The story of an inventor

First, the enlightenment of water vapor

Watt lives in a small town in Greenock. Once, Watt began to sit in front of a pot of boiling water on the stove. The boiling water boiled, and the lid kept jumping. Every household makes a fire and boils water to cook. Who has paid attention to this common thing? Watt left his heart. Watt observed it for a long time and felt very strange. He couldn't figure out why, so he asked his grandmother, "Why is the lid beating?"

Grandma replied, "When the water boils, the lid jumps." Watt was dissatisfied and asked, "Why does the water jump as soon as the lid is opened?" ? Is something pushing it? Maybe grandma was too busy to answer him, so she said impatiently, "I don't know." "What's the point of children asking these questions?"

Although Watt didn't find the answer from his grandmother, he was not discouraged. For several days in a row, whenever cooking, he squatted by the fire and observed carefully. At first, the lid was very stable. In a short time, the water will boil and make a "splash" sound.

Suddenly, the steam in the pot came out and pushed the lid to jump. The steam kept rising, and the lid kept beating, as if a magician was hiding inside and playing. Watt almost cried out for joy. He opened the lid, closed it again and again, and verified it again and again. He also covered the cup and spoon that sprayed steam.

Watt finally figured out that steam pushed the lid to jump, and the power of this steam was not small. He thought that the steam in the pot could push the lid open. If you use a cauldron to boil water, it will produce a lot of steam. Can't you push something heavier?

Later, Watt grew up, but he never forgot the problems he pondered when he was a child. Later, after many experiments and learning from others' experience, he finally invented the steam engine. Yes, you guessed right. He is the famous British scientist james watt.

Second, study and calculate the wind force in the storm.

Time treats people equally and gives people the same amount, but people use time in different ways and gain different knowledge. When Newton was sixteen years old, his understanding of mathematics was still superficial, and he could even say that he didn't know advanced mathematics knowledge. "Knowledge lies in accumulation, and cleverness comes from learning".

Newton was determined to climb the peak of mathematics by his own efforts. Under the unfavorable conditions of poor foundation, Newton can correctly understand himself and make progress despite difficulties. He relearned the basic knowledge and basic formulas and made solid progress step by step. After studying Euclidean geometry, he studied Cartesian geometry. In contrast, he thought Euclid's geometry was superficial, so he studied Cartesian geometry seriously until he got its essence and achieved mastery. So he invented the algebraic binomial theorem.

Newton's legendary story of "calculating the wind force in a big storm" can prove Newton's body mechanics. One day, there was a big storm. The wind is howling, the dust is flying, and the mystery is long, which makes people open their eyes. Newton thought it was a good opportunity to study and calculate the wind accurately.

So, he took the appliance and ran back and forth in the storm. He stumbled and measured with difficulty. Several times the dust fascinated his eyes, several times the wind blew away the paper, and several times the wind forced him to suspend his work, but none of them shook his thirst for knowledge. He got the correct data again and again.

He was so happy that he hurried home to continue his research. Where there is a will, there is a way. After diligent study, Newton laid a solid foundation for his tower of science. Soon, Newton's math tower was built. At the age of 22, he invented differential calculus, and at the age of 23, he invented integral calculus for human science.

Edison invented the electric light.

British scientists David and Faraday invented an electric lamp called an arc lamp. This kind of electric lamp uses carbon rods as filaments. Although it can emit light, it is dazzling, consumes a lot of electricity, has a short life and is not practical. So Edison secretly made up his mind: "Arc lamp is not practical, so I must invent an electric lamp with soft light so that every household can use it."

His experiment started with the material of the filament: the traditional carbon ribbon was used as the filament, and the filament broke when it was electrified. Ruthenium, chromium and other metals are used as filaments. After being electrified, it will burn out at one o'clock. Using platinum wire as filament is not ideal. In this way, Edison experimented with 1600 kinds of materials. After repeated trials and failures, many experts believe that the future of electric light is bleak.

Some famous British experts even ridiculed Edison's research as "meaningless". Some reporters also reported: "Edison's ideal has become a bubble." Edison didn't flinch in the face of failure and everyone's cynicism. He understands that failure is the mother of success, and every failure means a step closer to success.

1879 10, Edison's old friend Mackenzie visited him by chance. Edison looked at Mackenzie's long beard as he spoke, and suddenly his eyes lit up and said, "Mr. Beard, I want to use your beard." Mackenzie cut a lock and gave it to Edison. Edison confidently selected a few thick beards, carbonized them and put them in the light bulb.

Unfortunately, the test results are not ideal. "Then try it with my hair, maybe it's ok." Mackenzie said. This sentence deeply touched Edison, but he knew that hair and beard were the same, so he didn't take the old man's advice. Edison left to see the kind old man off.

