Socialization service and development trend of foreign geological survey results

This article was originally published in Land and ResourcesNo. 1 1 in 2005.

Geological survey comes from social production and also serves the development of social economy. But its service scope is an expanding process. Founded in 1835, the British Geological Survey is the first institution in the world to set up a special geological survey. Since then, countries have begun to establish geological survey institutes as government agencies to investigate their own resources and serve social production. At first, the basic tasks of geological survey were basic geological survey (geological mapping) and regional mineral evaluation. Since 1930s, geological exploration has not only become an indispensable first step in the development of mining industry, but also entered many fields such as hydrology, engineering and environment with its unique functions, and its combination with social life has become more and more extensive.

Since 1980s, the social demand for geological survey has changed, on the one hand, the demand for geological environment, on the other hand, the demand for information. 1982, the United States Geological Survey carried out organizational reform, abolished the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Protection and the Ministry of Earth Science Application, and established the Ministry of Information and the Information System Committee. 1988, Japan established a geological information center to strengthen international cooperation and resource analysis, and at the same time strengthened the functions of disaster prediction and environmental protection; 1990, the British Geological Survey established the Information Department, the Marketing Department and the Environmental Hydraulic Department. The reform of Australia 1998 aims at strengthening the development of geoscience mapping and basic data, and strengthening the contact and consultation with customers.

It can be seen that the scope of geological survey serving the society is a process of gradual expansion, and it is also a process of continuous improvement of information level.

At present, the informatization level of geological survey results in western developed countries is relatively high, especially in social services. As the focus of improving public services, the government has established a set of mature geological survey information achievement organization, release and social service programs. Therefore, it can provide diversified information products to the society and serve to solve the problems of resources, environment, human health, regional development planning and industrial layout, national security and so on. While adjusting the economic structure, the developed countries in the world have greatly improved their ability to obtain, process and exchange information directly related to national interests. Many countries have established a large number of land and resources databases, and vigorously developed information systems and social service systems based on GIS technology and network environment, which have significantly improved the efficiency and level of land and resources management and enhanced the public's awareness of land and resources protection and rational development and utilization. The following briefly introduces the socialized service of geological survey results in the United States, Britain, Japan, Australia, Canada, India and other countries.

1 social service organization

According to the available data, the social service institutions of geological survey results are institutions specializing in geological survey work. However, there are some differences in the level, form and scope of specific organizations. Japan's geological survey socialized service organization is the Japan Geological Survey Comprehensive Center, which is a branch of the Japan Industrial Technology Comprehensive Research Institute under the Ministry of Industry and Economy. The specific executing agency is the geological survey information center, a secondary organization of the center. Based on the long-term accumulated information of geological survey results, the center adopts the latest science and technology to solve the problems of land and resources utilization, earthquake and volcanic disaster prevention, resource guarantee and environmental protection for relevant departments and the public. The level of socialized geological survey services in Britain is also very low, and its superior departments are the British Natural Environment Research Council, the Science and Technology Office and the Ministry of Trade and Industry from bottom to top. For big mining countries, the level of social service institutions for geological survey information is relatively high. The Bureau of Geosciences under the Australian Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Resources is the national institution for managing and publishing geoscience surveys and geospatial data. The Bureau of Geosciences under the Canadian Ministry of Natural Resources provides socialized services in geosciences and geographic information; The Geological Survey under the US Department of the Interior is responsible for the management of geoscience information, natural disasters, natural resources, environment and information intelligence at home and abroad. In social services, as the lead unit, we cooperated with 19 government departments and the Federal Geographic Data Committee to share the super-large geospatial data platform.

What is clear here is that the above-mentioned institutions are only ordered by the government, and many social intermediary service institutions are not listed. In fact, the socialized service of geological survey results in various countries is not a direct product service, but the release and management of metadata. According to reports, integrated products in Canada are often completed by professional companies. Professional companies generally only serve a few fields and have their own unique development software. They can obtain metadata for free or at a small cost according to the requirements of customers, and then process and integrate them to produce integrated products that meet the needs of users. For example, the petroleum data warehouse of the Australian Geological Survey has received a large amount of petroleum data, mainly including seismic data, logging and marine survey data, as well as reports, core minerals and geoscience specimens, and is one of the countries with the richest petroleum information in the world. A lot of information is open, and services are provided to the public, oil departments and oil investigation institutions free of charge. If an investor is going to invest in oil exploration, a professional company can provide drilling positioning and other services through certain data processing and integration based on public or paid information.

In short, the social service organization of geological survey results is a permanent organization, located in the geological survey department; The geological survey service institutions in major mining countries have a high level and a wide range of services.

2 socialized service objects

The socialized service objects of geological survey results have been expanding, from the initial service for geological prospecting departments to the service for water exploration, geological disaster prevention and natural environment protection; The public's demand for geological knowledge and attention to geology are also increasing, such as sightseeing, geological relics investigation and nature reserve construction. For example, the Geological Survey of India not only provides mineral land for the mining sector, but also provides a lot of geological information and suggestions for the engineering planning of water conservancy and energy facilities construction; Provide geological data for the discovery of agricultural natural mineral fertilizers and soil hydrology, and for irrigation, flood control, power generation and other water conservancy projects; Conduct environmental impact assessment and urban environmental investigation in special areas such as national engineering construction; For the safety of geological disaster-prone areas, various geological disasters, such as earthquakes, landslides and active faults, have been investigated in detail, and a large number of reliable data have been obtained, and relevant maps have been published. A series of measures and suggestions for disaster prevention and mitigation have been put forward, and observation networks have been established in dangerous areas to monitor disasters. Issue a series of civil engineering drawings for the construction department, provide geological parameters for engineering construction, give relevant suggestions according to geological conditions, and so on.

