How to write explanatory text

This is a paragraph model training course.

1. Guide students to understand the text and summarize the meaning of the whole text.

2. Analysis of learning content: I learned a subtle expression of explaining paragraphs from the text-"explanation +X" style.

① Description+Description

The bridge deck is paved with stone slabs with stone pillars on both sides. Lions with different postures are carved on each stigma. | These stone lions

Son, some mother and son embrace, some whisper, and some are as vivid as listening to the sound of water.

② explanation+explanation

There are two small arches on each side of the big arch. This creative design not only saves stones, but also reduces the weight of the bridge.

Moreover, when the river surges, it can also increase the water flow in the bridge hole and reduce the impact of flood on the bridge. Meanwhile, on the arch

Adding arches makes the bridge more beautiful.

③ Description+perception

The structure of the whole bridge is symmetrical, which is very harmonious with the surrounding scenery; Even the stone pillars and slabs on the bridge are beautifully carved. |

Zhang Kun of the Tang Dynasty said that looking at this bridge from a distance is like "Yun Qi in the early month, Changhong drinking the stream".

④ Explain+Confirm

As early as13rd century, Lugou Bridge was famous all over the world. At that time, an Italian named Kyle Poirot came to China. In his travels, he praised the bridge very much, saying that it was "unique in the world", and especially praised the lions carved on the bridge pillars, saying that they "together constitute a beautiful spectacle."

⑤ Description+Evaluation

Zhao Zhouqiao is very magnificent, with a total length of 50? 82 meters, 9 wide at both ends? 6 meters, slightly narrower in the middle and 9 meters wide. The design of the bridge completely conforms to scientific principles, and the construction technology is even more ingenious. Zhang said in the Tang dynasty that it was "made strangely, and people don't know why."

⑥ Description+instruction.

The bridge is 265 meters long and consists of 1 1 semicircular stone arches. The length of each stone arch varies from 16 meters to 2 1.6 meters. The bridge is about 8 meters wide and the road surface is flat, almost parallel to the river. There is a stone pier between every two stone arches, connecting 1 1 stone arches into a whole. Because the arches are connected, this kind of bridge is called multi-arch stone bridge.

3. Students learn to write "Explanation +X".

Requirements: Each person writes a descriptive language and chooses the type of "Description +X".

Reference title: One of my favorites: a small animal, a tabloid, a clothing newspaper, a daily necessities, a scenic spot, a school supplies, a souvenir, etc.

[analysis]

This teaching example is full of creative spirit and gives people a refreshing feeling.

The key point is that the teacher cracked the password of a language combination, which is the expression law of an explanation paragraph: each paragraph is divided into two levels, first of all, explanation, and then arrangement or description, or explanation, or evaluation according to the needs of expression.

What is commendable is that teachers have shifted their thinking and turned their ideas into a teaching design to share resources with students.

So students have been trained into a very clear language pattern, which can be seen, heard and written by hand. Because the concept is highly clear, this model may be unforgettable for life.

Moreover, the students trained in this way may have a certain rational consciousness in reading analysis and understanding the law of language expression, and may find a way to "realize" from it.

This gives us two inspirations:

First, we have too few "passwords" to crack Chinese combination, and there are too few language structures and combination rules in junior high school Chinese reading teaching design, which may be one of the important reasons for the low efficiency of Chinese teaching.

Second, language teaching can try to "quantify", and you can try to train the language step by step like the content of mathematics teaching, just like the previous lesson. Perhaps, the Chinese textbook is just an example, which can be changed to "Chinese textbook is the blueprint of scientific training language". At that time, the language training points of the whole set of junior and senior high school Chinese textbooks were arranged very carefully, and the training level was obviously improved, which was followed by the obvious improvement of teaching efficiency.

Skills training

(B) "Total Score Writing" Practice Guidance Design and Reflection

Author: Leon Wang Source: Journal of Chinese Teaching Communication Primary School 20089C2008-12-3014: 39: 04.

First, lyrical introduction, guiding reading, timely evaluation, laying the foundation for homework.

Children, autumn is a season of harvest and beauty. The teacher just brought you a fragment of the autumn harvest in the Great Northern Wilderness. Please look at the big screen. Read quickly and silently.

1. What sentence do you think this paragraph is written around? Speaking and reading are different. Can you read the first sentence? Read it by name again. Read the first sentence together.

2. Please think about it. In what ways does the author show that "vilen is very lively"?

Teacher: "Soybean shakes its pod and makes a loud laugh."

Health: You laugh, he laughs, and everyone laughs. What a lively scene.

