What is the color composition?

The interaction of colors can be understood as the function of colors, which is based on the system of chromatics to study the color collocation that conforms to human perception and psychological principles. Color matching has three elements: optical elements (lightness, hue and purity), existing conditions (area, shape, texture and position) and psychological factors (coldness, advance and retreat, lightness, softness, simplicity and splendor). When designing, use logical thinking to choose the right color collocation and produce the right color composition. The best color matching model is the color matching of nature. We observe the color collocation in nature and get what we need through rational refining. Color mixing plays a great role in the effect, through which objects such as glass, water and windows can become transparent.

α is the basis of mixing. As mentioned earlier, color is represented by RGBA, and A stands for alpha, which can be simply understood as transparency. A value of 0 means completely transparent, and 1 means opaque. Specify a value between 0 and 1 to adjust the transparency of the color.

When using blending, always remember two different colors, one is the source color (used to participate in the operation) and the other is the target color (already in the buffer). Mixing is the operation of two colors.

First, the three principles of color composition

1) color impression

It refers to discovering the rules of color from the color effects in nature, which has a psychological reaction to our vision.

A, there are colors to express the texture effect of temperature sense.

B, reflect emotions.

C, express abstract effect with color.

D, the expression of color: it belongs to the psychological expression of color. Various colors have different feelings about people's psychology.

2) Color structure

The structure of beauty is an independent form that determines beauty, and it is the internal expression of color relationship.

A, lack of symbolic truth and visual artistic effect without touching impression.

B, lack of visual accuracy, no symbol of moving power.

C, lack of structural symbols and visual power, its emotional effect will only be limited to the superficial emotional expression.

3) the principle of color composition

Graphic color and background color: the graphic color should have a sense of progress and the background color should have a sense of retreat, which depends on the brightness and purity of the color.

A in the lightness and purity area of color, the graphic color is brighter and brighter than the background color, and the lightness and purity are slightly higher than the background color. The lightness and purity of graphic color and background color should not be too close.

B, the area is bright, the color is slightly less, and the darkness is slightly larger.

C, color balance: there is a simple visual sense, which belongs to symmetrical balance; The mutual balance of size and shape in the area direction belongs to asymmetric balance.

Second, the color definition

The color disappears in the dark. There are all kinds of colors and tones around, whether natural or artificial. These colors seem to be attached to objects. However, once the light becomes weak or dim, all objects will lose color.

The color you see is actually a feeling with light as the medium. Color is the feeling that the excitement of retina is transmitted to the brain center after people are stimulated by light.

1) Newton spectrum

Light is an electromagnetic wave, and the light that can produce color vision only accounts for a part of the electromagnetic wave. And the range that humans can feel (visible light) is between 780 mm and 380 mm, and sunlight belongs to visible light. In Newton's first experiment, a prism was used to disperse sunlight and form a spectrum.

2) Monochromatic light and composite light

This dispersed spectrum will not diffuse again even if it passes through the prism again. This spectrum is called monochromatic light. Most of the light we see in our daily life is composed of monochromatic light, which is called synthetic light. Various monochromatic lights contained in the synthesized light have different proportions, resulting in different color feelings.

Third, the generation of color.

1) light source.

The colored light emitted by the light source directly enters the vision.

2) Light transmission.

The light emitted by a light source enters visible light after passing through a transparent or translucent object, which is called transmitted light.

3) reflective.

Reflected light is the most common form of light entering the eyes. In the case of light irradiation, everything that the eyes can see is caused by the reflected light entering the vision.

Fourth, the category of color.

Colors can be divided into two categories: colorless and colored.

1) Achromatic refers to achromatic light, that is, black, white and gray;

2) Color refers to monochromatic light, namely: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple;

Five, the three elements of color

1) brightness: among achromatic colors, the highest brightness color is white, the lowest brightness color is black, and there is a series of gray from light to dark in the middle. In color, any purity has its own lightness characteristics. For example, yellow is the brightest color and purple is the lowest.

