What is painting

Art: usually refers to a kind of art that is carried out in space, expresses one's attitude, and appeals to people's vision, such as painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, and architectural art. When Europe began to use this name in the seventeenth century, it generally referred to paintings, sculptures, literature, music, etc. with aesthetic significance. When I began to use this term commonly around the time of the May 4th Movement, it also had a connotation equivalent to the entire art. For example, when Lu Xun explained the word "art" in 1913, he wrote: "Art is the word...translated from the British name Aite. The word "Aite" originally came from Greece, and its meaning is art." Shortly afterwards, another name in our country Translating "Aite" with the word "art", the word "art" becomes a name specifically referring to visual arts such as painting.

Means of plastic expression: techniques and means of creating artistic images in plastic arts. For example, painting relies on color, light and shade, lines, anatomy and perspective; sculpture relies on volume and structure, etc. These techniques and means, through long-term artistic practice, have formed the unique and special artistic languages ????of these plastic arts, and determined the different expression rules of these arts, which are related to the success or failure of shaping the artistic image, as well as the infection of the artistic works. force. Artists' continuous exploration of the regularity of modeling means of expression and striving for excellence are necessary conditions for artistic creation to express new life content and satisfy people's constantly evolving aesthetic preferences.

Two-dimensional space: painting terminology. Refers to the plane space composed of two factors: length (left and right) and height (up and down). In order to truly reproduce objects in paintings, we often use perspective, light and shade and other modeling techniques to create a sense of depth and a three-dimensional effect of objects on a plane in two-dimensional space, that is, using two-dimensional space to create the illusion of a three-dimensional space like natural objects. . Some paintings, such as decorative paintings, pattern paintings, etc., do not require a strong depth effect, but intentionally pursue a flat meaning in the two-dimensional space to obtain artistic expression.

Three-dimensional space: painting terminology. Refers to the three-dimensional space composed of three factors: length (left and right), height (up and down), and depth (depth). In painting, in order to truly reproduce the object, the three-dimensional and depth effects of the three-dimensional space must be shown on the plane.

Texture: Plastic arts such as painting and sculpture use different expression techniques to express the characteristics of various objects in their works, such as the weight, softness, hardness, etc. of silk, skin, water, stone, etc. Various texture characteristics such as roughness and smoothness give people a sense of reality and beauty.

Sense of volume: Using light and shade, color, lines and other modeling factors to express the weight, thickness, size, amount and other feelings of an object. Such as the dignity of mountains and rocks, the lightness of wind and smoke, etc. Real objects in paintings are required to convey the unique weight and sense of reality of the object. Using the contrast relationship of quantity can produce diverse and unified effects.

Spatial sense: In painting, according to the principles of geometric perspective and aerial perspective, the relationship between distance, level, interpenetration, etc. between objects is depicted, so that it can convey a deep three-dimensional effect on a flat painting. sense of space.

Volume: a painting term. It means that the visible objects represented on the painting plane can give people a three-dimensional feeling occupying a three-dimensional space. In painting, any visible object is determined by the structure of the object itself and is composed of blocks with different directions and angles. Therefore, grasping the structural characteristics of the painted objects and analyzing their physical relationships in painting are necessary steps to achieve a sense of volume.

Perspective: a theoretical term for painting. The word "perspective" originates from the Latin word "perspclre" (see through). The initial study of perspective was to look at the scene through a transparent plane, and accurately depict the scene on this plane to form a perspective view of the scene. Later, the science of using lines to show the spatial position, outline and projection of objects on a flat frame according to certain principles was called perspective.

Light and shade: a painting term. It refers to the changes in lightness and darkness of the light-received, backlighted and reflective parts of the object in the painting and the method of expressing this change. When an object is illuminated by light, it appears in three states of light and dark, which are called three major sides: bright side, middle side, and dark side. The three major surfaces of light and color generally appear as five basic levels, that is, five tones: ① the bright surface, the part that directly receives light; ② the gray surface, the middle surface, half-light and half-dark; ③ the boundary line between light and dark, the turning point between the light and dark parts. ④ Dark side, backlight part; ⑤ Reflection, the dark and translucent part of the object caused by the surrounding reflection. Describing objects according to the levels of light and dark has always been the basic method of painting. During the Renaissance, Vasari discussed in his "Biographies of Artists": "When painting, after drawing the outline, add shading to roughly distinguish the light and dark, and then carefully express the light and dark, and the same goes for the bright parts." Among European painters, Rembrandt was a master of chiaroscuro techniques.

