Try to analyze the characteristics of American movies in different stages of development?

The second recorded photo of capturing and recreating motion is a set of flying photos, which was taken by Eadweard, Palo Alto, California. When shooting, he arranged a group of still cameras in a row. His achievements prompted inventors everywhere to try to make devices with similar functions to capture this movement.

In the United States, Thomas Alva Edison was one of the first people to make this device. He made a movable film projector. However, due to the strict enforcement of the patent for this device, early filmmakers could only look for substitutes.

In the United States, movies were first shown to many audiences only during the intermission of operetta. Various film screening activities of entrepreneurs have prompted the first attempt of drama film production in the world.

In the early days of the development of American film industry, new york was the center of film production. Kaufman astoria Studio in Queens was founded during the silent film period, when Marx Brothers and Fields worked here.

In addition, Chelsea in Manhattan is also the main place for film production. Many early films of Oscar-winning actress Mary Pickford were also filmed here. But because of the pleasant climate all year round, Hollywood has become a better shooting choice.

Second, the rise of Hollywood.

19 10 at the beginning of this year, American film projector and biographical film company sent director David Griffith and his cast to the west coast, including Lou London Tree and Lionel Barrymore.

They started filming in an empty spot near Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles. At that time, the company decided to develop new fields. So they walked a few miles north and arrived in Hollywood. At that time, Hollywood was still a small village and was very willing to let film companies make movies there.

After that, Griffith finished his first film in Hollywood. The film "In Old California" is a biographical melodrama, which describes/kloc-0 California at the beginning of the 8th century, when it was part of Mexico. The personnel of American film projector and biography company stayed in Hollywood for several months, and then continued to shoot several films before returning to new york.

It was 19 13. After hearing that the company was successful in Hollywood, many film production companies also moved westward to avoid the patent fees of Thomas Edison's film production technology. In Los Angeles, California, film companies and Hollywood developed at the same time. Before World War I, movies could only be made in a few American cities.

However, with the development of the film industry, film production companies are attracted to Southern California, where the climate is mild and sunny, and they can shoot outdoors all year round, where there are various sets. Although there are different opinions about the starting point of movies (especially American movies), Griffith's epic film The Birth of a Country, which was shot on 19 15, became the first movie vocabulary in the world and still occupies an important position in the history of movies.

At the beginning of the 20th century, when the media was a new thing, many Jewish immigrants found jobs in the American film industry and left their footprints: showing short films in Nickelodeon, a street-facing cinema (named after the ticket price was five cents at that time).

A few years later, aspiring filmmakers, such as Samuel Goldwyn, William Fox, Carl Ramler, adolph zukor, Louis B. Mayer and Warner Bros. (that is, Harry, Albert and Jack) turned to film production, and soon became new enterprises, that is, the giants of film companies.

(At that time, there was a female directors alice guy-Blah, who was also a producer and a film company giant. They laid the foundation for the internationalization of the film industry; However, the American film industry is often accused of being narrow-minded towards the United States.

After World War I, some European directors such as Ernst Lubitseh, Alfred Hitchcock, Fritz Lang and jean renoir, as well as filmmakers such as rudolph valentino, marlene dietrich, Ronald Coleman and Charles Boyer came to the United States.

They entered an era of actors' self-discovery-after the birth of sound films, the actors of new york City Theatre joined the most striking development industry in the 20th century. In the mid-1940s, the film industry reached its peak-about 400 films were shown in American cinemas every year, and nearly 90 million Americans went to cinemas every week.

"william hays saves American film industry", from American cartoonist Cy Hungerford, 1922.

At the end of the 1920s, talking movies gradually emerged in Hollywood. 1927, the first audio film "Jazz Singer" used a Vitaphone record player. In May of the same year, ERPI, a subsidiary of Western Electric Company, obtained the monopoly right of film dubbing.

On the one hand, the influence of talking movies is that many silent actors can't find jobs because most of them have bad voices or can't remember their lines. 1922, william harrison hays, an American politician, left politics and founded MPDAA, formerly a film studio organization, which was changed to MPDAA after retirement.

In the early days of the development of sound films, American film studios found that their sound works were not accepted by the film market in non-English-speaking countries, and even met with cold shoulder in other English-speaking countries, because the synchronous dubbing technology at that time was still quite immature. One of the solutions is to make corresponding foreign language Hollywood movies.

1930 or so, American companies set up a film studio in France. Many different film crews work there on a time-sharing basis. They use the same venue, wear the same clothes, and even most of the scenes are the same. Unemployed foreign actors, playwrights and winners of draft competitions were screened out and sent to Hollywood to shoot non-English films corresponding to Hollywood English films.