Brightness has a strong independence among the three elements, and can be presented separately through the relationship between black, white and gray, without any tonal characteristics. Hue and purity must depend on certain light and shade to appear, and once color appears, there will be a relationship between light and shade. We can regard this abstract lightness relationship as the skeleton of color and the key to color structure.

2) Hue: refers to the appearance of color.

If the degree of explanation is the skeleton of color, then the color tone is very similar to the gorgeous skin of color appearance. Hue reflects the extroversion of color and is the soul of color.

Color circle: In the spectrum from red to purple, five colors are equally selected, namely red (R), yellow (Y), green (G), blue (B) and purple (P). Two adjacent colors are mixed with each other: orange (YR), yellow-green (GY), blue-green (BG), blue-purple (PB) and magenta (RP), thus forming a ring with terminating intersections, which is called Munsell phase ring.

3) Purity: Purity refers to the turbidity of color. When mixed with white, the brightness decreases and increases; When mixed with black, the brightness decreases and darkens; When mixed with neutral ash with the same brightness, the purity decreases and the brightness remains unchanged.

Different shades not only have different lightness, but also have different purity. The highest purity is red, the purity of yellow is also high, and the purity of green is about half that of red.

Purity embodies the introverted character of color. The same hue, even if the purity changes slightly, will immediately bring about changes in color personality.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) is represented by color.

1) color mixing system: divided into color light color mixing and color mixing. In fact, we also call it subtraction mixing and addition mixing. The color matching used in stage lighting is a mixture of color and light, and the common color matching method in our painting is color matching.

2) Color rendering system: The theoretical basis of color rendering system is to systematically organize the colors in reality according to the three basic attributes of hue, lightness and purity, and then determine various standard color standards and marking symbols as the comparison standards of objects. Usually, the relationship between lightness, hue and purity is expressed by three-dimensional spatial relationship, so a three-dimensional structure is obtained, which is called color stereo.

The advanced lightness table is located in the center of the color entity and becomes the vertical axis of the color entity. White and black are the poles of the highest brightness and the lowest brightness, respectively. The transition gradient from light to dark is divided between black and white in order, and each gradient represents a brightness level.

B-phase ring: the hue scale is centered on the lightness scale, and the complete system and order change of hue are expressed through the circular motion away from the angle. The color ring is composed of solid colors.

C purity scale is in the form of horizontal straight line, which is at right angles to lightness scale. Each tone has its own purity scale, indicating the purity change of the tone. Taking the most saturated color of this color as one extreme, approaching the central axis, the ash content increases continuously and the purity decreases gradually, reaching the other extreme, that is, the gray on the lightness scale.

D isochromatic plane: in the color solid, because each hue has horizontal purity change and vertical lightness change, it constitutes the plane representation of the two-dimensional space of hue. According to the lightness level, the saturated color of this hue keeps approaching white upward, moving downward to black and inward to gray, which constitutes the isochromatic surface of this color.

E equal brightness surface: If the color body is cut horizontally along the vertical direction of the brightness scale, the equal brightness surface can be obtained.

3) Solids of three main colors:

American painter Menschel's Menschel color stereo; Ostwald color stereo; Color Stereo of Japan Color Research Society. The detailed description of these three-dimensional colors is very complicated. Please refer to related books by yourself.

Six, color mixing

Color has two primary color systems: the three primary colors of color light and the three primary colors of pigment. There are three ways to mix colors: additive mixing, subtractive mixing and neutral mixing.

1, primary color

Colors that cannot be mixed with other colors are called primary colors. You can mix other colors with primary colors.

Primary colors have two systems, one is the three primary colors of light and the other is the three primary colors of pigment.

Three primary colors: red, green and blue. (that is, we often say RGB mode)

Three primary colors: magenta, yellow and cyan. (MCY printing)

2. Additional mixing of colors

Additive mixing refers to the mixing of colored light. When two or more colors of light are mixed, the brightness of the new color light increases, which is the sum of the brightness of the mixed colors. The more colors are mixed, the higher the brightness of the new color. If all colors are mixed together, it becomes extremely white. So this kind of mixing is called positive mixing or additive mixing.