He helped the old man flatten the cotton-padded clothes he was wearing. Suddenly, he shouted again, "Cotton thread, why not try cotton thread?" Mackenzie unbuttoned his coat without hesitation, tore off a piece of cotton cloth and handed it to Edison. Edison put the cotton thread in a U-shaped closed crucible and treated it at high temperature. Edison clamped the carbonized cotton thread with tweezers. Get ready to put it in the light bulb.

However, because the carbonized cotton thread was thin and brittle, and Edison was too nervous, his hands with tweezers trembled slightly, and the cotton thread was cut off. Finally, Edison managed to put a carbonized cotton thread into the light bulb. When night fell, Edison's assistant pumped the air out of the light bulb and put it on the lamp holder. Everything is ready, and everyone is quietly waiting for the result. When the power is turned on, the light bulb emits golden light, which illuminates the whole laboratory.

After 13 months' efforts, we tried more than 6,000 kinds of materials for more than 7,000 times, and finally made a breakthrough. However, how long will this light energy last? 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours 6767 minutes passed, and the lamp was on for 45 hours before the filament burned.

This is the first electric lamp with practical value. Later, 1879, 10 and 2 1 were designated as the invention days of electric lamps, which marked the birth of usable electric lamps. Nevertheless, Edison was not satisfied. He did not revel in the joy of success, but put forward higher requirements for himself ――45 hours is still too short, and its life must be extended to hundreds or even thousands of hours.

One hot day, he took a bamboo fan from the table and thought about it while fanning it. "Maybe a thousand pieces of bamboo silk will have a better effect after carbonization." Edison just wanted to try everything he saw. The test results show that the bamboo filament is very effective, the filament is durable, and the bulb can be lit for 1200 hours. After further experiments, Edison found that it was the best to use carbonized Japanese bamboo filament as filament. So he began to mass-produce electric lights. He installed the first batch of light bulbs produced on the research ship "Garnett" so that researchers could have more working hours. Since then, electric lights have been used in ordinary people's homes.

Fourth, Einstein

As we all know, Einstein is the originator of the theory of relativity, but you may not know that this great theoretical scientist once invented a unique "green" refrigerator.

Nearly 80 years after Einstein put forward this invention, several German physicists are developing refrigerators powered by alcohol according to his design. This refrigerator is feasible, which also shows that Einstein is not only good at theoretical research, but also an inventor who pursues pragmatism.

Jorgen Rehn, president of Max Polack University in Berlin, said: "Einstein was born into a businessman's family. He knew from an early age that he had to make money to support his family, because everyone in the family wanted him to take over the family business. " Einstein put forward the theory of relativity in 1905, when he worked in a Swiss patent company. But it was not until 1926 that he began to live in Berlin and won the Nobel Prize. At this time, he began to have the idea of inventing a "green" refrigerator.

It is said that Einstein made up his mind to develop a non-toxic refrigerator after reading a newspaper report about an ordinary family in Berlin being poisoned by sulfur dioxide leaked from the refrigerator engine. Together with another physicist, Leo Slade, he designed this environmentally friendly refrigerator, using harmless alcohol as raw material.

Although Einstein applied for a technical patent for his invention, the rapid development of high technology means that his invention will never be put into production, and the only prototype of alcohol-based refrigerator has never been preserved. Fortunately, the above-mentioned German scientists do not want Einstein's invention to completely become history. They say that at least making such a refrigerator is also the best memorial to this great man.

Verb (short for verb) Stephen Sun

Before the train appeared, people's transportation and travel on land were mainly carried out by people and other animals. However, human beings and other animals have the same shortcomings: slow speed, vulnerability to weather changes, and need rest and supplementary food. So, can you make a machine to transport and travel instead of people and other animals? Stephen Sun, the inventor of British steam locomotive, known as the "father of trains", turned this idea into reality.

On June 9, Stephenson was born in a poor miner's family in England. His father is a fireman who looks after a steam engine in a coal mine, and his mother is an ordinary housewife. There are eight people in the family, who live mainly on their father's meager income, and their lives are very difficult. Stephenson can't afford school. At the age of eight, he went to herd cattle.

Besides herding cattle for others, Stephenson also has a job of delivering meals to his father who works in a coal mine. Every time I come to the boiler room where my father works, he will be fascinated by the rotating machine. He always looks at the burning fire in the boiler with rapt attention and listens to the rumble of the machine.

He really wants to understand: why can they rotate automatically and have such great power? He thought, when he grows up, it would be great if he could become a fireman like his father and operate a huge steam engine! When herding cattle, he often made his imaginary steam engine out of clay, including boilers, cylinders, flywheels and other parts.

