Who can explain Guiyang's so-called "nine gates, four pavilions and thirteen customs"

To be exact, it is nine gates, four pavilions and fourteen passes.

For the city where we have lived for a long time, we are dealing with it sooner or later, so we know it best and are familiar with it, and we can basically tell its street direction and shopping mall location. However, we don't necessarily know its past, its history, how many doors it has, how many pavilions it has and what passes it has around. Although some names are still in use today, most of them exist in name only. If there is any "reality", it is only ruins, dilapidated buildings and old stones.

One of them, "Guiyang", was thought to have originated from Guiyang House built by Qin Long in the third year of Ming Dynasty (1569). However, according to the historical data, there was a name of Guiyang long before Guiyang House, and the word "Guiyang" was mentioned twice in Ming Hongzhi's New Records of Guizhou, which recorded "Eight Scenes of Guiyang". Why is it called Guiyang? There is a saying that Guiyang is the sun of your mountain, and there is also a saying that Guiyang is another name for Guizhou. As for which is more scientific, more accurate and more in line with history, this question remains to be verified.

In the old city, due to the need of defense, the city wall was built. Where there are walls, there are doors, and where there are doors, there are buildings. Cities are places where officials and residents live, so there are officials, private houses and pavilions. The pavilion is a small overhead building with partitions or railings around it, which is used for overlooking, entertaining, collecting books and worshiping Buddha. There are checkpoints on the post roads leading to all directions in the city, which are used to prevent enemy invasion, control personnel exchanges and check goods in and out. The old Guiyang city has the saying of "nine gates, four pavilions and fourteen passes".

Due to its long history, the exact construction age of Guiyang City Wall cannot be verified due to lack of data. The earliest record of Guiyang City can be found in the Eight Ambassadors of Xuanwei in Shunyuan written by Shi when he was in office (134 1368). Cao Cao said, "When our army arrived here, all the ministries knew about it, so we set up a governor's office, changed Guizhou into Shunyuan, and settled in the city. Although the article mentions "city", it is too rough to imagine. Guo Ming Zhang Zi's Qian Ji said: "At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the capital of Guizhou was built because of the narrow site of the old city and the low walls in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the Records of Guiyang Prefecture contained "Guiyang Fucheng, that is, Yuan Shun Cheng Yuan Ye". Before Shunyuan, there was a tucheng, with the same east, south and west directions as today's city. There is only the bell and drum tower in the north. "It can be seen that Guiyang had a city in the Yuan Dynasty, but it was just a tucheng.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Guiyang City was expanded twice. With the passage of history, the administrative agencies of the Ming Dynasty in Guizhou were renamed several times, and the population increased year by year. Of course, the original city was not crowded enough. So, on the basis of Yuan Cheng, in the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Hou Gucheng and Zhen Yuandu commanded Ma Jin to carry out the first expansion. A stone is a stone with five gates: Vu Thang in the east, Beijing in the south, Dehua II in the south, Rouyuan in the north and Shengquan in the west. According to the records of Guiyang City in Guizhou Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, except that Ma expanded the north gate from the bell tower to a fountain, the name of the city gate also changed, but its pattern was basically the same as that in Ming Dynasty. In this expansion, the earth wall was changed into a stone wall, which is bigger and more complete than before, commonly known as Guiyang Old Town or Old Town.

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, there was an uprising in Yang Yinglong, Bozhou, which repeatedly threatened to cross the Wujiang River, pushing Guiyang. At the beginning of the apocalypse, the luxury (luxury Chongming) An (Anbang Yan) incident occurred in Guizhou, and Guiyang City was trapped for more than ten months. The food supply in this city was cut off and countless residents starved to death. So the central government of the Ming Dynasty decided to build the outer city of Guiyang. In the sixth year of the Apocalypse (1626), Governor Zhang and Governor Wang Xuan of Guizhou added an outer city of more than 600 feet to the north gate, and set up four gates, namely,, Hongbian and Xiaodong. So far, after many repairs and two large-scale expansions, the Guiyang city wall has been completely built. Includes an inner city (old city) and an outer city (new city), which are connected by a north gate. There are nine gates, namely, Old East Gate, South Gate, Sub-South Gate, Big West Gate, North Gate, Wei Qing Gate, Liuguang Gate, Red Side Gate and New East Gate. Its shape is long from north to south and narrow from east to west. Its scope includes the area within the ring road in Guiyang today.

Old East Gate: Vu Thang Gate in Ming Dynasty and Zhao Wenmen in Qing Dynasty. In today's Wenchang Lane, Wenchang Pavilion is built on the old East Gate Moon City. There is still an ancient city wall 20 feet high. The city gate was destroyed and repaired a few years ago. There is a connection at the city gate: "The building is in the ancestral seat of toad light, and the mountain goes through the city with the dragon."