On the color circle, the distance between the two mixed colors on the color circle is near, middle and far, and the new color light is the middle color light of the two colors. The purity of new color light mixed close to each other is high, while the purity of new color light mixed far away is low. The farthest mixed complementary color light is white, and its purity disappears. The brightness of the mixed new color light is the sum of the brightness of the mixed colors.

The color of computer display is formed by the positive mixing and superposition of colored light emitted by fluorescent substances on the screen. It can display millions of colors, and its three primary colors are red, green and blue, so it is called RGB mode.

RGB is additive mixing.

Description: When two similar colors are mixed, they will get the middle color. In other words, when red and green are mixed together, they will definitely get yellow, on the contrary, they are complementary colors. When complementary colors are mixed together, they turn white.

3. Subtractive mixing of colors

Subtractive mixing refers to the mixing of pigments, the mixing of pigments, and the mixing of pigments is a darkening phenomenon with reduced lightness, so it is called negative mixing or subtractive mixing. Pigments, dyes, paints and other pigments have different properties from monochromatic light in the spectrum and belong to composite colored light of object color. The color development of pigment is the result of partial selection and absorption of colored light in white light, and the result of mixing of reflected and absorbed colors, rather than the darkening phenomenon of increasing mixing of absorbed parts.

On the color circle, the mixed two colors are mixed in the hue of short distance, medium distance and long distance, and the result of mixing is the middle color of the mixed two colors. When the distance between the two colors is close, the purity of the mixed color decreases less; When the two colors are far apart, the purity of the mixed color is much lower. If the two colors are the farthest complementary colors, the purity of the new color after mixing disappears and the brightness decreases to black and gray.

Therefore, if you want to mix new colors with higher purity, you must choose colors that are close to each other on the color circle. For example, the green purity of yellow, green, blue and green is definitely higher than that of yellow, green and blue. Because of the different properties of each color material and the error of mixing components, the results of color mixing will be affected. There are some colors that can't be mixed with other colors.

Theoretically, when three pigments (magenta, yellow and cyan) are evenly mixed, all three colors of light will be absorbed, resulting in black. But in practice, because the pigment contains impurities, it turns brown, so black pigment is added, thus forming the CMYK color mode. This is a special color mode for computer graphic design, which plays the most important role in prepress processing and is the basis of four colors.

4. Neutral mixing of colors

Neutral mixing is a visual color mixing based on human visual physiological characteristics. Including turntable mixing method (average mixing) and space mixing method (full mixing).

(1) gyro plate color mixing

The color mixing of turntable belongs to the reflection phenomenon of pigment. If red and blue are painted on the rotating plate in a certain proportion, red, purple and gray will appear at a speed of 40-50 times per second. But if we mix red and blue light through addition, it will become lavender red light, and the brightness will be improved. When red and blue pigments are mixed by subtraction, they become deep purple, and the brightness decreases. Through the mixing comparison of the above different methods, it is found that the color brightness mixed by the rotating plate method is basically the average value of the mixed color brightness, so this mixing method is called neutral mixing. The neutral mixing of the rotating plate is actually the mixing on the retina. Like the above example, because red and blue colors are rapidly rotated by the rotating disk, red, blue, red and blue alternately and repeatedly stimulate the same part of the retina, so red and blue light are mixed on the retina to produce the feeling of red, purple and gray.

(2) Spatial mixing (juxtaposition mixing)

Due to the limitation of spatial distance and visual physiology, the eyes can't distinguish the details of objects that are too small or too far away, and accept different color blocks to become a new color. This phenomenon is called spatial mixing or well mixing.

If the red and blue dots (or blocks) are placed at a certain distance in the picture, it is found that the red and blue become a kind of grayish purple. Similarly, offset printing can print all kinds of color pictures only with magenta, yellow, blue and black dots, and all points except overlapping points produce subtractive mixing, which is called close-range spatial mixing. The distance of spatial mixing is determined by the area of points (or blocks) participating in mixing. The larger the area of points or blocks, the farther the distance of spatial mixing. The mixing of turntable and well position is actually the mixing on retina.