Contour: A term for plastic arts. Refers to the edge line that defines the range of the object's shape. In painting and sculpture, the correctness of the outline is considered crucial to the success of the work.

Composition: term of plastic arts. Refers to the structural configuration method of artistic images in works. It is an important means for plastic arts to express the ideological content of works and obtain artistic appeal.

Color: one of the important factors in painting. It is a complex phenomenon manifested by various objects absorbing and reflecting light to varying degrees, acting on people in the auditorium. Due to the different textures of objects and the different degrees of absorption and reflection of various colored lights, everything in the world forms ever-changing colors.

Hue: the qualitative appearance that color can present.

The different hues in nature are infinitely rich, such as purple-red, silver-gray, orange-yellow, etc.

Chroma: refers to the inherent brightness of the color itself. For example, among the seven basic hues, purple is the darkest and yellow is the brightest.

Hue: also known as tone. Under the illumination of a certain hue and brightness of the light source color, the surface of the object is enveloped in a unified color tendency and color atmosphere. This unified atmosphere is the hue.

Color: the property of color. Colors are basically divided into two categories: warm colors (also called hot colors) and cool colors (also called cold colors). Red, orange, and yellow are warm colors, giving people a warm, warm, and outward feeling; green, cyan, blue, and purple are cold colors, giving people a cold, calm, and withdrawn feeling.

Brushstrokes: refer to the marks left when the brush touches the screen during the painting process. Although brush strokes are a technical factor, they also convey the artist's artistic personality and accomplishment, and are therefore also an integral part of the artist's artistic style.

Chinese painting: referred to as "Chinese painting". It refers to the Chinese national painting that has been formed and developed for a long time on the soil of the Chinese nation and has its own unique system in the field of world art. It uses brushes, inks and Chinese painting pigments to paint on special rice paper or silk. According to the theme of expression, it can be divided into figures, landscapes, flowers and bamboos, birds, animals, insects, fish, palaces and other painting materials. According to the expression means and techniques, it can be divided into fine brushwork, freehand brushwork, hook drawing, boneless, coloring, ink painting and other painting methods. According to the format, it can be divided into vertical scroll, horizontal scroll, album, fan and other styles. Chinese painting attaches great importance to pen and ink, using lines, ink colors and light and heavy colors, through hooks and dots, and the combination of dry and wet shades to express the physical structure of objective objects, with yin and yang facing away; and uses techniques such as the combination of virtual and real density and "blank space" to achieve ingenuity composition effect. The space processing in Chinese painting is also relatively free and flexible, that is, you can use the method of "looking at the small from the big" to draw mountains and mountains; you can also use the method of "looking at the mountains from a horse" to draw the Yangtze River thousands of miles away. Chinese paintings emphasize "both form and spirit" and "vivid charm". They not only advocate the need to "learn from outsiders", but also "get the source of the heart". Chinese paintings also inscribe poems and seals on the pictures, and add poems to them. Literature, calligraphy and seal cutting are integrated into one.

Western painting: refers to Western painting that is different from the traditional Chinese painting system, referred to as Western painting. Including oil painting, watercolor, gouache, printmaking, pencil drawing, pencil drawing and many other types of painting. Traditional Western paintings focus on realism, using perspective and light and shade methods to express the volume, texture and sense of space of objects, and are required to express the color effects of objects under a certain light source.

Oil painting: A type of painting made on linen, cardboard or wooden boards by mixing pigments with easy oils (linseed oil, poppy oil, walnut oil, etc.). The thinners used when painting are hair-strengthening turpentine and dry linseed oil. The pigment attached to the picture has strong hardness and can maintain its luster for a long time after the picture dries. Oil painting is the main type of Western painting.

