What are all the official positions in ancient palaces?

Central officials:

The King of Shang’s court had hundreds of officials to assist the King of Shang in governing the country. Among the officials, they can be divided into three categories: political officers, religious officers and affairs officers. Government officials and religious officials have a very high status and have great power. The official system of the Zhou Dynasty further developed on the basis of the Shang Dynasty, forming a large bureaucratic organization and a relatively complete bureaucratic system. The king of Zhou was assisted in his rule by the Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao), who had great power and were the general managers of the country. The highest official positions to assist the king of Zhou in handling government affairs were the six ministers, namely Dazai, Taizong, Taishi, Taizhu, Taishi, and Taibu. Dazai was the chief administrative officer of the imperial court, Taizong was in charge of the genealogy of the ancestral temple, Taishi was in charge of drafting proclamations and compiling history books, Taizhu was the chief sacrificial official, Taibu was the divination officer, and Taishi was the clergy official. In addition, the Zhou Dynasty also had five divisions, namely Situ, Sima, Sikong, Sushi, and Sikou, who were respectively in charge of land, military taxes, engineering, ministers' titles, and punishments.

The kings, princes, ministers and other officials of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties were all hereditary and held the power of rule from generation to generation. This is the so-called Shiqing system. During the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the endless mergers and hegemony among the princes, the strong bullied the weak, the large merged with the small, and the Zhou Dynasty gradually lost control over the princes. The aristocratic enfeoffment system did not work. Each princely state claimed kingship and hegemony, and established officials and assigned duties. Everyone did their own thing, and the official system also changed.

Qin destroyed the six kingdoms and established the first unified authoritarian centralized state in the history of our country. It determined the supreme power of the emperor and established the "Three Dukes", namely the prime minister, the Taiwei, and the Yushi. Doctor, the prime minister is responsible for assisting the emperor in handling national affairs and is the emperor's assistant. Taiwei assisted the emperor in controlling the national army. The imperial censor is in charge of drawings, books, chapters and memorials, and supervises all officials. The three princes are not subordinate to each other and are directly responsible to the emperor. "Governing internal history is in charge of national finance and taxation; Fengchang is in charge of the rituals of ancestral temples; Dianke is in charge of the affairs of various ethnic minorities in the country and foreign relations; Lang Zhongling is in charge of the emperor's attendants and guards; Shaofu is in charge of the mountains and seas that are needed by the royal family. The income of the land and government handicrafts; Wei Wei, in charge of the palace security; Tai Pu, in charge of the palace chariots and horses; Zong Zheng, in charge of the emperor's clan affairs. Also known as "Three Lords" (also known as "Three Divisions"), the original official "Zhongcheng" of the Yushi doctor was retained and was responsible for supervision. It was later called "Yushitai", a full-time supervisory agency in Chinese history. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was the Shangshutai who officially issued orders. The power of the three princes was weakened and they could only handle some routine affairs. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to gain power, Cao Cao appointed himself prime minister and once restored the official position of Yushi Dafu. Thinking that the Eastern Han Dynasty's Shangshutai had too much power, they set up a separate Zhongshu Province to master secrets, draft and issue decrees, and gradually became the de facto prime minister's office. Since then, the Shangshutai has become increasingly busy, and it has begun to divide Cao's affairs. In the Jin Dynasty, the Shizhong and Langzhong officials were set up to manage the work of various Cao Cao. Not high, but because he was close to the emperor, he was very powerful. By the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the emperor would seek Zhuanzhong's opinions on all important national policies. In this way, Menxia Province became a department involved in national affairs.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three provinces of Zhongshu, Menxia, ??and Shangshu were the highest government agencies in the country, respectively responsible for decision-making, review, and execution of national government affairs. The establishment of the six ministries in the three provinces during the Sui and Tang Dynasties was the result of the changes in the central official system of the feudal state after the Qin and Han Dynasties. From the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the six ministries remained basically the same. The three provinces gradually changed after Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. Since Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty had served as a minister, when he became emperor, many ministers did not dare to hold the position, so this position was no longer awarded to ministers. The chief officer only appointed Zuo and Youpushe, but soon they became officials who obeyed orders and could not participate in major affairs. At the time of Emperor Gaozong, other officials were used to "Tongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshi" or "Tongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshi". In addition to following the Tang system, the Five Dynasties also established the Privy Council (to manage military secrets, border defense, In the Song Dynasty, Zhongshu Menxia Province was responsible for government affairs and military affairs, and was known as the "Second Council Office". The official title has undergone many changes.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the Shangshu Province was abolished, and the central government was unified in the Zhongshu Province. Taiwan was divided into three powers: government, military, and supervision. In addition, the Zhongshu Province was established as a local agency. Therefore, the Zhongshu Province in the Yuan Dynasty had extremely powerful powers.