These versions of the film have a low budget and are directed by second-rate American directors who can only speak English, usually shooting at night. The Spanish film crew included luis Bunuel, Enrique Jadir Poncela, Xavier Cugat and Edgar Neville.

Some foreign language versions of Hollywood movies can definitely be compared with the original sound version, and the Spanish version of Surprise for 400 Years is one of them. By the mid-1930s, synchronous dubbing technology had developed quite well, and foreign dubbing became very common.

Third, the golden age of Hollywood.

The so-called "golden age" of Hollywood refers to the period from the end of 1920s, that is, the end of the silent film era, to the end of 1950s. Thousands of films were made during this period. Its starting logo is Jazz Singer produced by 1927, in which the use of sound effects not only ended the silent film era, but also increased the box office income.

Whether it is westerns, burlesque, musicals, cartoons or biographies, Hollywood films almost always follow a pattern-each film company has its own specific production team.

For example, Cedric Gibbons and Herbert Stohart worked for MGM Film Company, Avery Newman worked for 20th Century Fox Film Company for 20 years, most of Cecil Demule's films were produced by Paramount Film Company, and most of henry king's films were produced by Fox.

At the same time, people can roughly guess the production company of the film according to the cast in the film. MGM claims that "its movie stars are more than those in the sky". The theme and unique style of each film company also make people guess the production company of each film-this phenomenon no longer exists today. But every movie is a little different from other movies.

Unlike car manufacturers, people who make movies are artists. For example, the film 1944 "With or Without" is famous not only because of the actors humphrey bogart and Lauren Barkau in "The First Hero", but also because the script of this film was written by two Nobel Prize in Literature writers: Hemingway, the author of the original novel, and william faulkner, the screenwriter.

Throughout the 1930 s and most of the golden age, MGM dominated the film market and had a large number of Hollywood superstars. At the same time, MGM is highly respected for creating the Hollywood star system.

MGM stars include clark gable, Lionel Barrymore, Jean Harlow, Norma suglia, greta garbo, Jeanette MacDonald and her husbands Gene Raymond, Spencer Tracy, Judy Garland and Jim Carrey.

Another great achievement of American film industry in this period was Walter Disney Company. From 65438 to 0937, Disney made the most successful film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. From 65438 to 0939, MGM created the most successful movie in history-Gone with the Wind, although it was still the highest-grossing movie in history during the Great Depression.

Many film historians have commented on many great film works created during the high-yield period of this film. One of the reasons may be that so many movies have been made, and not every one is a hit.

Film companies can take risks on a medium-budget feature film with excellent script and relatively unknown actors: Citizen Kane directed by orson welles meets the above description and is regarded as the greatest film in history. In other cases, determined directors like Howard Hawkes, Hitchcock and frank capra "struggled" with the studios to realize their artistic ideas.

1939 was the heyday of the studio system, and many classic films were released in this year, such as The Wizard of Oz, Gone with the Wind, Pony Carriage, Mr. Smith's visit to the United States, Wuthering Heights, Angel's Wings, Yuanyang and Midnight.

Among the films since the Golden Age, Casablanca, Man of the Hour, One-night Stand, King Kong, Bounty Hunter, City Light, Red River and Top Hat are all regarded as classics now.

Fourth, the decline of the studio system.

"Little Three" (Universal Studios, American artists, Columbia Pictures) did not have their own cinemas and refused to share the consent judgment. Many independent filmmakers are also dissatisfied with the compromise and the formation of a well-known independent filmmaker system, accusing Paramount of monopolizing Detroit cinemas-because Paramount controls actors like bob hope, paulette goddard, veronica lake and betty hutton;

According to the agent, bing crosby, alan ladd and long-term actors who have worked for gary cooper Studio for a long time-starting from 1942. During World War II, the five major film companies failed to meet the requirements of agreeing to the judgment, and no major consequences occurred. But after World War II, they joined Paramount and became defendants in Hollywood antitrust cases.

The Supreme Court finally ruled that the ownership and distribution of cinemas by major film companies violated Sherman's anti-monopoly law. As a result, studios began to release actors and technicians through contracts with them. The major studios in Hollywood have changed the film mode, because each studio has a completely different cast and innovative team.

This led to the gradual loss of characteristics, which MGM Film Production Company, Paramount Company, Cosmos Company, Columbia Company, Radio Television Company and Fox Film Company soon realized.