South Gate: It was called Chaojingmen in Ming Dynasty and Yingenmen in Qing Dynasty. This is the only place where Huishui, Changshun and Luodian in southern Guizhou lead to the ancient post road. Today, at the South Gate Nanming Bridge North Turntable, I don't see the old district. A few years ago, it was converted into a garden in the center of Da 'nan Street, in which orchids were carved.

Sub-South Gate: Dehua Gate in Ming Dynasty and Guangji Gate in Qing Dynasty. The gate is at the western end of Dusi Road. Huilongguan and Guandi Temple were built on the original ancient city wall. After liberation, the temple was rebuilt, and the wall was overgrown with weeds and desolate. Because it lives in the west of the south, it is called the second south. There is a link in the second south gate: "Two peaks and green confrontation, and two rivers and green exchanges around the city".

Daximen: It was called Shengquanmen in Ming Dynasty and Zhenwumen in Qing Dynasty. At the intersection of today's Jiaotong Street and Ruijin Middle Road. In the past, there were mostly vegetable fields outside the door, and there were only a few families in the west of the city. The riverbank is full of paddy fields, and the gate is not very lively, but the Gui Yue Temple in the west of the city, the Songshan Mountain in Huajia, and later the mother garden all pass by. There is a door couplet: "listen to the sound of the river washing horses, but look at the distant mountains and want to fight with lions."

North Gate: It was called Rouyuanmen in Ming Dynasty and Wudemen in Ming Dynasty. In today's fountain, it is the dividing line between the old city and the new city, and it is also the channel connecting the old city and the new city. From 65438 to 0927, Zhou Xicheng was in charge of Guizhou, building roads, demolishing gates and connecting the north and the south. From 65438 to 0929, Mao Guangxiang built a bronze statue of Zhou Xicheng, commonly known as the "bronze platform", which was converted into a street garden after liberation and has now become a celebration place for festivals of all ethnic groups. There is a couplet that says, "Ten miles inside the city are celebrated, and thousands of miles outside the city are covered."

Weiqingmen: commonly known as Weiximen, located at the upper end of Wei Qing Road and Qianling West Road. Therefore, this gate can lead to Tongwei Wei Qing (now Qingzhen County). Qingzhen was named after Wei and the Western Wei Dynasty, and a couplet said, "The bees fight for the lion's position, and the mountains run through." .

Liuguangmen: the intersection of Zhonghua North Road and Egret Lane. This road was the main road leading to the west of Guiyang in the Ming Dynasty, from which you can get out of Liuguanghe in Longchang (at this time), hence the name of the city gate.

Red Side Gate: Also known as Red Side Gate, it is located at the intersection of Putuo Road and Tofu Lane. Therefore, the city gate can be red at the twelve piers on the side gate (that is, Kaiyang today), hence the name. The city gate couplet is: "Fang Jin Ling Tian, Lu Gao Yun Shan."

Xiaodongmen: Also known as Xindongmen, it is named because it is located at the intersection of Qianling East Road and Yu Jiaxiang. There is a couplet at the city gate: "The grain sows Chen Yuan, the farmers wait for the rain and dew, and the flowers explore three women like clouds." Write about the pastoral scenery of the city gate.

Among the "four pavilions" in Guiyang, only the Mao Wen Pavilion exists. The rest of the Imperial Classics Pavilion, Lingguan Pavilion and Huangyu Pavilion have disappeared, but not many people know where their sites are now, even "Old Guiyang".

Wenchang Pavilion: There are two Wenchang pavilions in Guiyang. A bridge that was originally built in the city no longer exists and has long been forgotten. The other is Wenchang Pavilion, which still exists today and was built on the old East Gate and Moon City. It was built in the thirty-seventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1609). Taking the name of Wenchang means the prosperity of culture and talents. The pavilion is a wooden attic with three floors, three eaves, unequal sides and a pyramid-shaped roof with a unique style and stands tall. Standing on the pavilion, you can see half of Guiyang city.

Huang Jingge: In today's Fushenglu Primary School, it looks like a royal sutra depository. Before liberation, this place was Zhidao Primary School, where there are traces of ancient buildings. After many renovations and reconstructions, it has completely disappeared.

Lingguan Pavilion: Located in Jianguo Lane, Putuo Road, it was built during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. It used to be a big buddhist nun with two houses and four courtyards. The demolition time is unknown, and the narrowest buildings are now built on the foundation.

Yuhuangge: On Ji Cheng Road, it is now the school site of Ji Cheng Road Primary School. Yuhuangge should be a place of self-cultivation and self-cultivation. 1958 all the original ancient buildings were demolished and the classrooms were rebuilt.

Most of the "passes" outside Guiyang were built at the throat of mountain roads, mostly on ancient traffic arteries, with arches and corresponding houses, guarded by soldiers, and shouldering the important defense task of entering the city. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Guiyang also set up the North-South Pass as a place to collect miscellaneous taxes, which was different from the old customs. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were generally fourteen passes outside Guiyang.