In the thirteenth year of Hongwu's reign in the Ming Dynasty, the Zhongshu Province was abolished and there was no prime minister. The emperor directly handled the country's affairs and was autocratic in everything. It also imitated the system of imperial academicians in the Song Dynasty, and set up academicians to serve as advisors to the emperor and conduct literary and ink affairs. During the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, academicians were selected to work in Wenyuan Pavilion and participate in machine maintenance, which was called the "cabinet". At first, the rank of non-commissioned officers in the cabinet university was not high and the power was still small. After Renzong, the cabinet was dedicated to criticizing articles and drafting edicts. His rank gradually improved, and his power increased accordingly, even surpassing that of the prime minister, and he was named "auxiliary minister".

In the early Qing Dynasty, a cabinet was established following the Ming system.

However, the decision-making body for major national affairs is the "Five Ministers", and the power of the cabinet has been reduced. During the Yongzheng period, another military aircraft department was established, with Manchu and Han ministers serving as ministers of military aircraft. The Military Aircraft Department is located in the inner court and handles important military and state affairs, appointment and dismissal of officials, and important memorials in accordance with the emperor's will. From then on, memorials from various places were sent directly to the emperor from the Military Aircraft Department, no longer going through the cabinet, which only handled routine matters. The military minister is close to the emperor and takes charge of everything. This is the highest development of the feudal autocratic centralized official system.

The Qin Dynasty divided the country into thirty-six counties (later increased to more than forty counties). Each county governs several counties, which is a two-level system of counties and counties. The county has a "Shou", who is the chief executive, and a "Wei" below, who assists the Shou in charge of the military affairs of the county, and also has a supervisor, the censor, in charge of the supervision of the county. Counties are divided into two levels. Large counties have magistrates, and small counties have "chiefs", who are chief executives. There is a "wei" under him, who is responsible for the security of the county, and a "cheng", who is responsible for assisting orders and is in charge of warehouses, prisons and documents. The chief executives of counties and counties are directly appointed and removed by the emperor.

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Qin system was followed, but the prefects were changed to prefects and the prefects to captains. The official system of the princely kingdoms was similar to the central official system. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the country was divided into thirteen prefectures (also known as departments), and each prefecture had a governor who inspected all counties and countries under the emperor's orders. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to suppress the peasant uprising, the governor was changed to the governor of the state, ranking above the county governor and in charge of the military and political power of the state.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, local political power was basically at three levels: state, county, and county. The governor of a state is either called a state pastor or a governor, and is in charge of the civil affairs of a state. All county chiefs were renamed orders. At the same time, the governors of some states are often given the title of "Making Commander-in-Chief to supervise the military affairs of a certain state" or "Pretending to be the Commander-in-Chief to supervise the military affairs of a certain state", taking charge of the military and administration of their region and having great power.

In the late Sui Dynasty, prefectures were changed to counties, and in the Tang Dynasty, counties were changed to prefectures. Both were two-level systems. The Tang Dynasty also set up ten supervisory districts across the country, called "Dao". Each Dao sent a senior Beijing official, who was successively called the deposed envoy, the inspection envoy, the interview and disposal envoy, etc., to supervise the violations of laws by state and county officials, and had the power to Removing or promoting local officials. In addition, the Sui and Tang Dynasties also merged several states into one military region, and each region had a general manager (renamed a governor in the Tang Dynasty) to be in charge of the military in the region; later, the Tang Dynasty also established military envoys in the border areas, often with the titles of Beijing officials and imperial censors. The military, civil, financial and supervisory powers of several or even more than ten states were all vested in one person, giving him great power. After the Anshi Rebellion, Jiedushi expanded its power, established an independent regime, and dominated one area, known as "vassal town" in the world.

