoleum can be said to be a resplendent and impregnable underground palace. At the beginning of the case, the emperor moved everything he enjoyed before his death underground for him to continue to enjoy in another world. He even spared the maids who had never given birth to his companion B, and the craftsmen who worked hard to build underground tombs. He ordered that all these people be buried alive when others were in danger, in case the maid-in-waiting married someone else and the secrets in the mausoleum leaked.

Now, we are facing the No.1 pit of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, which is known as the "eighth wonder of the world". In the face of the vast and overwhelming array of Pang Dajun, the following questions will surely flash through your mind: How did these ladies-in-waiting of Qin Dynasty find out? Why do they look different? Why do you want to make these figurines? 1, how many figurines are there in pit 2 and 3, and so on. Ok, now let me answer your questions one by one.

These figurines were discovered by farmers in Xiyang village in the process of drilling wells in March 1974. According to the old people in the village, as early as the Ming Dynasty, some people found the Terracotta Warriors here. One day, the refugees living in the village booked a well on the ground outside the village. The well water was clear and very gratifying, but the next day they found that the water at the bottom of the well was gone. The brave one of them tied a rope around his waist. Go down and have a look After a while, there was a scream from the well, and the people above warmed up and pulled them up. The man said he saw a monster in armor standing there, reaching for him. The audience was very scared and wanted to backfill the well with soil as soon as possible. But they finally decided to report it to the cultural relics department.

After exploration and appraisal by archaeological experts, pits T, 2 and 3 of Qintong Museum were confirmed as Huangling burial pits at the beginning of this case. From 1974 to 1979, after five years' efforts, a magnificent and scientifically structured building stands on the site of pit 1. This is the Terracotta Warriors Pit 1, 1979, which was opened to domestic and foreign tourists in June. No.3 pit was opened to the public in world tourism day on September 27th. 1989. Now, on the site of the No.2 pit, another marble building has been completed. 1994165438+10 began to receive tourists. Since then, these three terracotta warriors and horses pits have been protected in buildings, and they are no longer exposed to wind, rain and sun. While for tourists to watch and recall the past, archaeologists continue to dig and sort out the terracotta warriors and horses here.

According to the survey, pit 1 is 330 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south and covers an area of 4,260 square meters. At the easternmost end of Dongkeng are 3gf warriors facing east, with 7 in each row, ***2 10 children. They are the vanguard of the army. Behind the vanguard troops is the main body of the troops. They were demoted to 38 columns and stood in the 1 1 tunnel. Each tunnel is paved with blue bricks, and there are 1 columns every 2 meters on both sides of the tunnel. These pillars support the wooden roof woven in herringbone. Mats are dirt. The whole tunnel is 5 meters deep from the surface. In addition, there are a series of warriors facing outward on the south, north and west sides of the tunnel. They are the right wing, the left wing and the defender of the army. At present, more than 0/000 pieces of pottery barrels/kloc-0 have been unearthed in pit 1. It is said that after all the excavations are completed, more than 6,000 soldiers' toilets will be unearthed in pit 1.

This is the second pit 1994 1 1 opened in June. It is a square phalanx composed of chariots, cavalry and infantry. It is estimated that 1000 soldiers, more than 500 chariots, war horses and pommel horses can be unearthed. The second pit covers an area of 6000 square meters. Its eastern protruding part is a small square, which consists of 6334 curved barrels. To the south of No.2 pit, 64 chariots form a phalanx, with 8 vehicles in each row, at a cost of ***8 vehicles; There are 19 chariots and unarmed soldiers in the middle; In the north are chariots and cavalry. In the north is a cavalry formation consisting of 6 chariots, 65,438 pommel horses and 65,438 cavalry.

Now, we come to the third pit, which is 25 meters west of the second pit. This pit was discovered by 1976. It is concave and covers an area of 520 square meters. In pit 3, archaeologists only found 1 chariot and 64 samurai spears. They stand face to face, with weapons in their hands (sh6). Most archaeologists believe that from the arrangement of warriors in this pit, the weapons in their hands, and the location of the pit and the Qin Mausoleum, the No.3 pit is the headquarters of the whole army array. It is estimated that more than 8,000 pieces of pottery will be unearthed after all the pilot pits 1, 2 and 3 are damaged. These people have different looks: some are calm and resolute, some are brave and fearless, some are charitable and smiling. Yang Yang can be described by different expressions. Because they are all made according to the soldiers of Qin Shihuang's forest protection army, among the 8000 "underground forest protection troops", Mi can never find two children with exactly the same appearance and shape. Each one is extraordinary, the heaviest is more than 300 kilograms, and the lightest is 100 kilograms. Their height ranges from 1.7 meters to 1.9 meters. Looking closely, it is not difficult to tell which soldiers are from Shaanxi, which are from Sichuan and which are from Longdong. This can be seen from the way their beards are combed and their looks. Many of us have seen the Japanese "Ren Dan beard" in movies. In fact, there is a case of storing Ren Dan Hu Zhuo, which shows that this is not a Japanese invention. As early as 2000 years ago, people in China had this kind of beard.