Teacher: "The tall and straight sorghum raises its black, red, black and red face, as if singing happily." It's too noisy

Health: "hazel leaves are all red, red as fire, and people's hearts are burning."

Teacher: It's really thriving, full of enthusiasm and excitement. Let's read the scene of Yuan Ye is very lively, shall we? I read the first sentence, and you read the following sentences.

Teacher (Summary): Like this, the author first summed up the excitement in vilen in one sentence, and then grasped the leaves of soybeans, sorghum and hazelnuts to show how lively vilen is from three different aspects. Who knows what this is written?

(Teacher-student common blackboard writing: total score writing)

Teacher (summary): The author wrote this paragraph so clearly, so clearly and so hierarchically with the total score writing method. Today, we will seriously study this total score writing method. Write our life with the total score.

Teaching reflection: students are interested in reading and reading familiar texts, which naturally leads to the paragraph structure of total score writing and the advantages of total score writing in dialogue, laying the foundation for children's later practice steps.

Second, draw pictures, guide practice, encourage evaluation and stimulate interest in practice.

Teacher: Have you seen the chrysanthemums in Kaifeng? Yes! This is the season when chrysanthemums are fragrant. Let's enjoy the chrysanthemums in Kaifeng. Show me the general plan. Who can say what you see in one sentence?

Health: The chrysanthemums at the chrysanthemum exhibition are colorful.

Teacher: You used a four-word idiom about color, which made us feel the overall beauty of chrysanthemum from the color.

Health: There are all kinds of chrysanthemums in the chrysanthemum exhibition.

Teacher: Great, let's feel the beauty of chrysanthemum once again in form.

Teacher (summary): This is our general feeling about chrysanthemums. Let's approach each chrysanthemum and feel their own beauty. Please observe this chrysanthemum carefully. Who can tell me what it looks like?

Health: This chrysanthemum is golden yellow and very beautiful.

Teacher (comment): This classmate grasped the color, and let us feel the beauty of chrysanthemum from the color. (Blackboard: Color) Is there any other way to make this chrysanthemum more beautiful?

Health: The petals in the middle of this chrysanthemum are tightly held together, and the surrounding petals are stretched out, flying down the world like festive fireworks.

……

Teacher (summary): According to the students' description, this kind of chrysanthemum looks more beautiful. Children, Chrysanthemum is secretly happy to hear your praise! There are still many chrysanthemums waiting for you to watch and praise. Please continue to enjoy it. Look! Who can talk about this chrysanthemum in beautiful language with his rich imagination according to the method just now? Tell your deskmate first.

……

Teaching reflection: This link is a key step in children's divergent thinking and language training. In this link, at first, some children only grasp one aspect of chrysanthemum (color or shape) to express it. Through the teacher's guidance, some children know that the beauty of chrysanthemums can be expressed in two aspects: color and shape. Many children combine their rich imagination to decorate their language with personification, metaphor and parallelism, which is very complete. Through the children's description and praise of chrysanthemums, every chrysanthemum is vividly standing in front of everyone in the classroom.

Third, based on life, combine speaking and writing, evaluate feedback and show the effect of practice.

Teacher: Life is a big classroom, and there are many scenes in life that can be described by "total score writing". Think about what other scenes can be described by the total score?

Health: the vegetable market.

Teacher: You can always talk about the vegetable market in one sentence, right?

Health: The vegetable market is very lively.

Teacher (transition): You can learn anywhere. Life is full of beautiful things. As long as you have a pair of eyes to discover beauty, your life will be colorful. In addition, by learning some writing methods, you will write beautiful sentences and real articles. Give you a chance to exercise. Write your own life scenes with the total score method. It can be chrysanthemums at the chrysanthemum exhibition, it can be ten minutes between classes, or it can be something else. See who observes carefully and describes vividly.

Students show exercises, and the teacher focuses on evaluating two representative articles. )

Teaching reflection: students speak fully and write well in class. A student's exercise is like this: chrysanthemums at the chrysanthemum exhibition are colorful and have different shapes. There are red, white, yellow and purple chrysanthemums ... You see, that golden chrysanthemum holds its head high and the petals like bean sprouts are tightly clustered together. From a distance, it looks like a fluffy ball and a headdress on a little girl's head. Look at the other side, clusters of chrysanthemums are clustered together, as if listening to Qiu Feng's story!

Fourth, expand and extend, talk about gains, and summarize learning methods again.

Teacher (Summary): Autumn and October are indeed harvest seasons. What have you gained in this harvest season and in this cooperative classroom?