The Australian Bureau of Geosciences serves domestic and foreign organizations and individuals interested in using geoscience information. Specifically, it includes: mineral resources and petroleum industry departments, environmental protection agencies, communication agencies, publishers of remote sensing, maps and drawing products, planning and resource managers, research and education organizations, local community organizations, emergency services, law enforcement and Australian defense organizations, jungle hiking, drivers and outdoor enthusiasts, and federal, state and local government agencies.

Japan not only meets the social service of its own geological survey results, but also pays special attention to systematically collecting and sorting out the world geology, mineral resources, exploration and development, mining policies, relevant laws and regulations, statistical resources and other information of various countries, so as to effectively promote the overseas exploration and development of Japanese mineral resources, and carry out secondary development of these information, and provide it to relevant departments after analyzing and studying related geological mineral resources, development environment and demand dynamics.

3 social service content

The socialized service content of geological survey results varies from country to country. Based on the public and private sectors at home and abroad, the British Geological Survey meets the service needs of users on the premise of implementing the highest professional standards and the latest information. Inquiry service, including comprehensive inquiry such as expert consultation inquiry and data information inquiry; Data services, including natural science data, digital map data, books and documents, products and sales, geophysical data services; Other services include geological disasters, environment, architecture, insurance law, building materials, marine data, urban geology, geographic information system, earth science consulting, laboratories, libraries, mineral resources, oil and gas, photography, radon protection, remote sensing, disaster assessment, training and water resources.

The Australian Bureau of Geosciences has established extensive online access to data and information. Including place name search, recent earthquake situation, online topographic map, survey map, boundary map, satellite image, mineral resources map (distribution map of diamonds, copper mines, gold mines, lead-zinc mines and nickel mines), geophysical map (digital elevation model, regional magnetic anomaly map and regional gravity anomaly map), geological map (1:250000 geological map) and index map (. Thematic maps and data, digital elevation data, satellite image data, aerial photography, aviation geophysical data, geophysical maps/maps, geological data, geological maps, marine data, petroleum data, etc. The main types of products are maps, images, data and publications.

4 ways and methods of socialized service

The socialized service ways and methods of geological survey results in various countries basically rely on the network to transmit information in this fast and convenient form. On the issue of data management, countries have basically adopted other methods such as online inquiry, purchase or online inquiry to purchase complete required data. According to a survey conducted by the policy consulting node of Geoconnections in Canada on 200 1, the proportion of Canadian customers obtaining data on the Internet is 29%, that of the United States is 27%, and that of Australia is only 8.5%. The income of American data institutions is 2% of the expenditure, and that of Australia is 30%; Canada is 13%.

The Geological Survey of India (GSI) publishes earth science information to the society through papers, archives, announcements, special issues, magazines and various maps. There are two ways of publishing: public publishing and paid transfer. Part of the results are completely made public through various publications; For achievements with economic value and economic benefits, they will be transferred with the value. The acquisition of strategic materials exploration results, materials related to national security and other special restricted materials must be approved by a certain level of government before they can be transferred. GSI has established its own data center to store and integrate the results, which can process the data in plane and three dimensions, scan and digitize the results. Through the headquarters in Calcutta and branches in various places, data information is released to the outside world. Each center is equipped with advanced software and hardware facilities and connected to the Internet. In addition, some achievements, such as marine data, have established special databases and equipped with advanced computer equipment, and all kinds of data can be consulted through the Internet. For indirect data such as aerial remote sensing, profile, contour map and stereo map can be drawn and interpreted in combination with the basic database.

The US Geological Survey publishes geological survey data through a one-stop platform for spatial data. The Earth Data Center of the Bureau provides services such as popular science geoscience education.

5 development trend of social services

(1) The coverage of social services is constantly expanding. This is not only the result of social division of labor and cooperation, but also the result of social and economic development and progress, from professional service to socialization; From geological survey to hydrological, environmental and disaster investigation, the work content and service scope are constantly expanding. At the same time, the progress of information dissemination and technology provides the necessary guarantee for the formation and development of this trend.

(2) The popularization of geological survey information continues to spread. Popularization of publicity is the first condition for the popularization and application of professional knowledge. Whether it is the teaching of tourism geological knowledge, the dissemination of natural environment information or the popularization of general geological knowledge, it is inseparable from popularization channels. Canada publishes the elemental composition of various articles and the consumed mineral resources in the form of pictures, which is suitable for young and old, salty and non-professional geologists. The United States publicizes geological knowledge and understanding of geological work by answering questions, and serves the broad masses of the people with the help of government platforms.

(3) The intermediary organizations of geological survey information service are developing continuously. The emergence and development of intermediary organizations for geological survey information service is an important driving force for socialized service of geological achievements. Government organizations publish metadata and basic data information, and intermediary companies use these data, relying on their own professional development software and integrated technology to serve those who need professional geological information and collect remuneration at the same time. In addition, professional production of popular publicity materials, sold to the government.

(4) The government's promotion has promoted socialized service. Set up an information department in a professional organization to take charge of external services and expand social services. Jointly publish geological survey information with relevant departments, with guaranteed funds and high organizational level.