In the Song Dynasty, in view of the disaster of the feudal towns in the Tang and Five Dynasties, in order to strengthen the centralization of power, the feudal towns were eliminated, and the Jieduzhi became an empty title, and states, prefectures, military, and prisons were set up according to the locality, and they all had counties. Secondary system. State and county government affairs are handled by Beijing officials dispatched by the central government with their original titles, who are called "knowing the military and state affairs of a certain state" ("state" refers to the civil affairs, and "military" refers to the local army). "Knowing the affairs of a certain county" is referred to as "knowing the state", "County magistrate". In addition, there is a monitoring area called "road". Roads are appointed with capital transfer envoys, criminal and prison officials, and Changping official officials on a certain road, who are responsible for the administration of officials, civil and criminal cases, and financial affairs along the way. In addition, there are also economic and strategic appeasement envoys or appeasement envoys, who are in charge of the local military along the way, usually the prefects or magistrates of the same route.

The division between the central and local governments in the Yuan Dynasty was relatively complicated. There were prefectures on the counties, roads on the prefectures, and provinces on the roads. The Xing Zhongshu Province is an agency sent by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and has great power. In this way, the local official system of the Yuan Dynasty formed a four-level system of province, road, state, and county.

In the early Ming Dynasty, the "Xing Zhongshu Province" of the Yuan Dynasty was changed to the "Secretary Affairs Department" (still called "Province"), and the chief officer was the Chief Envoy, responsible for civil affairs and finance. In addition, local government offices at the provincial level also have the Department of Punishment, Prosecution and Prosecution, and the Department of Command and Envoy, which are responsible for the prison and military affairs of a province. Together with the Department of Provincial Affairs, they are called the "three departments." There are prefectures or prefectures directly under it, and the chief is the magistrate or prefecture; below the prefecture are counties or scattered prefectures, and the chief is the magistrate of the county or prefecture. Local government is a three-level system of province, prefecture (or directly controlled prefecture), and county (or scattered prefecture). In the Ming Dynasty, the central government sent supervisory censors to inspect various places, which was called "inspection press". Or he may send officials from the capital to inspect local areas, called "governors", and then stop immediately. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, governors were established in Guanzhong, Jiangnan and other places, which were superior to the three divisions. Later, for military purposes, governors were added in some places, usually as ministers of the Ministry, often with the titles of Minister of the Ministry of War, Minister of the Ministry of War, and Censor of the City. After the governor was established, the governor would be under his subordinates. In some places, the governor and the governor were in the same city, and they were at odds with each other, so the governor had to be abolished and the province became a province with a governor but no governor.

The system of prefectures, prefectures, and counties in the Qing Dynasty was roughly the same as that in the Ming Dynasty, except that "Tings" were set up in some places with special circumstances (mainly areas inhabited by ethnic minorities), and the administrative levels of the departments were similar to those of prefectures. , there are also distinctions between Zhili Hall and San Hall. Taoism above the government level is still preserved and has become a first-level administrative organization. Taoist officials have also become dedicated official positions, commonly known as "Tao platforms". At the provincial level, the governor or governor comprehensively manages important military and civilian affairs and becomes a fixed "frontier official". Although the title of chief envoy is still retained, he has become a subordinate of the governor or governor and is responsible for taxation and civil affairs, which is called "fantai". There is also an inspector-general who is responsible for the administration of justice in a province, which is called "zhetai". The governor governs one province, and the governor governs one, two or three provinces. The chief of a prefecture is called a magistrate, the chief of a county is called a county magistrate, and the chief of a department is called a tongzhi or tongfen. This constitutes a four-level local official system of province, road, prefecture (Zhili Prefecture, Zhili Department), and county (Sanzhou, Santing).

Prime Minister: The highest official who assists the emperor in handling the political affairs of a country. His main responsibility is to lead the court meetings and the performance of hundreds of officials, as well as select and appoint officials. His rank is known as Wanshi.

