Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography major - What happened to the Latin American War of Independence?
What happened to the Latin American War of Independence?
The church is an important pillar of the sovereign state of the United States. No sooner had the colonists set foot on American soil than the church followed. It is closely integrated with colonial institutions to jointly suppress and exploit colonial people. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, Mexican churches owned half of the country's real estate and one third of the country's cultivated land.
Engels said: "The word gold is a spell that drives the Spanish to cross the Atlantic to America. When white people first set foot on the newly discovered coast, gold was what they wanted most. " In order to get gold, the colonists slaughtered the local people inhumanely. According to records, around the mines in Mexico and Peru, the bodies of Indians lie all the year round. Mass killings soon made the inhabitants of the West Indies almost extinct, and this phenomenon subsequently appeared in other regions. It is estimated that millions of Mexican Indians were massacred in 12 years after the Spanish invasion. In order to supplement the labor force, Spanish colonists imported blacks from Africa as a driving force. In the past 300 years, at least100000 black slaves have been sold.
With the growing hegemony of European powers, the national situation of Spain and Portugal has gone from bad to worse, and the surging struggle of the American people has impacted the decadent colonial rule like a huge wave. It was the Haitian people who first rose up against European colonial rule and succeeded. Haiti Island was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and later became a colony of Spain. 1697, the western part of Haiti Island belongs to France, and the eastern part still belongs to Spain. There are only about 40 thousand whites, and the bottom 500 thousand slaves have always been the most cruel oppression. 178 1 On August 22nd, 2008, under the influence of the French bourgeois revolution, the black people in Haiti finally held a large-scale uprising. First, the Spanish colonists were driven away, and then France was forced to withdraw all the invading troops in June 1798+00. At this time, France, which was busy with the European war, was unable to intervene, and the uprising team had actually controlled the situation in the whole island of Haiti. 18 10, the rebels cleared the Spaniards from the eastern part of Haidi Island and liberated the whole island.
The victory of the Haitian people greatly frightened the French big bourgeoisie, especially Napoleon, who came to power through a coup in 1799. Napoleon had long dreamed of using Haiti as a springboard to build an American empire. Now, seeing that the black uprising disrupted his plan, he became angry and brazenly sent an expeditionary force of more than 20,000 people to Haiti in 1802 to "quell the chaos". After months of fierce fighting, the invading army suffered heavy casualties. However, due to the lack of guns and ammunition, blacks also had to withdraw from many strategic locations. Finally. The invaders arrested the uprising Toussaint L'Ouverture by trickery and negotiation, escorted him to France, and finally died in prison, thus arousing the Haitian people's greater resistance. All the blacks took up arms and stood up to defend their motherland. At the end of 1802, the invaders had to retreat to several big cities and were completely annihilated at the end of 1803. 1 804 65438+1October1,Haiti officially declared its independence, and the first independent country in Latin America was born. The victory of the Haitian revolution set an example for the oppressed people in Latin America, shook the colonial rule for more than 300 years, and kicked off the Latin American War of Independence.
18 10 years, from Mexico in the north to Argentina in the south, independence flags were erected everywhere, and the independence war in Latin America was in full swing. This war has three centers, Mexico, Venezuela and Chile.
1810 September 2006 16, in a remote village in northern Mexico, thousands of Indians rose up and issued "Long live independence! Long live America! Down with the bad government! " Roar. This is the famous "dolores Call" in history. The 47-year-old priest Hidalgo led the uprising.
The independence movement in northern South America is centered on Venezuela. The revolutionary movement in this region and the liberation war in South America are inseparable from the name Bolivar. Simon Bolí var (1783- 1830) was born in Caracas, a Creole landlord family, and was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment since childhood. Later, he roamed Europe, covering Spain, Italy and France. The indomitable Bolí var came to Venezuela several times, and after a series of battles led by him, the Second Republic of Venezuela was finally born. However, Bolivar failed to consolidate his base, and the reinforced colonial army forced him to give up Caracas, and the second Republic of Venezuela was strangled.
