The first volume of the seventh grade history is an open-book review material.

Seventh grade China history volume one final review outline

(A) the origin of Chinese civilization:

1. The earliest known human in China is Yuanmou, which was discovered in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, about 1.7 million years ago.

2. Beijingers who lived in Zhoukoudian, Beijing about 700,000-200,000 years ago can make and use tools and use natural fire. Labor played an important role in the evolution from apes to humans.

3. Hemudu residents in the Yangtze River valley grow rice (the earliest country in China), generally use ground stone tools and live in dry houses; Residents in Banpo, located in the Yellow River Basin, grow millet (China is the first country to grow millet), and generally use ground stone tools. A large number of pottery has been unearthed in Banpo, and the pottery used in houses with half holes is generally red with patterns on it, which is called painted pottery.

4. Yan Di and Huangdi are the leaders of the legendary Yellow River Tribal Alliance. After they defeated Snuyu together, the two parts moved towards the joint formation of the Chinese nation. Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor are known as the "humanistic ancestors" of the Chinese nation.

5. When Yao, Shun and Yu became tribal leaders in the Yellow River Basin, the method of tribal alliance selecting leaders was called "abdication system". Dayu is a legendary hero of water control.

(B) the emergence of the country and social changes:

1, the Xia Dynasty was established in 2070 BC; Xia was the first slave country in China's history. After Yu's death, his son Qi inherited his father's position, and the hereditary system replaced the abdication system. In 1600 BC, the Shang Dynasty was established in the Tang Dynasty. In 14 BC, Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin, and later people called the Shang Dynasty Yin. 1046 BC, defeated Zhou in the battle of Makino, established the Western Zhou Dynasty, and implemented the system of enfeoffment. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi and established the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Three tyrants in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties: Xia Jie, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and Western Zhou Dynasties.

2. Contents of the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty: (Purpose) In order to consolidate the slave owners' regime, the enfeoffment system was implemented in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Content: Zhou Tianzi distributed land and people to relatives, heroes and so on. , sealing them as princes, established numerous vassal states. Governors must obey the orders of the Zhou emperor, pay tribute to the emperor, lead troops to fight with the emperor, and appear before the emperor regularly. (Role) The Western Zhou Dynasty strengthened its rule through enfeoffment of princes and became a vast slave country.

3. From 770 BC to 476 BC, it was the Spring and Autumn Period in the history of our country, which was the disintegration period of our slave society. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the vassal states constantly competed for hegemony. Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang successively competed for hegemony, which was called "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period" in history. In 65 1 year, Qi Huangong became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.

4. The period from 475 BC to 22 BC1year is the Warring States period in history and the formation period of China feudal society. Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin appeared one after another. Known as the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States". In 260 BC, the battle of Changping took place between Qin and Zhao, and the six eastern countries could no longer resist Qin Jun's attack.

5. The use of ironware and Niu Geng in the Spring and Autumn Period greatly improved the production efficiency. Dujiangyan is a world-famous flood control and irrigation project built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State, in the middle reaches of Minjiang River. (Function) The flood of Minjiang River was eliminated, and a large area of farmland was irrigated, which made Chengdu Plain gain the reputation of "Land of Abundance".

6. In the reform of the Warring States Period, Shang Yang's reform of Qin was the most influential. In 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform: (Content) The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free trading; Reward farming, and those who produce more grain and cloth can avoid corvee; According to the size of military service, the title and residence were granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished; The implementation of the county system is governed by officials directly sent by the monarch. (Role) After the political reform, Qin became rich and powerful, its national strength increased greatly, and its army's combat effectiveness continued to strengthen, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States period, laying a solid foundation for the annexation of six countries in the future.

7. During the Warring States Period, after political reforms, countries gradually established feudal systems, and the landlord class replaced the aristocratic rule of slave owners. The contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class has become the main contradiction in society. China's feudal society was formed.

8. The characters of Shang Dynasty are carved on tortoise shells or animal bones, which is called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". Oracle Bone Inscriptions is quite mature, and today's Chinese characters are developed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions. The written history of our country began in Shang Dynasty. The characters cast on Shang bronzes are called "inscriptions" and "inscriptions". Da Zhuan appeared in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Warring States period, people began to write on bamboo slips and silk books with brushes dipped in ink.

9. The Shang Dynasty was a glorious period of bronze civilization in China. The most famous ones are: the Si Mu Wu Ding unearthed in Yin Ruins, which is the largest bronze ware and four sheep square statue found in the world at present. The earliest record of solar eclipse in China was in the Xia Dynasty. Xia dynasty had a calendar. There was a leap moon in Shang Dynasty. During the Warring States Period, people defined 24 solar terms.

