Explain and write a composition

1. How to write an expository composition First of all, accumulating rich composition materials is the first condition.

Many experts in writing are quick-thinking, and the important reason is that they have a rich library of materials in their minds. They can write articles with ease and make ends meet. If students want to write a good composition, they must make great efforts to accumulate composition materials.

Writer Qin Mu said: "A writer should have three warehouses: a direct material warehouse containing materials obtained from life; One indirect warehouse contains materials from books and materials, and the other is a warehouse that collects people's languages on a daily basis. With these three articles, it is better to write. "

The first two warehouses mentioned in this passage are exactly what students should do to write a good composition. 1. The best way to accumulate "life materials" is to keep an observation diary.

The common problem for students to keep diaries is a running account. I am too lazy to write because I feel boring. I suggest you write according to the method taught by Mr. Lao She: "You should carefully observe the character and characteristics of Lao Wang or Lao Li around you, pay attention at any time, write it down at any time ... remember it every day and form a habit."

A gust of wind blows, you write it down; You can also write down the next shower, because you don't know when you need to describe a gust of wind or shower in your work. Without this accumulation, there would be no rich writing. 2. Accumulate "materials from books", on the one hand, combine reading and writing in Chinese class through classroom reading; On the other hand, we should rely on extracurricular reading and insist on writing abstract reading notes.

If each excerpt uses a piece of paper, it is a reading card. As the saying goes, "a good memory is not as good as a bad writing."

No matter how strong the memory is, after a long time, there are always some things that will be forgotten. If you extract what you think is wonderful when reading, you can not only avoid forgetting, but also facilitate reading.

The so-called "wonderful content" worth refining. It is related to readers' interests, hobbies, level, needs and other factors, and there is no unified standard.

Generally speaking, wonderful aphorisms, vivid descriptions, novel and profound viewpoints, lively and interesting dialogues and even beautiful words can be classified and extracted. In order to facilitate future reference, it is also necessary to indicate the source of materials after the original excerpt.

Many students have written excerpts or reading notes, but not many insist on writing. Unfortunately, a useful job fell by the wayside.

According to statistics, Marx wrote Das Kapital and wrote 1500 kinds of "abstracts". Lenin wrote philosophical notes and directly quoted dozens of philosophical works. Like a revolutionary teacher, insisting on writing abstract reading notes will make you smart, full and rich, and make you think quickly when writing in the future.

Second, the training and improvement of writing ability is not a one-off event, which requires long-term planning. Therefore, we should arrange the order of composition training. What is the most reasonable order? From the growth of many writers, we have seen colorful "sequences", and it is still difficult to say which is the universal truth.

The following is the training sequence of "seven before seven after", which may be a common meaning. Please refer to your own situation. 1 Practice writing narrative and descriptive articles first, and then practice writing explanatory and argumentative papers.

Practice writing your own personal experience first, and then practice writing what others tell you. 3. Pay attention to training observation and accumulation first, and then pay attention to training analysis and expression. Practice writing simple things first, and then practice writing complex things.

5. Don't be limited by the "frame" of writing, let go of the courage of writing; Then according to the basic requirements and characteristics of different articles, standardized training is carried out. 6 "Imitate" first, and write an article drawing a gourd according to the same pattern; After "creation", write novel and unique articles.

7 First, make the article as long as possible, emphasizing expansion and dissemination; After that, try to write a short essay, paying attention to conciseness. The above "seven before seven after" conforms to the law of people's understanding of things, from concrete to abstract, and the law of ability training, from low to high, from clumsy to skilled.

As for when or to what extent as the first and second boundaries, this is another problem that cannot be "one size fits all" and must be analyzed in detail. It's not bad if some students arrange the above seven first and then seven alternately and repeatedly, such as imitating creation and then imitating creation.

Third, we should develop good writing habits. After students enter junior high school from primary school, composition training has embarked on a new course, and special attention should be paid to cultivating their good writing habits. From the writing experience of the winning students in the composition competition, we summarized the following seven good writing habits for students' reference.

1 The habit of "writing a little every day". Many award-winning students said that their composition won the prize because they insisted on keeping a diary. If there is more time, they will write more, and if there is less time, they will write less, even if it is as few as dozens of words.

This is really an experience. As the saying goes, "Never leave your fist, never leave your mouth". Writing every day can make your writing more dexterous and accumulate a lot of composition materials.

2. The habit of "thinking through the whole article and writing an outline of the composition". Don't write a composition unless you know what to write in the next paragraph. You must conceive the whole article and fix the "framework" of the conceived composition in the form of an outline.