Sculpture: a type of "plastic art". It is a general term for the three methods of carving, sculpture and sculpture. Use various plastic clays or wood, stone and other materials that can be carved and carved to create various images with real volumes. Sculptures are generally divided into two types: round sculptures and relief sculptures. Due to different uses, they are also divided into shelf sculptures, commemorative sculptures, decorative sculptures, architectural sculptures, etc.

Arts and crafts: one of the categories of art. It refers to the production of handicrafts with a certain artistic meaning, which not only meets the needs of people's material life, but also meets the needs of people's spiritual life. It is a combination of practicality and aesthetics, and the unity of technology and art. Arts and crafts are divided into two categories: ①Daily crafts. ②Display technology.

Calligraphy: ①A type of traditional Chinese art. ②How to write Chinese characters. Chinese calligraphy, based on the modeling rules of Chinese characters, uses pointillism to form various shapes to express expressions. There are various calligraphy styles such as regular script, cursive script, running script, official script, and seal script (big seal script and small seal script). The basic factor of the beauty of calligraphy is pointillism, followed by the structure composed of pointillism. Therefore, the use of pens in calligraphy is very important. It is the mastery and application of the contradictory relationships such as lifting, concealing, turning, weight, urgency, square and circle, etc. It is necessary to pay attention to avoid being frivolous and frivolous. As far as the text is concerned, the beauty of calligraphy lies in the momentum, rhythm, rhythm and the emotions conveyed between the lines. All kinds of calligraphy styles pay attention to the structure of horizontal and vertical arrangements, and the echo of each other; the layout is appropriately dense and dense, and the beginning and end are coherent.

Drawing: a form of painting that mainly uses monochromatic lines and blocks to express objects. It is usually a means of practicing basic painting skills to train the ability to observe and express the shape, structure, light and shade, texture, volume and space of objective objects. Sketching can also be used in creation as an independent art form. For example, the work "Blood Clothes" by the painter Wang Shikuo is an example.

Gouache: A picture drawn with powdery pigments mixed with water. Gouache is generally opaque in color, has strong covering ability, and can be used for deep and detailed painting. Properly used, it can combine the richness of oil painting and the brightness of watercolor painting.

Fresco: A picture painted on the walls or ceiling of a building. It is divided into rough background murals, brush background murals and mounted murals. Murals are one of the oldest forms of painting. Many ancient murals have been preserved in Egypt, India, and Babylon. During the Italian Renaissance, mural creation flourished and many famous works were produced. Since the Zhou Dynasty, my country has had the system of decorating palaces and even tombs with murals. With the rise of religious beliefs, murals have been widely used in temples and grottoes (such as Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Ruicheng Yongle Palace. A large number of famous murals have been preserved to this day. Remains of Buddhist murals and Taoist murals.

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Comics: One of the types of paintings, also known as caricatures. The word "high-speed painting" comes from the Italian word Caricare, which means exaggeration. It later evolved into the word Caricature, which refers specifically to pictures with ironic and comical meanings. Through exaggeration, deformation, assumptions, metaphors, symbols and other techniques, it satirizes, criticizes (or praises) people and things in real life with humorous, interesting and witty artistic effects.

Sketching: a traditional term in Chinese painting. Paintings that depict flowers, trees, birds, animals and other creatures are called sketching. For example, Huang Quan's "Sketch of Rare Birds from Life" of the Five Dynasties. In modern common painting terms, any description that directly uses real objects or scenes as objects is collectively called sketching.

Sketch: A painting method that uses quick and accurate observation and concise lines to briefly depict the demeanor, body, movement and other characteristics of the object. It is an important painting method to cultivate the painter's keen observation and ability to quickly grasp the characteristics of objects. It is also an important method to record life and accumulate creative materials.

Gongbi painting: became popular in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the reason for achieving outstanding artistic achievements is that on the one hand, painting techniques have become increasingly mature, and on the other hand, it also depends on the improvement of painting materials. Gongbi paintings must be painted on silk or rice paper that has been processed with vitriol. In the early Tang Dynasty, the improvement of silk materials played a certain role in promoting the development of meticulous painting. According to Mi Fu's "History of Painting": "In the early Tang Dynasty, all ancient paintings were made of silk. They are all half-cooked with hot soup, mixed with powder and pounded like silver plates, pretending to be figures, and wonderfully entering the brushwork. "Gongbi paintings generally require a complete draft. A complete pen drawing needs to be revised repeatedly to finalize it, and then it is covered with glue. On rice paper or silk made of alum, first outline it with a small pen, then apply colors according to the type, and render it layer by layer, so as to achieve an artistic effect that has both form and spirit. Such as Chen Zhifo's beautiful autumn pictures.