New Pass: The Ming Dynasty's "New Record of Guizhou Atlas" said: "The new pass is three miles southeast of Zhicheng, and Guizhou stands below it." Xintianguan is named after its entrance to Xintianwei (now Guiding County), and Guizhou stands in today's Youzha Street. Accordingly, Xintianguan should be near today's Youzha Street, because there is no footprint, and its location needs to be verified.

Tuyunguan: formerly known as Youzuoguan and Tuningguan. The Official History of Guiyang said: "Tuyunguan, formerly known as Youzuoguan, is in the south of the city." In the fortieth year of Kangxi, it was changed to Tu Ning, and in the first year of Daoguang, it was changed to Tu Yun. Youzhaguan, formerly known as Guiyang Station, is located in the forest park at the eastern end of Youzha Street. There is a Tuyun Bridge nearby, and several stone carvings left on the stone wall make the pass still have an ancient charm.

Crow Pass: commonly known as Xiaoguan. In the Ming Dynasty, "A New Record of Guizhou Tujing" said: "Crow Pass governs three miles north of the city and is surrounded by mountains. This is the only way to keep it." This used to be the only place where Guiyang passed through Sichuan. There is an old archway with shops next to it for customers to stay for dinner. Before the completion of the expressway, this was the northern gateway of Guiyang. The word "north gate key" is embedded in the arch forehead.

Phoenix Pass: commonly known as Grand View. "Guiyang County Records" said: "Phoenix Pass, ten miles north of the city, was originally named Dapeng Pass." It used to be the postal route from Guiyang to Sichuan, but later the expressway did not pass through here and was left out in the cold. Now it is Daguan Village, Wild Duck Township, Wudang District, Guiyang City.

Cai Jiaguan: Ai Qing will answer Qian Zhilue: "Cai Jiaguan is located in the northwest of Zhicheng, also known as Xiangshuiguan." Caijiaguan is located in the west of Guiyang, and Guizhou Institute of Technology was built in 1958. Now it is a campus of Guizhou University, through which Huang Gui Highway passes.

Strike at Tieguan: The official records of Guiyang said, "Strike at Tieguan, and strike at Tiezhai in the vice governor. It is six miles from the government and there is a pond. " It can be inferred that Datieguan is located in Datiezhai, Tao Qian Township, Huaxi District, with Tao Qian in the east and Qingyan in the west, and the expressway from Qingyan to Tao Qian passes through the territory.

Baishaguan: "Guiyang Fuzhi" said: "Baishaguan is located in Liujiazhuang, Maixili, 28 miles west of the government. Xida Qingzhen, Dongtong miscellaneous work. " Baishaguan is located on the main road leading to Xiuwen in ancient Guiyang, and now it is under the jurisdiction of Yanshan Red Lane in Baiyun District.

Patek Pass: "Guiyang County Records" said: "Patek Pass is kept in muddy water. Enter the city for seventeen miles and climb into the clouds. " Baideguan is located in the west of Guiyang, with Yangguan Farm in the north and Wild Duck Pond in the south, belonging to Hunshuitun Village in Wild Duck Township.

Liuhongguan: According to the draft of Guiyang City Records, "Liuhongguan is located five miles east of the city, and your highway passes under it." Liuhongguan, formerly known as Lutuanguan, is located in the north of this tea shop and belongs to Qianling Township, Yunyan District. It is famous for its Catholic convent built with children's literature, and later it was changed into a mental hospital, next to which is Guizhou Botanical Garden.

Tangbaguan: The draft of Guiyang Chronicle has not been completed. It reads: "Tangba is closed in the east of the city, which is the road to old Ping Huang." Tangbaguan is located in the southeast of Guiyang today, belonging to Yun Guan Township, Nanming District, with Youzha Street in the south and Maoshajing in the east. It is the east exit of Guiyang, and the airport section of Guixin Highway passes through here. Every day, the traffic is like a tide, and it is very lively.

Land Pass: commonly known as Dadiguan, namely Tieling mentioned in Hongzhi's New Atlas of Guizhou. In the old days, it was the main road connecting Guiyang, the provincial capital, with Cao Si in the middle. In the southeast of Guiyang, it now belongs to Houchao Township, Nanming District.

Xiaotudiguan: Located one mile south of Tuiguan, it was once the only place where Tongzhong, the provincial capital, met the company. Now it belongs to Houchao Township, Nanming District.

Beiguan: In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Beiguan was set up on Puding Road (now the Christian Church of Qianling West Road in Yunyan District) as a place to collect miscellaneous taxes.

Nanguan: Nanguan was set up on Taiping Road (now Nanming Hospital of Xinhua Road in Nanming District) in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, and it was also a place where miscellaneous taxes were collected.

Some of the nine gates, four pavilions and fourteen gates in old Guiyang have been properly protected, and the remains can be found, and they still have the style of the year. But due to historical changes, the passage of time has disappeared. But I still use the old name. These names may be just symbols, and people generally don't study its history and content. Only those who are nostalgic and inquire about the past will care about its past, present and future.