People who have been engaged in writing for a long time also have an outline before they start writing, but some hide the outline in their stomachs and call it a "draft by heart." 3 the habit of "reciting the first draft of the article".

In ancient times, there was a habit of "singing" and "humming" when writing poems, because there were many problems that could not be "read" or read aloud. If you are in the examination room, you can only read silently to find out whether the sentence is fluent, whether the tone is coherent, whether the context is fluent and whether the phonology is harmonious.

4. The habit of "seriously modifying". The ancients said, "An article is never tired of changing", which is the golden advice of writing a good article and the experience of all article experts.

Without this habit, it is almost impossible to write a good article. 5 "Don't tell lies" habit.

Any good article must be the expression of the author's true feelings, and any falsehood can't fool the reader's eyes. If students begin to learn to write, they are terminally ill, and there is almost no hope of improvement in the future of composition.

6 "Don't write hard, force yourself to write" habit. Lu Xun said, if you can't write, don't write hard. Of course it's right, because what you try to write is bound to be false.

However, if students can't write the composition proposition of the leading teacher for a while, they must not borrow "don't".

2. Write a short essay to explain the enlightenment of skating. I remember one Sunday afternoon in my fourth grade, my father took me to the roller skating rink in Lanxi, and I was very happy.

On the way, the flowers nodded to me frequently, and the grass waved to me, as if to say, "Have fun." When I entered the skating rink, I saw people on the skating rink, sliding back and forth.

Some squatted down, some flew like swallows, some pulled into a row to play "snake slide", and some beginners moved their feet trembling. I saw it and was very excited.

I quickly bought a ticket, changed my skates, and staggered to stand up with the railing. Alas, these shoes are so heavy! "Hey!" I lost my footing, slipped forward a few times involuntarily, leaned back and fell on my feet.

I touch * * *, while thinking; It hurts. If I had known it was so difficult to learn, I wouldn't have come. Dad seemed to see through my mind and came up to me seriously and said, "Lingling, you have to learn one thing to the end." Only by perseverance can we achieve our goals and achieve success. "

"After listening to my father's words, I seem to understand something. I stand on the railing and observe those who can skate. I found that they all leaned forward slightly, their feet were splayed, and they didn't lift high when sliding, focusing on their sliding feet. I saw it. I learned to slide forward like that, fell down again, got up, fell down again, got up again, fell down again and again, and finally learned some essentials.

Through skating, my father's words have been deeply imprinted in my mind: if you learn one thing, you must learn it to the end. Only by perseverance can you achieve your goal and succeed.

How to write an expository composition that reflects certain laws of things, you must carefully arrange the order of expository materials. Things that explain movement, change and development should be arranged according to the time sequence and process of their occurrence and development. To explain static things, materials are mostly arranged in the order of spatial orientation, or from outside to inside, from inside to outside, or from top to bottom, from bottom to top, or from left to right, and from right to left. Articles that explain things are mostly from concrete to abstract, or arrange materials according to the logical relationship of things. In short, the order of interpretation is an important factor in making objective things clear. How to arrange the order of explanation should be determined according to the content of explanation.

* Choose an appropriate interpretation method.

When writing an explanatory text, we should also choose an appropriate explanation method according to the purpose of explanation and the need to prompt the essential characteristics of things. often

The interpretation methods used are:

(1) define the method of explanation, and explain the essential characteristics of things with the method defined below.

(2) Hermeneutics is an explanatory method to explain the characteristics, functions and reasons of the object of interpretation. Compared with the definition method, interpretation does not require revealing the full connotation of the concept, and the language expression is not as strict as the definition description.

(3) Metaphor interpretation method, which explains the object with metaphor to make the object image concrete.

(4) Comparative interpretation method, which compares the same or different kinds of specific things, so as to highlight the characteristics of the things being explained.

(5) Example method, which lists typical or more examples to illustrate more complicated explanatory objects.

(6) Citing the method of interpretation, and making extensive use of anecdotes, ancient books and documents to explain things. In addition, there are charts, data and so on. We should practice and master these methods in order to use them flexibly or comprehensively when writing expository articles.

* Pay attention to the language features of explanatory writing.

The language characteristics of expository writing are accurate, popular and concise, which is determined by the knowledge and science of expository writing.