Yushi Dafu: The deputy of the Prime Minister, the chief executive whose status is second only to the Prime Minister. His main responsibilities are to be in charge of documents, archives and books, and to supervise hundreds of officials and report illegal actions. His rank is also known as Wan Shi.

Tingwei: The highest judicial officer in the central government of the Han Dynasty. His main responsibility was to judge crimes and interpret laws and regulations. His rank was Zhong 2,000 stones.

Guang Luxun: Mainly in charge of the security in the imperial palace and responsible for the attendant guards. The rank is medium two thousand stones.

Weiwei: The chief guard of the imperial palace in the Han Dynasty. His main responsibility was to protect the outer hall of the palace. His rank was medium two thousand stones.

Zong Zheng: The official in charge of the names of the emperor's relatives, with a rank of Zhong 2,000 stones.

Da Si Nong: An official in charge of all things in the country's finance and economy, with a rank of Zhong 2,000 stones.

Shaofu: An official in charge of the emperor's private finances, with a rank of Zhong 2,000 shi.

Shuiheng Duwei: Set up in the second year of Yuanding by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he was in charge of everything in Shanglin Garden, with a rank of two thousand stones.

Prime Minister's Long History: A senior official who assists the Prime Minister in managing documents and other matters, with a rank of Qian Shi.

Yushi Zhongcheng: A senior official who assists the Yushi doctor in managing the Lantai books in the palace and supervising hundreds of officials, with a rank of Qianshi.

Junshu: The highest military and political officer of a county in the Han Dynasty. In the second year of Emperor Jing's reign in the Han Dynasty, he was renamed Taishou, with a rank of two thousand shi, and his official office was called the county government.

Jun Wei: A senior military official in a county in the Han Dynasty who assisted the prefect. He was mainly in charge of the military training and assessment of soldiers and soldiers in the county, as well as the security of the county. In the second year of Emperor Jing's reign in the Han Dynasty, he was renamed Duwei, and his rank was as high as two thousand stones.

Duweicheng: The highest-ranking official under the Duwei, with a rank of six hundred stones.

County magistrate: The highest chief executive of a county in the Han Dynasty. The rank was generally six hundred stones, and the official office was called the county court.

Xian Cheng: The highest-ranking official under the county magistrate. His main responsibility is to assist the county magistrate in handling the government affairs of a county, especially things such as thieves and warehouses. The rank is generally two hundred or three hundred stones.

Ting chief: A low-level official in charge of a pavilion in the Han Dynasty, appointed by the county magistrate. The main responsibility is to maintain public security within the jurisdiction of the pavilion, as well as to greet officials and deliver government documents, etc. There is no hierarchy.

Princes and kings: In the early Western Han Dynasty, the princes and kings had the power to govern their countries. In the fifth year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, he ordered that the princes and kings no longer had this power, and officials from Chang'an were sent to govern.

Princes and prime ministers: In the early Western Han Dynasty, they were called prime ministers, which was the same as the name of the Chang'an court. After Emperor Jing took back the power of the princes and kings, he changed the princes and kings to the prime minister.

Internal history: the title of an official in a vassal kingdom, whose responsibility is to be in charge of the administration of the vassal kingdom. When the Han Dynasty became emperor, the post of internal history was omitted and the princes and ministers were in charge of administration.

Jue refers to a title or a title, which is a conferment bestowed by ancient emperors on nobles and heroes. It is said in the Zhou Dynasty that there were five kinds of titles: Duke, Marquis, Bo, Zi and Male. Later generations' title and title system often changed with time. For example, in the early Han Dynasty, Liu Bang not only made the prince king, but also made seven heroes kings, including Peng Yue as the King of Liang, Ying Bu as the King of Huainan, etc.; Cao Zhi of the Wei Dynasty was named the King of Chen; Guo Ziyi of the Tang Dynasty was named the King of Fenyang; Zunurhachi named his son Azig as Prince of Ying, Duduo as Prince of Yu, and Hauge as Prince of Su. Another example is that in the Song Dynasty, Kou Zhun was granted the title of Duke of Lai, Wang Anshi was granted the title of Duke of Jing, and Sima Guang was granted the title of Duke of Wen; in the Ming Dynasty, Li Shanchang was granted the title of Duke of Korea, Li Wenzhong was granted the title of Duke of Cao, Liu Ji was granted the title of Chengyi Bo, and Wang Yangming was granted the title of Xinjing Bo; in the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan was granted the title of first-class Yiyong Marquis. Zuo Zongtang was granted the title of second-class Ke Jinghou, and Li Hongzhang was granted the title of first-class Su Yibo.