Health: I have seen many pictures of chrysanthemum flowers and learned many varieties of chrysanthemum.

Health: I learned a lot of sentences about chrysanthemums.

Student: I have studied total score writing, and I also know that total score writing includes total score writing and sub-writing.

Student: Through the study of this class, I know that there are some ways to write the total score and some ways to write it.

Teacher: Yes! In this short 40 minutes, we not only enjoyed the beautiful chrysanthemums, but also learned how to write the total score and wrote vivid, concrete and clear fragments. Son, you have gained something, which is the teacher's greatest happiness. I hope you can master more exercise methods in the future, and write your discoveries, feelings and happiness in life with your heart, feelings and real language.

(Author: Henan Experimental Primary School)

(C) total score writing training

During the break, the campus became a sea of children's joy.

In front of the teaching building, the students were talking and laughing, and the playground was full of laughter. Look, the students are kicking shuttlecock. Everyone is United as one, you preach to me, I preach to you, and shuttlecock flies around among everyone, just like a beautiful butterfly dancing.

There is a basketball stand on the other side of the playground. The students under the basketball stand are having a fierce game. Everyone was immersed in a tense atmosphere and sweating profusely. Suddenly, a tall classmate grabbed the ball. He ran desperately to the basket and only heard a "plop". The goal was scored and the students cheered.

There is a table tennis table in the corner of the playground. There, the students are holding table tennis bats, shaking their bodies back and forth, swinging their hands from side to side, and cheers and shouts are heard from time to time. Table tennis jumps back and forth on the internet, and even the students are dazzled and dance with it.

owl

Owls were not all evil incarnations in ancient times. In ancient Greek mythology, there was a goddess of wisdom named Athena. It is said that her favorite bird is an owl. So the ancient Greeks worshipped the owl very much and thought it was a symbol of wisdom.

So, how do owls catch mice?

Ornithologists have long studied how owls catch mice. The owl's eyes are tubular, and some people describe it as a miniature telescope. There are extremely rich columnar cells in the retina of owl eyes. Columnar cells can sense external light signals, so owl's eyes should be able to detect extremely weak light. If the bird's eye is compared to a camera, then the eyes of most birds suitable for daytime activities are small-caliber standard lenses, and the eyes of owls are large-caliber long-focal telescope heads. Therefore, for a long time, people have always thought that owls fly and prey in the dark by vision. However, if the visual sensory system of ordinary birds is used to measure the owl, then to achieve the owl's vision, its whole brain must be composed of visual nerves!

In modern times, advanced science and technology have pushed the study of owl behavior to a new stage. Some ornithologists put the barn owl (a kind of owl) in a completely dark room and observed its mouse-catching activities with infrared photography equipment. This experiment is very clever. There is nothing in the room except some scraps of paper scattered on the ground. At the beginning of the experiment, ornithologists put a mouse into the laboratory and began to video. It is found from the video that as long as the mouse steps on the ground, the barn owl can catch it quickly and accurately.

Further research by ornithologists found that owl's hearing is very sensitive, and hearing plays a major role in positioning in opaque dark environment. Owl's left and right ears are asymmetrical, the left ear canal is obviously wider than the right ear canal, and the eardrum of the left ear is developed. Most owls also have a cluster of ear feathers, which form human-like auricles. Owls have well-developed auditory nerves. A barn owl weighing only 300 grams has about 95,000 auditory nerve cells, while a crow weighing about 600 grams has only 27,000. In addition, the owl's face is covered with hard feathers, and this panel is a good sound wave collector. Owl's huge head widens the distance between its ears, which can enhance the resolution of sound waves. When an owl searches for prey in the dark, its first reaction to sound is to turn its head, just like we listen to small sounds. But owls don't really listen to their ears The function of turning the head is to make the sound waves reach the left and right ears at different times. When this time difference increases to more than 30 microseconds, the owl can accurately distinguish the direction of the sound source. Once the owl determines the location of its prey, it will attack quickly. Owl's feathers are very soft, and its wing feathers have velvet-like thick fluff, so the frequency of sound waves generated by owl when flying is less than 1 kHz, which is not felt by ordinary mammalian ears. This silent attack makes the owl's attack more "blitzkrieg". According to research, when an owl pounces on its prey, its hearing still plays a positioning role. It can constantly adjust the attack direction according to the noise generated by the movement of prey, and finally its claws are extended, killing two birds with one stone.

Of course, the owl's vision and listening to the party complement each other in hunting, and it is precisely in all aspects that it adapts to the nocturnal life and becomes an efficient night hunting expert.