It's been fixed. Explanatory text should introduce scientific knowledge and explain objective things, so the language must be accurate. If the statement is inaccurate, it will bring bad consequences. Explanatory texts are widely used and readers have different levels, so the language must be popular. If the words are obscure, it is impossible to tell readers the relevant knowledge and truly "teach people knowledge" and "teach people to use". Explanatory writing requires that the explanation of things must be specific, but trivial should be avoided, and "clear explanation" is the success. Sometimes the explanation needs to be detailed, but it is necessary to prevent procrastination and make the sentence concise and clean.

How to write an explanatory article can be divided into two categories: one is the explanation of substantive things, and the other is the explanation of abstract things. The former focuses on explaining the morphological structure, direction, operation process and production process of things, while the latter focuses on explaining the characteristics, essence and laws of things. In a specific explanatory article, the two are often combined. Explanatory articles take explanation as the main expression, but they do not exclude discussion, description, narration and lyricism. Some scientific essays (or scientific discourses) are often written in literary style, which is undeniable with the subjective color of the author. However, as far as explaining and clarifying things are concerned, explanatory writing has not lost its main features. Explanatory writing is an article genre that gives people knowledge by explaining things and explaining things as the main expression. It explains the characteristics, essence and regularity of things by revealing concepts. Explanatory text is very practical, including advertisements, manuals, summaries, tips, rules, articles of association, comments, scientific sketches and so on. Descriptive text generally introduces the shape, structure, category, relationship and function of things. Explain the principle, meaning, characteristics, evolution, etc. Literary expository is an expository that introduces scientific knowledge in the form of literature and art. This expository is characterized by "speaking" and has certain knowledge. This knowledge, whether from relevant scientific research materials or from personal practice, investigation and investigation, is strictly scientific. In order to make things clear, we must grasp the characteristics of things. Furthermore, it reveals the essential attribute of things, that is, not only to explain what things are, but also to explain why things are like this. A general applied exposition only needs to explain the characteristics of things, and the exposition must reveal the origin and essence of the problem. Interpretation is a style that objectively explains things, aiming at giving people knowledge, or explaining the state, nature and function of things, or clarifying things. Chinese stone arch bridge belongs to the former. Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, this paper illustrates the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges, which are both beautiful and firm. Language of Nature belongs to the latter, and the article scientifically explains the knowledge of phenology. Explaining the characteristics of things and explaining things are two types of discourses. In order to clarify the characteristics of things or explain things clearly, there must be appropriate interpretation methods. Common interpretation methods include examples, classification, enumeration of data, comparison, drawing charts, definition, explanation, analogy, imitation of appearances, quotation, hypothesis and so on. When writing an explanation, we should choose the best method according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing. On the one hand, it should obey the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom to choose a certain interpretation method. Whether to adopt this interpretation method or that interpretation method can be flexible, but it is not static. The explanation should be organized, which is a necessary condition for the explanation to be organized. The common order of interpretation is: chronological order, spatial order, logical order. The chronological order of explanation is similar to that of narration. Spatial order, pay special attention to clarify the position of space. Pay attention to the position and direction of things, such as appearance, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest, etc. Logical order is usually expressed by reasoning process. What order is adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects expounded by the author. It is easy to express the time sequence clearly when describing the development and changes of things. It is difficult for readers to understand the structure of buildings without leaving the spatial order. By explaining the logical order, it is easy to reflect the internal relations of things. It embodies the accuracy and scientificity of language. This is a prerequisite for interpreting the text language. It is required to accurately express time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature and procedures. The explanation is very practical, and a slight mistake will make a difference. On the premise of accuracy, some explanatory languages are good at conciseness, while others are good at vividness. Because of the different language styles of the object and the author, the explanation language is also different, either concise or full; Or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous, in short, eclectic. Reading discourse and writing discourse can be linked. We should pay attention to the four points mentioned above, such as reading and writing expositions, but the requirements should be in line with the students' reality. First, the content of the discussion must be true and accurate, based on conclusive materials, truthfully reflect the characteristics, essence and laws of objective things, and be strictly scientific. Orderly structure. Things and events are sometimes complicated. In order to make readers have a clear understanding, there must be a certain order and order when explaining their characteristics. The common order of interpretation is chronological order (procedural order is also a kind of chronological order), spatial order and logical order. This order of explanation is often reflected in the structural level of the article, so when reading the explanatory text, it is consistent to clarify the structural level and grasp the order of explanation. Third, the accuracy of language. Explanatory text is very practical, and the result of language expression "thousands of miles away" will be "thousands of miles away", so the language requirements of explanatory text are accurate and give readers a scientific understanding. Today, with the rapid development of science and technology, the application of expository texts is more and more extensive. Textbooks, popular science books, knowledge sketches, commentaries and instructions of various disciplines are expository texts. Explanatory writing is closely related to our daily study, life and work. Edit this paragraph and analyze the structure of the explanatory text 1 The structure of explanatory text includes: coherence, total score, juxtaposition, progression and contrast (including paragraphs). A complete explanatory text is often a combination of several structures. 2. Grasp the meaning of the structure. The sequence of interpretation is 1. The order of interpretation is: spatial order (also called factual order), chronological order (including development order) and logical order (logical order). 2. Find out the meaning of the command. The methods of explanation include: definition, explanation, examples, enumeration, analogy, comparison, classification, quoting materials, imitating appearances, etc. The function of this interpretation method is to make the object of interpretation concrete and easy for readers to understand. Comparison: here, comparing … with …, highlighting (specifically) comparison is used to highlight the characteristics of the explained object.