The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy. He is the person who upholds the monarch's will and manages the national government affairs. Sometimes it is called the prime minister, often referred to as the prime minister, or "prime minister" for short. For example, "Chen She's Family": "Princes and generals are very kind." "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "A mediocre person is still ashamed, how much more so than a general!" "Xiang of Shu": "Where can I find the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister? Jin Xiangru There are many people outside Guancheng. ""Guide Record) Afterword": "In addition to the Prime Minister and Privy Envoy on the right, I will supervise all the troops and horses. "

Taishi refers to two official positions. One is that in ancient times, Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao were called the "Three Dukes." Later, they were mostly given titles to senior officials to express favor but no actual duties. For example, Zhao Pu in the Song Dynasty , Wen Yanbo, etc. were once awarded the title of Taishi. Secondly, in ancient times, they were also called the "Three Masters of the East Palace": the Prince's Grand Master, the Prince's Taifu, and the Prince's Taibao. They were all the Prince's teachers. Taishi was the abbreviation of the Prince's Grand Master. Gradually it became a false title. For example, in "The Story of Meihua Ridge", "Yan Taishi was defeated by troops", Yan Zhenqing was once given the title of Prince and Grand Master, so he was called. Another example is that Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty had eight false titles, and was finally given the title of Prince and Grand Master; In the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also awarded the title of Prince Taishi, but he did not actually teach the prince.

Taifu refers to one of the "Three Masters" in ancient times. For example, Jia Yi served as the teacher of the princes Changsha King and Liang Huai King, so he was granted the title of Taifu. Later, it gradually became a virtual title. For example, Zeng Guofan, Zeng Guoquan, Zuo Zongtang, and Li Hongzhang were all forced to give it to Taifu after their death. < /p>

Shaobao refers to two official positions. One is that in ancient times, Shaoshi, Shaofu and Shaobao were called the "three orphans". Later, they gradually became empty titles. For example, "Wen Shaobao" in "Meihua Ridge" "Enlightenment of the great light, Dharma cicada escapes", Wen Tianxiang once served as a Shaobao official, so he was called. Secondly, in ancient times, the Prince Shaoshi, the Prince Shaofu, and the Prince Shaobao were called the "Three Young Masters of the East Palace", and later they gradually became empty titles.

Shangshu was originally the official in charge of documents and memorials. In the Sui Dynasty, there were no six departments. In the Tang Dynasty, the six departments were designated as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and workers. Each department had ministers and ministers as chief and deputy officials. For example, "Zhang Heng Biography": "Send letters to beg for bones, and worship ministers. "Another example is the great calligrapher Yan Zhenqing who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, the poet Bai Juyi who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of Punishments, and Shi Kefa who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of War.

Participating in political affairs is also referred to as "participating in political affairs". He was one of the highest administrative officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Together with Tongping Zhangshi, Privy Envoy, and Deputy Envoy Jiami, he was collectively known as "Zai Zhi". Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, and Wang Anshi all held this position in the Song Dynasty. "Xun Jian Shi Kang" "Participated in politics and served as an admonishment official", "Lu Gong" refers to Lu Zongdao during the reign of Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. "Tan Sitong" "Those who participated in the New Deal were just like those in the Tang and Song Dynasties who participated in political affairs and fulfilled the duties of prime minister."