/kloc-When he was 0/4 years old, Stephen Sun really became a trainee stoker, responsible for adding coal, refueling and cleaning machine parts to the steam engine. He was very happy to watch the machine rotate quickly under his own operation. But after a long time, he felt that it was not enough to watch the machine turn. He began to think in his mind: how does this machine work? What is its internal structure?

One day, when everyone else came home from work, Stephenson secretly took the steam engine apart. He observed all the parts carefully. But it was easier to disassemble than assemble, and he was busy for a long time before trying to reinstall the steam engine. On the way home, he was always on tenterhooks, worried that the steam engine would not turn the next day.

Who knows that the steam engine started the next day and turned better than usual. After this successful disassembly, he became more courageous. Later, he often disassembled it like this, and all the parts of the steam engine were deeply touched. Interest is the best teacher. Stevenson is eager to build a machine by himself.

He imitated the disassembled steam engine and tried to draw a sketch for the engineers in the coal mine. When the engineer saw it, he patted him on the shoulder happily and said, "Well, ambitious boy, I hope you can read more books, master more scientific knowledge and invent a better machine than a steam engine in the future!" " "However, Sun Qitai didn't go to school at an early age. How can he possibly read profound theoretical books?

17-year-old pupils have no cultural knowledge, so it is difficult to make inventions. So, Stephen Sun, who is 17 years old, walked into the school for the first time. He wanted to study from the first grade of primary school. Stephenson sits in class with seven or eight-year-old children every night. He stands out from the crowd.

"Hee hee, silly big guy!" "Hey hey, idiot!" Such ridicule often comes from outside the classroom. Many primary school students laugh at this "college student" who studies in primary school instead of university.

However, Stephenson is not shy or afraid of ridicule. He doesn't mind at all, just works hard. Stephenson is going to work in the mine during the day. In order to earn more money to support his family, he had to repair clocks and shoes for others during his break, and he was exhausted every day. But at night, Stephenson is always the first to walk into the classroom, listening attentively and burying himself in his studies. After school, everyone else slept, and he still reviewed his lessons and did his homework in the dim light. Because he was diligent and studious, he soon mastered a lot of scientific knowledge.

1803, Stephenson was promoted to coal mine machinery mechanic. 18 10 one day, a coal truck in the mine suddenly broke down, and many mechanics couldn't find anything wrong. Stephenson looked at it for a while, and then said to the chief engineer, "Let me try." The mechanics didn't believe him and thought that a "little boy" could repair the machine, but Stephenson soon repaired the coal truck. When the coal mine manager knew about it, he immediately promoted Stephenson to mechanic.

When Stephenson worked in a coal mine, he saw every day that coal trucks always carried coal out of the mine bit by bit. The work is very hard, and he has a great idea: he wants to build a steam locomotive, which can carry a lot of coal and run very fast. So he buried himself in designing such a motorcycle.

18 14, Stephenson made a motorcycle called "Half Boot". When he was driving this locomotive in a coal mine for a test run, many people laughed at this broken car, which could only tow 30 tons of goods and walk only six or seven kilometers per hour. It looks like a stupid duck and walks like an earthquake.

Some malicious people even spread rumors everywhere, saying: the noise of the train is very loud, which will scare the cows away from eating grass, so there is no milk; Chickens and ducks are frightened, so the eggs are gone; Moreover, the chimney of the train will release toxic gas, which will kill birds; Sparks will splash and cause fire; If the boiler explodes, the consequences will be unimaginable, and passengers will suffer the pain of broken hands and bones.

Some officials who were originally in favor of the train test began to strongly oppose these rumors and said with great certainty that it was impossible to use steam locomotives as a means of transportation. In the face of technical difficulties and the pressure brought by these rumors, Stephenson was not discouraged and stopped like other people who were also inventing trains. He always believed that the train he invented would bring great help to mankind, so he summoned up his courage, summed up his experience and decided to continue to study and improve trains.

1825 On September 27th, before dawn, many men, women and children living in Stalin, England got up one after another. Some of them walk, others ride to the same place. What are they going to do? It turned out that Stephenson was going to hold a test drive there. Just as the locomotive started slowly, a young man galloped in, shouting that he would race Stephenson's train. So, the train and the horse started a thrilling race.

At first, I saw the train running slowly, while the horse was running wildly. After a while, the safety valve of the train rose, the blower screeched and clouds of smoke rose. The speed gradually increased, and soon the train and the horse were neck and neck. After a while, the train was not tired, but as the train went on, the horse became more and more tired. Later, the horse became weaker and weaker and was thrown farther and farther by the train.

This galloping steel dragon can carry 90 tons and 400 passengers, with a top speed of 24 kilometers per hour. This is the first train in the world-"voyage".