10, Bian Que was a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He can treat diseases with acupuncture, massage and decoction. And summed up four commonly used methods of disease diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine. Qu Yuan, a Chu man in the Warring States period, absorbed the essence of folk songs and created a new form of poetry in Chu language-Chu Ci. Qu Yuan's masterpiece is Li Sao, which is a long lyric poem that has been told through the ages. The World Peace Committee designated him as a world cultural celebrity.

1 1, Confucius is the founder of Confucianism. He advocated benevolence, propriety, moral education and governing the country with propriety, founded private schools, taught students in accordance with their aptitude, and worked hard as a teacher, and wrote the Analects of Confucius. Mencius advocated "benevolent government for the people" and "the people are more valuable than the monarch"; Zhuangzi advocated "let nature take its course and govern by doing nothing"; Han Feizi's Rule of Law and Centralization; Mohism advocates "universal love" and "non-aggression".

Dujiangyan, built by Li Bing in 12, is listed in the World Cultural Heritage List. The prevalence of "Bell and Drum Music" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period reflected the height of ancient music in China. A large number of bell and drum instruments have been unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei Province, among which the whole set of chimes is the most precious.

(3) unified Qin and Han empires:

In BC 1 year and BC 230-221year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, annexed the six eastern countries and established the first unified, multi-ethnic and centralized feudal country in China-Qin; Politically adopt the title of "emperor"; The central government set up prime minister Qiu, who was also an ancient scholar; The county system is implemented and the country is divided into 36 counties; Degree of economic unity, quantity, balance and currency-round square hole currency; Unity of Thought and Culture-Characters-Biography: Burning books and burying Confucianism to strengthen ideological control; Militarily, the Great Wall of Wan Li from Lintao in the west to Liaodong was built to resist the Huns, and the southern Xinjiang was developed to build Lingqu. Qin's territory is east to the East China Sea, west to Longxi, north to the Great Wall and south to the South China Sea. It was a great country in the world at that time.

2. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu launched an uprising in osawa Township-the first large-scale peasant uprising in China history. Zhang Chu regime was established in Chen Jian.

3. In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Western Han Dynasty with Chang 'an as its capital. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty politically weakened the power to seal the country (by decree), deposed hundreds of schools, and regarded Confucianism as feudal orthodoxy. Thus, the unification of political and economic thoughts was realized, and the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday. In addition, the Imperial College was held in Chang 'an. Imperial academy is the highest institution of learning in ancient China, with the Five Confucian Classics (Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn) as the main teaching materials. Economically, the local right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron will be centralized, and five baht will be cast in a unified way. Militarily, a powerful cavalry unit was organized to launch a large-scale counterattack against Xiongnu, seize Hetao and Hexi Corridor, and realize the great unity of political, economic and military thoughts, thus bringing the Western Han Dynasty into its heyday.

4. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the economy was depressed and desolate everywhere. The rulers of the Western Han Dynasty implemented the policy of "rest and recuperation" and attached importance to agricultural production. In the Wenjing period, the economy recovered and developed, and "the rule of Wenjing" appeared.

5. In BC 138 and BC19, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions; In the first 60 years, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Capital Protection Office, and now Xinjiang is officially under the jurisdiction of the central government. The Silk Road in the Han Dynasty passed through the Hexi Corridor from Chang 'an-present Xinjiang-Central Asia-West Asia-Europe, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between China, West Asia and European countries.

6. In AD 25, Liu Xiu, the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, consorts and eunuchs took power alternately, and politics was very dark. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, coupled with years of famine, the peasant uprising in Greenwood and Chimei finally broke out, and the Eastern Han Dynasty existed in name only. In 220 AD, Cao Pi established the State of Wei, and the Eastern Han Dynasty perished.

7. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once ordered the harnessing of the Yellow River, and Emperor Wu of the Eastern Han Dynasty also ordered Wang Jing, a water conservancy expert, to harness the Yellow River. Jacquard machines have been used in silk fabrics in Han dynasty, and the dyeing technology is also very high. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du, the magistrate of Nanyang, dredged the drainage and used hydraulic blast to smelt iron, which was more than 1000 years earlier than in Europe. In the Han Dynasty, iron weapons gradually replaced bronze weapons.

8. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Mo Duhan, the outstanding leader of Xiongnu, unified the Mongolian grassland for the first time and established a powerful country. 1 19 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Xiongnu, and defeated the main forces in the northern desert. From then on, the Huns were no longer able to confront the Western Han Dynasty, and some Huns began to move westward. In the first century BC, the Xiongnu was divided into several parts, and the leader of one part, Uhaanyehe, surrendered to the Han Dynasty.

