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Related culture of Dawenkou site

Dawenkou culture is a Neolithic culture in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. It was named after its discovery at Dawenkou site in Tai 'an, Shandong Province. Mainly distributed in Shandong Province and Huaibei area of Jiangsu Province. Including North New Culture and Longshan Culture. The main distribution areas are Shandong Province, northern Jiangsu Province, northern Anhui Province, and the vast areas in the lower reaches of Wenhe River, Sihe River, yi river River, Hezi River and Huaihe River in eastern Henan Province. It is a representative culture in the middle Neolithic period in this area. Typical sites that have been excavated include Dawenkou in Tai 'an, Shang Gang in tengxian, Xiahou in Qufu, Yedian in Zouxian, Wang Yin in Yanzhou, Liu Ling in Pixian, Dadunzi in Zhucheng, Chengzi, Donghai Valley in Rizhao and Sanlihe in Jiaoxian.

Dawenkou culture began from about 4040 BC to 2240 BC and lasted for about 2000 years. According to the relationship between the base area and the characteristics of the relics, it can be divided into three periods: early, middle and late. There are argillaceous and sandy pottery, mainly red pottery in the early stage, and the proportion of gray and black increased in the late stage, resulting in white pottery and eggshell pottery. Hand-made pottery developed to the later round pottery, and the firing temperature was 900- 1000℃. There are ding, Jing, Jing, Dou, Zun, single-ear cup, cup-shaped, high-necked jar, back pot and so on. Many pottery surface films are shiny, and the patterns are scratches, chords, baskets, circles, triangles, carved holes and so on. Painted pottery is rare, but it is very distinctive. There are three colors: red, black and white, and the patterns are a little bit shaped, geometric and mosaic.

Dawenkou culture was first discovered in 1959, and was excavated, which was confirmed as the remains of the late Neolithic age. Archaeologists named Dawenkou site and its similar cultural remains Dawenkou culture. Later, many excavations were carried out in 1974, 1977 and 1978. The site is rich in connotation, including tombs, houses and pits.

The discovery of Dawenkou culture not only found the origin of Longshan culture in Shandong, but also provided important clues for the study of primitive culture in Huanghuai basin and coastal areas of Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. At present, the archaeological community has different views on the types of Dawenkou culture. It is suggested that it can be divided into three types: Qinglian Port, Liu Ling and Huating. Others think it can be divided into Dawenkou, Dadunzi and Sanlihe. The three types of the latter division are briefly described as follows:

Dawenkou type

Including Tai 'an in south-central Shandong and Dawenkou cultural site in Jining. After excavation, there are Shang Gang in Tengxian, Xiahou in Qufu, Yedian in Zouxian and Wang Yin in Yanzhou. The characteristics of this kind of pottery are pot-shaped tripod, high-handle, large-hole woven beans, back pot, cylindrical cup, cup, pedestal, round foot bottle, full foot cup and ear cup. Burials are mainly with heads facing east and straight limbs, and there are also a few funerals with bent bodies and stoops. Most of the victims had dental instruments in their hands. There are a certain number of same-sex tombs in early tombs in Wang Yin.

Dadunzi type

It was first discovered in Dadunzi, Pixian County, northern Jiangsu Province. Mainly distributed in northern Jiangsu, north of Huaihe River. The excavated sites include Liu Ling in Pixian County, Huating in Xinyi and Erjian Village in Lianyungang. Pottery is represented by tripod, cup, bean, back pot, three-legged pot with handle, reed, bowl, shaped cup, high round foot cup and pot. The burial style is also dominated by a single head facing east or northeast, and the deceased still holds a tooth cutter in his hand. In some graves, the dead have stone rings in their eyes.

Sanlihe style

Named after the representative Sanlihe site in Jiaoxian County, Shandong Province. Mainly distributed in Weifang and Rizhao counties of Shandong Province. The excavation sites include Donghai Valley in Rizhao, Jingzhi Town in Anqiu and Chengzi in Zhucheng. Pot, pot-shaped tripod, pot, single-ear long-necked pot, double-ear long-necked pot, slender bottle, big mouth folded shoulder, single-ear cup, high-handle cup, folded belly bowl, etc. It is a representative of pottery, but there are few back cans, beans and cylindrical cups. The burial style is mainly single, with the head facing northwest. There are many burial tombs in Chengzi site, and there are also overlapping burials. Most of the victims still had teeth or clam utensils. Some of the dead had stone graupels, mussels, black pottery cups and shells on their arms. Some of the dead still have jade retort in their mouths. It is very common to bury a pig's mandible. agricultural production

Mainly engaged in agricultural production, supplemented by animal husbandry, hunting and fishing. Many village ruins of different sizes have been discovered. The location of the village site is selected on the platform near the river bank and on the highland of the plain. Agriculture is mainly based on planting millet. In a cave in Sanlihe site, carbonized millet of 1 m3 was found. Also unearthed a large number of cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs and other livestock bones.

building operations

Most houses are ground buildings, but there are also a few houses with semi-basements. Chengzi site excavated a square house with Dawenkou culture. The building base is 4.65 meters long from east to west and 4.55 meters long from north to south, with the door facing south. The construction method is to dig a 0.5-meter foundation trench on the floor first, and fill and tamp the foundation trench with soil. There are dense column holes in the wall base and four column holes in the room. In the Dadunzi Tomb of Dawenkou Culture, a model pottery house was also unearthed. The facade is rectangular, with short eaves and pyramid-shaped roof. The front door is open, with windows on three sides, and the image of a dog is engraved on the door and the surrounding wall. A facade is triangular, with the front door open and the left, right and back walls open. The other piece is round in cross section and has a short eaves on it. The pyramid roof has five kidneys and no windows. These pottery house models provide us with quite vivid shapes of Dawenkou cultural houses.