Those who wear narrow-sleeved combat jackets, waist-length short armor, animal shoes and windbreakers are obviously alert cavalry. The one with his left foot on the ground, his S-knee arched, his right leg brittle, and his sole tilted backward, shot on his knees.

His eyes almost looked ahead and his expression was focused. This kind of sole has fine needle angle, dense at both ends and sparse in the middle, which fully conforms to the truth of calendar. In the rural areas of Shaanxi in the 1950s and 1960s, many farmers still liked to wear this kind of clothes hanger, but the toe of their shoes didn't stand up. Almost every child's skirt is engraved with the craftsman's name, which is in line with the system of "testing the sincerity in the name of the worker". The product quality supervision and management system we implement today was adopted by Qin people 2000 years ago.

A typical horse in Hexi Corridor has a horse chip in the pit. It is15m high and 2m long, and it is divided into four parts: head, neck, trunk and legs. The legs are solid and the trunk is hollow, which are fired in sections and then combined together. A horse's ears should be upright, and its body is strong and beautiful. It can be seen that Qin people are worth raising horses. You may ask why Qin Shihuang built so many soldiers' toilets for him. How are they fired? It turned out that Qin Shihuang wanted to use 4000 boys and girls as his victims. He ordered Reese to do it. Reese is scared. He dare not carry out this order at once. Because six. The construction of the Great Wall aroused public discontent. Isn't it adding fuel to the fire that so many boys and girls are buried? I'm afraid he will come to no good end in the future. Therefore, Reese suggested to the American imperialists; Make the soldier's toilet the size of a real horse, protect its undead and gain prestige. Qin Shihuang was overjoyed at this official's words. He made a new law to let Reese recruit skilled craftsmen from all over the country, taking his 8060 imperial army as the prototype. These barrels must be arranged in actual combat formation with actual combat weapons in their hands. Qin Shihuang repeatedly told Reese not to let the body guard know about it. Because there is a folk saying in the Qin dynasty that if a person is copied into a handle by others, his soul will be taken away. This is a big no-no. The emperor certainly didn't want to provoke his favorite Lin Yue in this situation. Craftsmen went to inquire about their relatives, friends, fellow villagers and acquaintances in the forest army, carefully observed their characteristics and remembered them. After returning home, craftsmen made pottery by molding, kneading, carving and sticking strips, and then put it in a kiln for firing. However, all the Bai Tao was burned, and the craftsmen didn't know why. Later, in order to vent his hatred for the supervisor, a craftsman cut off the head of the supervisor Tao Yong, "cut off" his limbs, "cut out" his internal organs with his hands, and put them into a kiln to burn them in sections. I didn't blow up the kiln this time. He put his head and limbs on his white body and a living supervisor appeared. As a result, craftsmen began a large-scale stabbing project. That's how 8000 Kingsguard children did it.

Of course, the case soldier toilet uses a huge army to show Qin Shihuang's ambition to destroy the six countries and establish a unified emperor. These soldiers are equipped with short weapons, long weapons and long-range weapons, such as swords, iridium, Wu Gou, spears, spears, knives, hinges, bows and machetes. These weapons are mainly made of copper and tin, and also contain other 13 rare metals through analysis. In order to prevent weapons from rusting, the case involved a layer of chromium salt oxide on the surface of weapons. This chrome plating technology was invented by Tan people in the 1920s, but China began to chrome plate weapons more than 2,000 years ago, which is really regrettable. Now unearthed bending machines can be divided into three types: small, medium and large. In the first two types of scooping machines, the case soldier can pull the bowstring by hand, while in the large bending machine, the bowstring must be pulled to the trigger with a lever to melt ice. The range of a large exposure machine is more than 600 meters, which is comparable to an old rifle.

These are two bronze chariots and horses found in the west of the tomb18m 1980. Number one is a tall horse, and number two is a mule. When Ren was discovered, two chariots and horses were seriously damaged, especially the Qin Shihuang Soul Car, which was broken into 1500 pieces. After being repaired by archaeologists, they now look as good as Ren. The cars, horses and people on the two buses are all made by imitating real cars, real horses and real people, and they are reduced by half in proportion. There are only 1720 gold and silver ornaments on the car, weighing 7 kg. Steel chariots and horses not only give people artistic enjoyment, but also have important historical and scientific value. Copper chariots and horses are rare material data for us to understand and study the lathe system, metallurgical casting technology and technological level in Qin Dynasty. Although Qin Shihuang, who was a hero and created countless great achievements, has been dead for more than 2000 years, what are his great achievements and existing military toilets left for people to think about? In other words, what can we learn from the above things? In my opinion, we should learn from aluminum's bribery and courage, set a historical precedent, not be afraid of death, and unite the country. A generation of great men swept the six countries and unified China's extraordinary bearing and courage, which is still a great driving force for us to overcome obstacles on our way forward. A nation. If a country wants to be rich and strong, it can't do without such boldness of vision!