The Military Aircraft Department, the Minister of Military Aircraft, was a government agency that assisted the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. There is no fixed number of vacancies, and they are usually held concurrently by princes, bachelors, ministers, ministers, or ministers of the capital, who are called military ministers. There are as few as three or four military ministers and as many as six or seven, and they are called "pivot ministers". At the end of the Qing Dynasty, only Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong, Yuan Shikai and others served as military ministers for a short period of time among the Han people. "Tan Sitong" "The military minister at that time was resolute in overseeing the execution."

For military aircraft Zhang Jing, please refer to the article "Military Aircraft Minister". He is a staff member of the Military Aircraft Department and an official subordinate to the Minister of Military Aircraft. He is called a "little military aircraft". "Tan Sitong": "The emperor promoted Si Jingqing to the military title Zhang Jing, and participated in the New Deal together with Yang Rui, Lin Xu, and Liu Guangdi."

The censor was originally a historian, such as "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" "The Prehistoric Book of Qin Yu said", "Xiangru Gu Zhaozhao Yu Shi said". After the Qin Dynasty, the imperial censor was appointed. His position was second only to the prime minister, and he was responsible for impeaching and inspecting officials' faults. Han Yu once served as the censor of supervision, and Hai Rui served as the censor of Youqiandu in Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty. Another example is "Record of Wang Zhongsu Gong Ao's Affairs": "The Duke was the censor of the capital and guarded Liaoning with a certain eunuch." Wang Ao was the chief procurator of the capital at that time.

The Privy Councilor is the head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, the position was held by eunuchs, but after the Song Dynasty, it was changed to ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state institutions that manages important military affairs. The power of the Privy Council is equivalent to that of the prime minister. In the Qing Dynasty, military ministers were often respectfully called "Privy Councilors". Ouyang Xiu in Song Dynasty served as deputy envoy to the Privy Council. "The Preface to the Guide" states: "In addition to the Prime Minister and Privy Envoy on the right, I will supervise all the troops and horses." Wen Tianxiang was in charge of important military affairs at that time.

Zuo Tu’s official name in the Chu State during the Warring States Period is equivalent to that of the left and right in later generations. The main responsibility is to admonish the emperor and recommend talents. "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Qu Yuan's name was Ping, the same surname as Chu. He was the left disciple of King Huai of Chu."

The official title of Taiwei before the Yuan Dynasty. He was the highest military officer assisting the emperor and was called Da Sima in the Han Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, he was designated as the highest military attache. "Lin Jiaotou Fengxueshan Temple": "I hated Taiwei Gao, caused trouble and framed me, and suffered a lawsuit." Taiwei Gao refers to Gao Qiu.

The official title of Shangdafu in pre-Qin Dynasty is one level lower than that of Qing. "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" says: "I worship Xiangru as a senior official." At that time, Lin Xiangru had a lower official position than Shang Qing Lian Po.

The content of "dafu" varies in different dynasties. Sometimes it can refer to important positions in central agencies, such as censor doctor, admonishment doctor, etc. "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Shangguan officials are in the same category as him. They compete for favors but are determined to harm their abilities." "Shangguan officials" are generally believed to refer to Shangguan Jinshang. "Zi Fei San Chang Dafu?" Qu Yuan served as the chief executive in charge of the affairs of the three surnames of the royal family: Zhao, Qu and Jing. "The Preface to the Guide": "Jin gentry, officials, and scholars gathered in the Prime Minister Zuo's Mansion." This refers to the imperial censors, admonishment officials, etc.

Scholar-bureaucrats used to refer to officials or intellectuals with greater prestige and status. "Shi Shuo": "As a clan of scholar-bureaucrats, when someone calls him a disciple, he or she will gather together and laugh." "Shi Zhongshan Ji": "The scholar-bureaucrats will never use their small boats to anchor under the cliff at night, so there is no way to know." "Xun" "Jian Shikang": "The whole family of scholar-bureaucrats was like this at that time." "Tombstones of Five People": "The wise scholar-bureaucrats in the county were invited to be in power."