sink

The ash pits of Dawenkou culture include circular vertical holes and oval vertical holes, which may be pits for storing things. There are also irregular ash pits with mouths larger than the bottom.

implement of production

The production tools of Dawenkou culture are still mainly stone tools, but also some bones, horns and mussels. Stone tools include shovels, hoes, axes, chisels, knives, daggers and spears. Some stone shovels and axes have round holes. There are also some stone shovels and hoes with handles. Bones include sickles, fish darts, arrows, daggers and spears. Horn includes hoe, fish dart, trowel and dagger. There are sickles and arrows in mussels. There are also a small number of pottery net pendants and pottery spinning wheels. There have been some changes in stone tools, bones and horns. According to their unearthed horizons, they can be divided into three stages: early, middle and late.

Pottery making technology

The pottery-making technology of Dawenkou culture has been greatly improved. There are four kinds of pottery: red pottery, gray pottery, black pottery and white pottery. Carving and weaving patterns are the most prominent features of pottery decoration. Common decorative patterns include cone-thorn pattern, additional velvet pattern, chord pattern, scratch pattern, basket pattern and so on. There are not many painted pottery. Painted pottery is painted in black and red with geometric patterns such as parallel lines, strings, leaves, petals and octagons. Pottery is popular with tripods and collars. There are pot-shaped ding, almsgiving ding, pot-shaped ding, back pot, long-necked pot, deep-bellied pot, high-handle beans and so on. High-handle cups and white pottery are the most distinctive pottery in Dawenkou culture. In the early, middle and late period, the color, decoration and shape of pottery changed slightly. The color of early pottery was mainly red pottery, but there were also some gray pottery and black gray pottery. In the middle period, red pottery decreased, gray pottery increased, and there were some black pottery and white pottery. In the later period, black pottery increased greatly, with a small amount of red pottery, gray pottery and white pottery. Pottery-making methods were mainly hand-made in the early stage, and gradually increased in the later stage. The pattern of pottery, in the early days, had cone-thorn pattern, scratch pattern and a small amount of painted pottery. Painted pottery is mostly black lines, stripes and textures. The main vessel types are pot-shaped ding, almsgiving ding, pot-shaped ding with small mouth and handle, folded flat-bottomed bowl, colored pottery bowl with upper abdomen, high-handle bean, high-handle bottle, double-ear pot and so on. In the middle period, additional pile patterns, basket patterns, relief patterns, carved patterns and painted pottery painted with black ochre and red appeared. Painted pottery patterns have petal patterns and octagonal star patterns composed of straight lines, oblique lines and arcs. The number of pottery utensils in the middle period increased obviously compared with that in the early period, mainly including small-mouth, deep-bellied pot-shaped ding, bowl-shaped ding, small-mouth, deep-bellied pot-shaped ding, flat-bottomed cup, three-solid-foot cup, closed bowl, trumpet-shaped bean with high handle, small-mouth, long-necked pot, high-handle cup, basin, reed, spoon and leaker. In the late period of pottery, there were string patterns, additional pile patterns, basket patterns and engraved patterns. Painted pottery, on the other hand, is mainly a vortex pattern. There are pot-shaped ding, thin pot with belly back (including white pottery), wide-shouldered pot, high-handled bean, bagged foot (including white pottery), three-legged cup, high-handled bean, cup with handle, long-necked pot and so on.

Carving artware

The sculptures and handicrafts of Dawenkou culture are not only numerous, but also of high artistic level, and most of them are buried tombs. Sculptures include ivory carving tubes, ivory bushes, ivory combs, carved bone beads, bone carving tubes, bone combs, tooth carvings, bone tubes inlaid with turquoise, carved bone knives, perforated jade shovels, jade beads, and pottery animals. These sculptures are beautifully made and beautifully shaped, which are quite distinctive works of art in Dawenkou culture.

grave

The tombs of Dawenkou culture are mostly buried in centralized cemeteries. The graves in each cemetery are arranged in an orderly way, and the heads of the dead are the same. Most of the tombs are rectangular vertical pits, some only have coffins, but there are also coffins. The burial style is generally a straight limb, and there are also two or more people buried together. Many people were buried together, ranging from three to twenty-three. The tombs where the two people are buried together include same-sex burial and heterosexual burial. And once or twice, they were buried together. In addition, some headless burials, corpse burials and "out-of-town burials" (that is, some bones in the tomb were moved to other places, while some bones of the deceased remained in the original burial tomb) were also found. There are four burial methods: limb-bending burial, prone burial and overlapping burial. Most graves have no funerary objects. Where there are funerary objects, the number of funerary objects varies greatly. At least 1, 2 pieces, 100 pieces. For example, M 10 in Dawenkou is 1 tomb of elderly women. The tomb pit is 4.2 meters long from east to west and 3.2 meters wide from north to south. There are two platforms and painted coffins at the bottom of the tomb. The funerary objects include three strings of 77 stone ornaments decorated on the head and neck, 1 jade arm ring and jade ring, abdomen 1 jade shovel, two ivory carving tubes, 1 bone carving tube and 1 ivory comb. More than 90 pieces of pottery (including 38 pieces of white pottery, polished black pottery and painted pottery), as well as pig heads, animal bones and crocodile skins. The disparity of funerary objects reflects the growing gap between the rich and the poor in society.