Freehand painting: depicting scenery with simple brushwork. Freehand paintings are mostly painted on life, with vertical strokes and flying ink colors. Compared with gongbi paintings, they can better reflect the charm of the depicted scenery and express the author's feelings more directly. Freehand paintings are gradually formed through long-term artistic practice. Among them, literati participated in painting and played a positive role in the formation and development of freehand painting. It is said that Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty was both good at poetry and painting, so later generations called his paintings "poems within paintings, paintings within poems". He "changed the method of hooking" and created "light ink and light brushwork." "Clear and moist" broken ink landscape. Dong Qichang respected him as the ancestor of "literati painting". Xu Xi of the Five Dynasties first used ink to write the branches, leaves, stamens and calyx of flowers, and then applied light colors, creating the "falling ink method" of Xu style. After that, Wen Tong of the Song Dynasty promoted the "Four Gentlemen" style of painting, Lin Liang of the Ming Dynasty developed a new freehand style of "courtyard style", Shen Zhou of the Ming Dynasty made good use of thick ink and light colors, Chen Baiyang emphasized realistic ink and light colors, and Xu Qingteng even more wildly pursued the charm of survival. After a long period of artistic practice, the freehand painting era has entered its heyday. Developed by Bada, Shi Tao, Li, Wu Changshuo, Qi Baishi, etc., freehand painting is now the most influential and widely spread painting method. Freehand painting advocates spiritual resemblance. Dong Qichang once said: "Freehand ink painting is the best way to paint landscapes. Why? If the shape and texture are all the same, there will be no charm; if the colors are different, there will be no brushwork." Xu Wei in the Ming Dynasty also said in a painting poem: "Don't seek resemblance in form, but seek charm. According to Jiwu Five Finger Cutting.

The use of ink in traditional Chinese painting is the basic technique of Chinese painting. Painters throughout the history have paid attention to the use of ink. With the rise of freehand brushwork and the widespread use of Shengxuan, the use of ink and brushes have become the basis of Chinese painting. The basic characteristics of Chinese painting are mainly the use of ink color changes. Due to the difference in the amount of ink in the pen, there are changes in dry, wet, thick and light ink, which gave rise to the saying that ink is divided into five colors. Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty said in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties": "The ink is transported with five colors. "The five colors are burnt, thick, heavy, light, and clear, and each ink color has dry, wet, thick, and light changes. This is the wonder of using ink in Chinese painting. In addition, there is also the theory that ink is divided into six colors. , Tang Dai of the Qing Dynasty said in "Painting Events": "The ink color is divided into six colors. What are six colors? Black, white, dry, wet, thick, light are also. " He also said: "Ink has six colors, and if it is not divided into black and white, there will be no yin and yang, light and dark; if it is not prepared for dryness and wetness, it will not be green and beautiful; if it is not thick and light, it will not be uneven, far or near." "You can imagine the richness of the changes in ink color in Chinese paintings. Ink color without change will inevitably be dull and dull, becoming a lifeless dead painting. The success of a painter is often inseparable from the ability to use ink. For example, Qi Baishi can paint shrimps As everyone knows, an important reason lies in the proper use of ink. His painting of shrimps has changed three times: "At first it is just a rough resemblance, then it becomes more realistic, and then it changes color to become darker or lighter." "Now we can see that the shapes of shrimps in his paintings are lifelike, with transparent and tough shrimp shells, especially the head of the shrimp. In the light ink on the head, a stroke of thick ink is the brain of the shrimp. It is really wonderful. Chinese painting The skill of using ink is not reflected in how many ink color changes can be made in the palette, but how to make different ink colors reflect on the paper. What is particularly difficult is how to produce various ink colors in one pen. Changes in ink color. With the continuous development of Chinese painting, the techniques of using ink have become more mature, and various techniques of expressing colors in Chinese painting have emerged: "splashing ink method", "accumulating ink method" and "breaking ink method". : Chinese painting has always paid great attention to the use of color. Xie He of the Southern Qi Dynasty listed "applying colors according to type" as one of the "six methods" in "Ancient Paintings", which is to assign different colors to different types of objects. Theory is the basis for the use of color in Chinese painting.