Tai Shi was a high-status court minister in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. In charge of drafting documents, giving orders to princes and officials, recording historical events, and also managing classics, calendars, sacrifices, etc. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taishi Ling was established, and the scope of his duties gradually became smaller and his status gradually declined. Sima Qian served as Taishi Ling. "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "At the beginning of Emperor Shun's reign, he was transferred to Taishi Ling again." "Tombstone Notes of Five People": "As a wise scholar and official, I asked you why it was Duke Wu, Taishi Wenqi Wen Gong, and Meng Chang Yao Gong." Wenqi was compiled by the Hanlin Academy and was an official historian, so he was called Taishi.

The Chang Shi was an official subordinate to the Prime Minister during the Qin Dynasty. For example, Li Si served as the Chang Shi, which was equivalent to the Prime Minister’s secretary-general. After the Han Dynasty, he became an officer affiliated with the general and the chief of staff. "Chu Shi Biao": "Shi Zhong, Shangshu, Chang Shi, and Join the Army, these are the ministers of Zhenliang's death festival." "Chang Shi" refers to Zhang Yi. "Battle of Chibi": "Ziyu, Liang's brother Jinye, avoided the chaos in Jiangdong and became Sun Quan's long history."

The minister first served as a palace attendant. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became a subordinate official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, the Vice Minister was the deputy position of the ministers (Shang Shu) of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia, ??and Shangshu) (see the article "Three Provinces and Six Ministries" for details). Han Yu once served as the minister of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of War, and the Ministry of Personnel. "Shi Shi Biao" "Shi Zhong, Shi Lang Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc.", among which Dong Yun is the Shi Lang. "Tan Sitong": "On the first day of the eighth month, Yuan Shikai was summoned and the minister was specially rewarded." Yuan Shikai was the minister of the Ministry of War.

Shi Zhong was originally one of the additional officials in addition to regular official positions. As he served the emperor, his status gradually increased and his rank surpassed that of a minister. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister. Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi mentioned in "Chu Shi Biao" are the servants.

During the Warring States Period, Langzhong served as a palace guard. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, he became a senior official below the minister and minister, and was responsible for the affairs of various departments. For example, in "Jing Ke's Assassination of the King of Qin": "All the men holding the troops are Your Highness Chen." This refers to the palace guards. "The Biography of Zhang Heng" "The characteristic of public cars is to worship the doctor". "Langzhong" is the official name for managing the chariot and riding family.

Joining the army is the abbreviation of "staff military affairs". It was originally the prime minister's military staff, such as Jiang Wan who joined the army as mentioned in "Chu Shi Biao". After the Jin Dynasty, their status gradually declined and they became the aides of kings and generals. For example, Tao Yuanming served as a soldier in the army, and Fan Ye, the author of "Book of the Later Han", served as a soldier in the army of Liu Yikang, the fourth son of Liu Yu. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, they gradually became local officials. For example, Du Fu served as the right guard and led the governor to join the army, and the Huazhou Sigong Cao joined the army. Bai Juyi once served as the governor of Jingzhao to join the army.

Ling Yin was the chief of Chu State who was in charge of military and political power during the Warring States Period, equivalent to the prime minister. For example, in "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Ling Yin Zilan was furious when he heard about it." In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, he referred to the county magistrate, such as "Promoting Weaving": "Heaven will reward those who have grown up and are generous, so the Fu ministers and Ling Yin will be favored."

Yin, please refer to the article "Ling Yin". During the Warring States Period, the assistants of the Chu State Ling Yin were Zuo Yin and You Yin. For example, in "Hongmen Banquet", "Chu Zuo Yin Xiang Bo", Zuo Yin's status was slightly higher than that of You Yin. It is also a general name for ancient officials, such as Jingzhao Yin, Henan Yin, Zhou Yin, County Yin, etc. ?6?1

The military attache whose position is second to that of a general is a captain. "Chen She's Family": "Chen She established himself as a general, and Wu Guang became the captain." "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has come out, and King Xiang sent the captain Chen Ping to summon Pei Gong."

冏令太PU Temple Minister Another name for the emperor, who was in charge of the emperor's carriages, horses and livestock. "The Tombstones of Five People" "The wise scholar and the official, the minister is the Duke of Wu". "Yinzhi" is Wu Mo's character.