18 15, with the collapse of Napoleon's empire, Ferdinand VII, who returned to the Spanish throne, sent more than 10,000 government troops to Spain and America with the support of the "Holy Alliance". They are rampant in New Granada and Venezuela, spreading death and terror everywhere. The struggle for independence in Latin America suffered setbacks, and the shadow of colonial rule hung over the whole of Latin America.
After 18 15, the resistance of the colonial people in the western United States entered a more difficult stage. After the failure, Bolivar went into exile in Jamaica. However, he did not give up the struggle, but summed up the experience and lessons from setbacks and realized that despite the twists and turns in the future, the colonists could be defeated after all. 18 16 12, Bolí var landed in Venezuela again with a group of warriors, and he immediately announced the liberation of slaves. Then Bolvar built a military base along the Orinoco River and expanded his team. After a long and arduous March, 18 19 At the beginning of August, his army fought fiercely with the Spanish colonial army in Poyega and won, then marched straight into Bogota and occupied it. 18 19 and 12, the Republic of Colombia was proclaimed (1830 was divided into Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador), and Bolí var was elected as the president and supreme commander of this Republic.
182 1 At the beginning of the year, Bolí var took advantage of the favorable situation of the Spanish revolution and, after full preparation, crossed the Andes again and entered northern Venezuela. In Carabobo Plain, he defeated the colonial army with superior forces and liberated Caracas. Then the rebels won a brilliant victory in the battle of Pichincha and ushered in the liberation of Ecuador.
Just as Bolivar has been fighting for many years, the good news of San Martin's successive victories in southern South America has also come frequently. The final blow to the Spanish colonial army has finally arrived.
18 17 At the beginning of this year, Saint Martin took his expeditionary force (one third of whom were black) and started the feat of climbing the Andes. On April 5, 2008, with the help of the Patriotic Army headed by Warkins, they defeated the colonial army in Santiago, the capital of Chile, and Chile declared its independence on April 5, 2008.
Before entering Chile, San Martin made a plan to attack Peru, the colony's home. 1820 In August, St. Martin led an army from Chile to Peru by sea in order not to give the enemy a chance to breathe. The northern army landed smoothly and occupied Lima, the capital of Peru's governor's office. 1821July, Peru became independent, and San Martin was awarded the title of "protector" of the Republic.
1822 In late July, Bolí var and San Martin, two heroes of the South American War of Independence, finally met in Guayaquil. San Martin retired, and the task of completely liberating Peru fell to Bolivar. On September 1823, 6000 Venezuelan and Colombian troops led by him entered Peru. Together with 4,000 Argentine and Chilean troops, they defeated the enemy in one fell swoop in Hu Ning Plain on August 6th, 1824. In the same year, on February 9, 65438, the "campaign to finally guarantee the independence of Spain and South America" started in Ayacucho. Bolí var's comrade-in-arms, Sushok, defeated many with few, and Peru was liberated in 1825. In memory of Bolí var, it was renamed Bolivia.
After 18 15, the situation in Mexico has remained relatively calm, but different numbers of guerrillas have been active in various places, and the slogan of "land and freedom" is still deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. 1820, the Spanish revolution brought vitality to the Mexican political situation. General Eduardo, who mastered the military power, took the opportunity to come out of the mountain and put forward the slogan of "religion, unity and independence", and declared Mexico's independence in 182 1.
Under the influence of the Mexican Revolution, other parts of Central America declared their independence one after another, and in 1823, a "United Province of China and the United States" was established. 1822, Brazil became independent from Portugal.
1826 65438+1On October 23rd, the Spanish flag fell in callao Port, Peru. More than 300 years of darkness came to an end, and the Spanish American colony gained independence, turning a new page in history.
The Latin American War of Independence was fought on a vast land much larger than Europe. It lasted for 36 years from Haiti, swept the whole continent, and occupied a very important position in American and human history. The newly independent countries got rid of the control of backward Spain and Portugal, broke the colonial shackles and cleared the way for the development of capitalism.
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