While Chinese painting pays attention to "applying colors according to the category", it also attaches great importance to the influence of the spatial environment on the objects. As the spatial environment affects the objects, and as the spatial environment changes, the colors of the objects will also change accordingly. Xiao Yi during the Southern and Northern Dynasties made a careful observation of this phenomenon, and said in "Landscape, Turquoise and Stone Grid": "Autumn hair is like a bone, summer is shaded by spring beauty, Yan Fei is cold and green, and the sun is warm and the stars are cool." This is the earliest in my country. It explains the changes in the colors of objects due to different seasons and climates, especially the changes in warm and cold tones. Guo Xi's "Linquan Gaozhi" of the Song Dynasty summarized the impact of seasonal changes on water color and sky color: "Water color: spring green, summer green, autumn green, and family black; sky color: spring dazzling, summer green, autumn clear, family color "Gloomy." Tang Dai's "Hua Shi Fa Wei" in the Qing Dynasty quoted Guo Xi and described it vividly: "The mountains have the colors of the four seasons, the wind and rain are dim, and the changes are different. It is not colored to resemble the beauty of spring mountains." The face is like a smile, the mountains in summer are green and like drops, the mountains in autumn are clear and pale, and the mountains in winter are bleak and sleepy. These are the auras of the four seasons. "It can be seen that the coloring of Chinese paintings should be based on the inherent colors of objects and changes in the environment. effects are considered together.

The artistic conception of Chinese painting: it is the artistic realm formed by the painter expressing his thoughts and feelings through depicting scenery. It can make the appreciator resonate through association and be infected with thoughts and feelings. Whether the painting has artistic conception is an important factor in the success of the work. In addition to being unique in expression techniques, Qi Baishi's paintings have intriguing artistic conception which is also the reason why his works are immortal. Lao She once asked Mr. Baishi to paint a painting, and asked for the title to be based on Cha Chubai's poem "The sound of frogs comes from the mountain spring ten miles away". How can the picture reflect the artistic conception of this poem? The old man thought for many days and finally painted the work we see now. Everyone who has seen this work is impressed by it. The picture uses dripping ink to draw a mountain stream set against the mountains. A clear spring gushes out from the rocks, and six tadpoles sway down the river with their tails. The work naturally reminds people of the gurgling clear spring and the water flowing ten miles away; the six lively tadpoles naturally remind people of the countless frogs living in the mountain stream. The mountain spring and tadpoles are associated with frogs and their sounds. In this association, the frog sounds are accompanied by the sound of water flowing from the mountain spring to form a moving symphony. Using virtual reality, the painting embodies a profound artistic conception.

The meaning and symbolism of color: People show different likes and dislikes to different colors. This psychological reaction is often caused by people’s life experience, interests and associations caused by color. In addition, it is also It is inseparable from a person's age, personality, quality, ethnicity, and habits. For example, when you see red, you think of the sun, the source of life for all things, and feel reverence and greatness. You can also think of blood, and you feel uneasy, barbaric, etc. When you see yellow-green, you think of plants sprouting and growing, and you feel the coming of spring, so you think of it as representing youth, vitality, hope, development, peace, etc. When you see black, you think of the dark night and the black veil in funerals, which makes you feel mysterious, sad, ominous, desperate, etc. Seeing yellow is like sunshine shining on the earth, making you feel bright, active and excited. People's subjective association of color from experience, and then to rational judgment, has both universality and particularity; both individuality and individuality; both inevitability and contingency. Although there are correct This is true, but it has not been proven by science. Therefore, when we choose a color as a certain symbol and meaning, we should analyze it based on the specific situation and never do whatever we want, but it does not prevent us from making general generalizations about different colors. These are basic common sense. The art of painting is broad and profound. If you want to learn it, it is best to specialize in one.