5. How to write the composition content of the explanatory text? The summary of the basic knowledge of explanatory writing is a style that introduces a concrete thing or explains an abstract thing with explanation as the main expression. There are the following aspects to examine the reading and understanding of expository texts. 1. Specify the object. To read an explanatory text, we must first find out what its explanatory object is. Whether to introduce a concrete thing or explain an abstract thing. (1) when determining the object of interpretation, it is easier to grasp the object of interpretation, such as the entity's interpretation text, and some topics are the object of interpretation, such as the stone arch bridge in China, the Great Hall of the People, Suzhou gardens, etc. But this method can't be used to read all explanatory articles. For example, the explanation object of the Dead Sea is' dead'. If the title is the only explanation object of the article, it will affect the understanding of the article. Therefore, the object of general descriptive articles can be found in the title, and the object of descriptive articles can't just look at the title. ② Some explanatory articles, especially those about matters, just read through the full text and think and analyze on the basis of overall perception of the general content of the article. In order to clarify the explanatory objects of the article, we should also be careful not to mistake some explanatory objects in the explanatory article for the explanatory objects of the full text. There are generally three ways to ask questions to investigate this knowledge point: ① point out what the explanation object is; ② Summarize the main contents of the explanation; ③ Find the central sentence. When answering a question, we should first pay attention to distinguish whether the scope of the question is full text or paragraph. Then make corresponding answers for different ranges. In addition, "the main content of interpretation" is different from "the object of interpretation", and the main content described by an object is equal to the object of interpretation plus its characteristics. The main content of the narrative needs to be summarized from the reasons, nature and solutions of the phenomenon. Sometimes the central sentence of a paragraph is the main content of this paragraph. Main content: Narrative: Explanatory Object+Characteristic Narrative: Summarize the causes, nature and solutions of the phenomenon (central sentence) 2. Grasp the characteristics of things. (essential characteristics) the characteristics of things are the signs that one thing is different from other things. No matter what kind of expository text, the characteristics of the explained object are always the core of interpretation. Only by grasping the characteristics of the explained object can we better understand the explained things and things. For specific things, candidates are often asked to point out what are the characteristics of explanatory texts. How to grasp the characteristics of expository writing? (1) After defining the object of explanation, we should start with the content of the article to explain things, from which we can understand and summarize the characteristics of the object. We must grasp what the article is saying or how to explain things. (2) Grasp the central sentence and key words of the article. Sometimes the modifiers in the title directly explain the characteristics of things, such as the majestic Great Hall of the People. Sometimes central sentences are used to summarize the characteristics of things, such as Suzhou gardens. Sometimes it is necessary to summarize the main points of a paragraph. For example, the second paragraph of "China Stone Arch Bridge" points out: "Stone arch bridge appeared earlier in the history of bridges in the world. This kind of bridge is not only beautiful in form, but also firm in structure. " Surface features and essential features, such as the Dead Sea, are immortal: Surface features: It is submerged, without life, all living things can't survive. Basic characteristics: The salinity of seawater is very high. 3. Clearly explain the order. There are three common interpretation orders: ① time order: that is, time order is the interpretation order. Generally used to introduce people's lives, record the research history of scientists, explain the occurrence and development of common affairs or explain the production steps. ② spatial order: that is, according to the spatial existence form of things. It is generally used to explain the structure or form of things in the order of front and back, up and down, up and down, east and west, north and south, or from whole to part. (3) Logical order: that is, the order of explanation is arranged according to the internal relations of things or the process of people's understanding of things. The internal relations of things include causal relationship, hierarchical relationship, primary and secondary relationship, total score relationship and parallel relationship. The process of understanding things refers to from shallow to deep, from phenomenon to essence, from concrete to generalization. Generally speaking, logical order is the main interpretation order in explanatory texts. The structure, order and structure of interpretation are two concepts. Description order: specifically, it is the arrangement of description content order. Structure of the article: the combination of all parts of the article. Structural form: overall structure: ① Leading out the explanatory object (introduction); (2) explain the object (main part); ③ Summarize the basic mode of explaining the object (end part): ① horizontal structure (explaining several aspects of things) ② vertical structure (explaining the result or production process of things) ③ crisscross. As far as the main part is concerned, due to the different relations between paragraphs, several common forms have been formed: juxtaposition, coherence, progression and total score (total score, total score and total score). 5. Master the explanation method. Common explanation methods include definition, classification, enumeration, example, comparison, list and so on. (1). "Definition" means to make comprehensive and strict provisions and forms for the defined concepts in scientific language. "So-and-so's name" can also be expressed in the form of "So-and-so's name". For example, the overall planning method is a mathematical method to arrange the work process. Definition should be rigorous and scientific. Not all judgments are definitions. For example, "Wind is a weapon for desert to attack human beings" is a metaphor, which shows the role of wind in attacking human beings in desert, not scientific language. This is not a definition. For example, the phrase "the characteristic of human language is that it can express endless meanings" is the characteristic of explanatory language, not the definition. It seems that explanatory and descriptive language are not definitions. This definition can usually be reversed. The function of definition is to explain the essential characteristics of things accurately and concisely, which belongs to a general description. (2) Classification is based on certain standards. Explain things in several categories. For example, when introducing the way of sandstorm attack in March to the desert, it was said that "one can be called guerrilla warfare ... and the other is called positional warfare ...", and a classified explanation method was adopted. It should be noted that there must be certain standards for the classification of things, so as to make both eyes clear and avoid overlapping, and then explain them after classification. The function of classification is to be orderly.