The official positions in each dynasty of Sima were different. During the Warring States Period, he was the adjutant in charge of military affairs and military rewards. For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gongzuo Sima Cao Wushang said." During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was an official subordinate to the prefect (provincial governor) of prefectures and counties. For example, "Pipa Xing": "Yuanhe Ten In the year of 1978, he moved to the left to be the Sima of Jiujiang County. "Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, and was under the post of Chang Shi of the prefecture and county.

In the Tang Dynasty, Jiedushi was in charge of the military and political affairs of several states. Originally, they were only located in border states. Later, they were also established in the interior, resulting in a separatist situation, so they were called "vassal towns" in the world. Chapter 4 of "Dream of Red Mansions": "Yucun hurriedly wrote two letters to Jia Zheng and joined the Jiedu envoy Wang Ziteng in Beijing."

The envoy of Jinglue is also referred to as "Jinglue". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military commander of the border defense, juxtaposed with the governor. For example, Fan Zhongyan once served as deputy economic envoy of Shaanxi Province. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, when there were important military tasks, a special manager was appointed, and his official position was higher than that of the governor. For example, in "Meihua Ridge", "Hong Chengchou had an old relationship with him as a manager". After Hong Chengchou was surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, he served as the manager of seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.

The governor was originally the name of the inspector. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became the highest military and political officer of the state and county, and was sometimes called the prefect. During the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi served as the governor of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan served as the governor of Liuzhou.

For the governor, see the article "Provincial Governor". Also known as the "county governor", the highest chief executive of a state or county. Fan Ye once served as the prefect of Xuancheng. "Peach Blossom Spring": "When I went to the county, I met the prefect and said so." "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "Speaking directly about the prefect's family, there is this son-in-law." "The Battle of Chibi": "I had a meeting with Wu Ju, the prefect of Cangwu. Old, I want to surrender to him."

For the governor, please refer to the article "Jinglue Envoy". The official name of a military commander or a leading general. In some dynasties, the highest local governor is also called "dudu", which is equivalent to the military governor or the governor of a state or county. For example, "Meihua Ridge": "Ren Taishou Min Yu and all generals Liu Dudu Zhaoji and others died." Liu Zhaoji was the military commander stationed at the local guard station.

In the early Ming Dynasty, the governor referred to officials from the capital to inspect local areas. In the Qing Dynasty, he officially became a provincial governor, with a status slightly lower than that of the governor. He was also known as "Fuyuan", "Futai" and "Fujun". For example, "Tombstone Notes of Five People": "At that time, the person who used Dazhong Prime Minister to Fu Wu was Wei's private person." Fu Wu means serving as the governor of Wu.

For Fujun, see "Governor". "Promoting Weaving": "It is rewarded and presented to the Fu army." The Fu army was overjoyed and entered with a golden cage. "Also known as "Fuchen", such as "The imperial edict bestows the name of Fuchen on horse clothes and satin".

The official position of Xiaowei was second to that of general during the Han Dynasty. For example, "Battle of Chibi": "With Lu Su as the Praise to the military captain. "Lu Su served as the deputy general who assisted the commander Zhou Yu in planning the military. After the Tang Dynasty, his status gradually declined.

The officer who taught martial arts in the Song Dynasty army. Lin Chong in "Water Margin" was the gun of the 800,000 forbidden troops in the capital.

The official name of the military attache in the Song Dynasty, responsible for training the army and supervising the arrest of thieves. For example, Lu Ti governed Lu Zhishen in "Water Margin". The staff members appointed by the central or local governors are also called "engagers". "Battle of Chibi": "If you have a good reputation, you will still be under Cao Ji. "

The prefect is the "prefect", also known as the "prefect of the state". "The Record of Climbing Mount Tai": "It was the end of the moon, and I climbed up from the southern foot with the prefect Zhu Xiaochun Ziying. "

The county magistrate is the chief executive of a county, also known as the "county magistrate." "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "More than ten days after returning home, the county magistrate sent a matchmaker. ”

Li Zheng In ancient times, a township official was one mile long. For example, "Promoting Zhi": "The order is followed by the responsibility." "

Lixu is responsible for managing the affairs of the village. "Promoting Zhi": "Lixu is cunning, and he pretends to be a master to get a small mouth."

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