However, some filmmakers, such as Cecil B. Demule, have contracts with actors until the end of their careers, or use the same creative team for their films, so that Demille's films, whether made in 1932 or 1956, still look like a model. Moreover, the number of film productions decreases with the sharp increase of the average annual budget, which marks a major change in the industry strategy.

Now the purpose of the studio is to produce entertainment that TV can't provide: spectacular hero movies. The studio also began to sell some movie libraries to other companies to sell TV. By 1949, all large film studios had given up the ownership of their cinemas.

Television also contributed to the decline of Hollywood's golden age, because it broke the dominance of the film industry in the American entertainment industry. Although the film industry declined from 65438 to 2009 with the government's long-term censorship in the 1950s, it can gain some influence in future films. After the Paramount antitrust case ended, Hollywood studios no longer owned cinemas, so American films could be shown in American cinemas without censorship.

This complements the 1952 miracle in Stan's decision with Joseph Wilson. The United States Supreme Court changed its early position. From the case of 19 15 Mutual Film Company and Ohio Case Industry Committee, it shows that film is an art form and has the right to protect the First Amendment. American law no longer censors movies.

By 1968, the Motion Picture Association of America (Motion Picture Association of America) has replaced the Hayes Code-after the government threatened to inspect it, it now greatly violated the Motion Picture Association of America, proving that the origin of the code has ended in the film classification system.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) New Hollywood and Post-classic Movies

Post-classic movies are used to describe the changing narrative style of New Hollywood. It is believed that the new scripts and new ways of portraying characters take advantage of the expectations of the audience in the classic period: the disrupted years, the story with unexpected endings, and the blurred boundary between the protagonist and the villain.

The essence of post-classic story narration is vividly displayed in film noir, such as Rebellion for No Reason by 1955 and Psycho by Hitchcock.

The term "new Hollywood" is used to describe the rise of directors trained by a new generation of film academies. They have mastered the skills developed in Europe in the 1960s. 1967 The film Bonnie and Clyde marks the beginning of the revival of American movies, and it also means that a new generation of movies will be successful at the box office.

Hollywood has always adhered to the principle of producer-centered system, and the emergence of new Hollywood independent films has created a trend of integration of directors and producers, forming a director capital system.

Francis ford coppola, george lucas, Brian De Palma, martin scorsese, william friedkin and Steven Allan Spielberg, who are both film producers and directors, began to make films that pay tribute to the film history and developed the existing film types and technologies. In the early 1970s, their films not only received wide acclaim, but also achieved box office success.

Early Hollywood movies, such as Bonnie and Clyde and Easy Rider, are low-budget movies, with no moral heroes, but increased sex and violence. However, Coppola, Spielberg and Lucas achieved great success with The Godfather, Jaws and Star Wars respectively, which contributed to the emergence of modern blockbusters and attracted film companies to pay more attention to making more blockbusters.

The more input of these young directors has not brought benefits. Usually, their schedules are too full and their budgets are overspent, which leads to bankruptcy of themselves or their studios. The two most famous examples are Coppola's Old Love and New Love, and the most typical one is michael cimino's Gate of Heaven, which made United Arts Film Company bankrupt.

Sir Alfred Hitchcock (1August 89913-1April 29, 980) is a world-famous film director, especially good at shooting thrillers.

This world-recognized horror master actually invented the genre of "thriller genre". Alfred Hitchcock is also an excellent technician. He skillfully combines sexiness, suspense and humor in a movie.

Extended data:

Hollywood today

I. Operational characteristics

Hollywood films often sign contracts with producers through studios (film distributors), so that studios are responsible for distribution channels, while producers focus on the films themselves and make blockbusters that are sold worldwide.

Second, narrative aesthetics.

In Hollywood, there are almost no cultural or linguistic barriers to the plot, and most of the themes are high-concept movies that can be spread across cultures. This kind of work is easy to sell well all over the world because its theme conforms to the mainstream market. So now Hollywood has become synonymous with movies in many parts of the world.

Although this kind of film has a good box office and is cross-cultural, some cultural critics criticize that if the high-concept film is exclusive, it will lead to the same narrative style, which is "a kind of commercialization and arbitrariness, which will eventually lead to the disappearance of diversity." Faced with such global hegemony, responsible filmmakers and critics should look beyond Hollywood and establish a diversified film model. "

Third, the industrial scale.

Because the American film-related cultural industry has created many employment opportunities and huge business opportunities. According to the report of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 20 1 1 year, the total number of jobs created by the American film industry exceeded 2.2 million, of which about 700,000 were direct employees of the film industry, and another 6,543,800+0.5 million were indirectly employed to support film production. In 20 12, the income of American film industry was $654.38+$007 billion.