6. Explanatory composition (preferably writing fruit) uses comparative examples, charts, metaphors and other explanatory methods. At night, there are always cars coming and going on the streets of the city, but the locals say that the louder the noise, the better. Why? It turns out that noise can make people enjoy wonderful music through a glass, and this kind of concert changes the song and volume with various situations. For example, when people sleep, the noise will become a lullaby, which will be played at a lighter volume; When students do their homework, as long as the volume is turned to the lightest, no matter how loud it is outside, they can't hear anything indoors. This kind of special glass is called "music glass", which is not as fragile as "laminated glass" or as warm in winter and cool in summer as "heat absorbing glass". Although this kind of glass is thicker than ordinary glass, it is light in weight. "Music glass" contains sound-like devices. Then through a button called "converter", the noise is converted into wonderful, cheerful and moving music. This kind of glass plays a great role, especially in families with children at home. It can create a good learning environment for children. If there are old people at home, you will never feel lonely again if you put on these glasses.

7. How to write a good expository article The so-called expository article is an article that gives people knowledge by explaining things and explaining things as the main expression. It makes people understand the shape, structure, nature, types, causes, functions, relationships or concepts, characteristics, sources, evolution, similarities and differences of things through the explanation of physical things or the explanation of abstract arrangement, so as to obtain relevant knowledge. Giving priority to explanation is a sign that explanatory writing is different from other styles in expression.

Among all kinds of article styles, descriptive style is a relatively independent category. In people's social life, expository text shows its important role and practical value. Real life fully shows that expository writing is not an insignificant article form, but a common style widely used, which is closely related to people's production, work and life, and due to the needs of social life, expository writing is emerging in large numbers.

With regard to the classification of expository texts, people now have different classification methods from different angles according to their own standards. According to the expression of expository texts, we can generally divide them into three categories: one is explanatory expository texts; Second, narrative explanatory text; Third, literature expository.

Explanatory exposition that explains things and things from several different aspects is called explanatory exposition. Texts or teaching materials about history, geography, physics, chemistry, animals and plants, science and health, language and literature, scientific experiment reports, and instructions on the use of utensils all belong to this category.

A descriptive exposition that introduces things through a simple overview or plot is called a narrative exposition. Synopsis of various operas in movies and TV series, abstracts of literary works such as novels, explanations of comic books or some photographic photos, etc. All fall into this category.

An expository article that introduces and explains things in an intuitive way is called a literary expository article. This kind of expository writing is more literary. Knowledge sketch (or scientific sketch), scenic spots and historical sites and descriptions of cultural relics all belong to this category.

Generally speaking, the first two writing methods are relatively plain, focusing on the detailed description of things or things. The latter style is lively and interesting, and mostly adopts literary style.