These two kinds of mixing are neutral mixing, and the brightness of the new color after mixing is basically equal to the average brightness of the mixed colors.

Seven, color psychology

1) the psychological illusion of material color

Cold colors and warm colors are physical classifications of colors according to psychological illusions, and the material impression of colors is roughly produced by cold colors and warm colors.

Red light and orange light have a sense of warmth, and any color will produce a sense of warmth. On the contrary, violet light, blue light and green light have a cold feeling.

Besides the feeling of different temperatures, cool colors and warm colors have other feelings, such as weight and humidity.

Warm colors are heavy and cool colors are light; Warm colors are thick and cold colors are thin; Cold color has a strong sense of transparency, while warm color has a weak sense of transparency; The cool color appears moist, and the warm color appears dry; The cool color is fading and the warm color is approaching.

The lightness and purity of color will also cause the illusion of physical impression of color. The heavy feeling of color mainly depends on the lightness of color, with dark color being heavy and bright color being light. Changes in purity and lightness will also give people the impression of soft and hard colors. Light bright colors make people feel soft, while dark solid colors have a tough feeling.

2) the performance of color:

The emotion of color is because people have lived in the world of color for a long time and accumulated a lot of visual experience. When the visual experience echoes the stimulation of foreign colors, some emotions will be generated psychologically.

Red: It is a powerful color, a warm and impulsive color with a high degree of solemnity. On the crimson foundation, the red is calm and the hot air is extinguished;

On the blue background, red is like a flaming flame;

On the yellow-green background, red has become a bold and reckless intruder, fierce and abnormal;

On the orange background, red seems to be smoldering, dull and lifeless, as if it had been dried.

Orange: It is a very bright and lively color, and it is the warmest color in the warm color system.

When orange is slightly mixed with black or white, it will become a steady, subtle and bright warm color, but when mixed with more black, it will become a burnt color;

Adding more white to orange will have a sweet and greasy taste.

The combination of orange and blue constitutes the loudest and most cheerful color.

Yellow: It is the highest brightness color, and it can maintain a strong purity under high brightness.

The brilliance and brilliance of yellow have the brilliance of the sun, so it symbolizes the light of wisdom that illuminates the darkness;

Yellow has golden light, so it symbolizes wealth and power and is the color of pride. Black or purple can make yellow reach infinite expansion strength.

White is the color that devours yellow, and faint pink can conquer the proud yellow prince like a beautiful girl.

Yellow can't stand the erosion of black or white. If it penetrates a little, it will lose its luster immediately.

Green: Bright green is beautiful, elegant, tolerant and generous, and it is still beautiful regardless of the penetration of blue or yellow.

Yellow and green are simple and young;

Blue-green is beautiful and open.

Gray-green is still a quiet and peaceful color.

Blue: It is a broad color and a symbol of eternity.

Blue is the coldest color. In a pure situation, it does not mean emotional indifference, but shows a calm, rational and pure.

The color that really makes people feel cold and sad is turbid blue.

Purple: an imperceptible color, mysterious and impressive, sometimes oppressive, sometimes threatening and inspiring because of different contrasts.

When purple appears in the color gamut, it may obviously produce a sense of terror, especially when it tends to purple.

Purple is a symbol of piety, and deepening and darkening is also a symbol of ignorance and superstition. Once the purple fades, when the light and understanding illuminate the pious color of ignorance, the beautiful and lovely aura will make us ecstatic.

Purple is used to express chaos, death and excitement, blue-purple is used to express loneliness and dedication, and red-purple is used to express the realm of sacredness, love and spirit-in short, these are some performance values of purple ribbon.

Black, white and gray: achromatic and colored have the same psychological value.

Black and white are the last abstraction of color, representing the cathode and anode of color.

The abstract expressiveness and mystery of black and white seem to go beyond the depth of any color.

Kandinsky believes that black means emptiness, just like the destruction of the sun, just like eternal silence, no future and no hope.

And the white silence is not death, but endless possibilities.

Black and white are diametrically opposed colors, but sometimes people feel that they have unspeakable commonalities.

Both white and black can express fear and sadness about death, and both have insurmountable fantasies.