9. During the Han Dynasty, people called today's Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu, that is, today's Xinjiang region and beyond, the Western Regions. In BC 138 and BC 1 19, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions. In 60 BC, the Western Han government established the Western Regions Duhu, which was in charge of the affairs of the Western Regions. Since then, the western regions have been under the jurisdiction of the central government and become an inseparable part of China. In 73 AD, the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty sent Ban Chao to administer the Western Regions, which was 166 AD.

10. In the early Western Han Dynasty, hemp was used as paper, which is the earliest known paper in the world. After 12 century, Europe began to use paper instead of parchment. Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty and called his improved paper "Cai Hou Paper". Zhang Heng invented the seismograph, an instrument for determining the orientation of earthquakes. Zhang Zhongjing, a medical sage, wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and Hua Tuo, a medical doctor, made Ma Feisan, an anesthetic. He also created a medical gymnastics-wuqinxi. Nine Chapters Arithmetic, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, marked the formation of China's ancient mathematical system centered on calculation.

1 1. The three major religions in the world today refer to Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to China in the late Western Han Dynasty. Taoism is a native religion in China. Historical Records written by Sima Qian is the first biographical historical masterpiece in the history of China, which mainly describes the historical facts from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses are the highest level of sculpture art in Qin and Han Dynasties.

(d) Separation of political powers and national integration

1, in 200 AD, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in Guandu. In 208 AD, Cao Cao led more than 200,000 troops south, trying to unify the north and south, but was defeated by Sun Quan and Liu Bei in Chibi. In 220, Cao Pi, the son of Cao Cao, abolished Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, claiming to be the emperor, with the title of Wei and its capital in Luoyang. Late Eastern Han Dynasty. 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called Shu in history. In 222, Sun Quan became king (Sun rose in 229), with the title of Wu, Jianye as the capital, and the three countries stood firm.

In 2.263, the weakest of the three kingdoms was first destroyed by Wei. In 266, Sima Yan usurped the throne to establish the Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, ending the situation of division. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ethnic minorities such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Manga, Di and Qiang have moved in and lived together with the Han nationality for a long time. In 3 16, an inward-moving Xiongnu army wiped out the Western Jin Dynasty.

In 3.3 17, Si Marui, the royal family of the Western Jin Dynasty, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty and made its capital Jiankang, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. In the late 4th century, the Miao people established the pre-Qin regime, and Fu Jian, the former king of Qin, made great efforts to eliminate other separatist regimes and unify the Yellow River basin. In 383, the former Qin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty fought a fierce battle at Feishui. As a result, the former Qin Dynasty was defeated and its rule collapsed. In 420, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty established himself as emperor, with the title Song, ending the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

In the late 4th and 4th centuries A.D., a branch of the Xianbei ethnic group in Northeast China became strong and established the Northern Wei Dynasty, with Pingcheng as its capital. In 439, the Yellow River Basin was unified, and the capital was moved to Luoyang during Emperor Xiaowen's reign.

5. Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties used and developed the secant created by predecessors, and calculated pi to the seventh place after the decimal point for the first time in the world, nearly 1 0,000 years earlier than the world.

6. The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty is the first complete agricultural scientific work in China, which occupies an important position in the world agricultural history.

7. Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient China. His Notes on Shui Jing is a comprehensive geography monograph. Taking the rice cropping system as the key link, the book introduces the mountains, rivers, towns, topography, customs and historical sites in detail.

8. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy became an art. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the font of calligraphy changed from seal script and official script to regular script, and cursive script and running script became popular. Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is known as "the best running script in the world", and Wang Xizhi is also called "the sage of books" by later generations.

9. Gu Kaizhi's paintings in the Eastern Jin Dynasty are excellent, and his representative works include A Woman's History and A Luoshen. At that time, it was said that Gu Kaizhi had "three unique skills", namely, talent, painting and infatuation.

10. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was social unrest. In order to get rid of the suffering of reality, people believe in Buddhism in succession, and the rulers also strongly support it. Buddhism is very popular. There are not a few people who are against it. Among them, Fan Zhen, a famous thinker in the Southern Dynasties, wrote The Immortal Theory, which exposed the fact that the ruling class used Buddhism to deceive the people and systematically expounded atheism.

1 1. In order to promote Buddhism, the rulers of the Northern Dynasties made people cut cliffs, dig grottoes and carve Buddha statues in many places. Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province are the two most famous grottoes.

12. The reasons for the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River are: the war in the north at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, and a large number of people moved south, which brought advanced production technology and labor force and promoted the development of the south of the Yangtze River; Superior geographical conditions are conducive to the development of agriculture; There are few wars in the South and they are relatively stable.