Introduction and details of film production

Phonetic

diànyǐngzhìzuò Definition

Refers to the filming of films by film production companies or enterprises and other economic organizations that have obtained a "Film Production License". Production process

The production of general commercial films can be roughly divided into three steps: 1. Pre-shooting work, including proposing ideas, writing stories, outlining scenes, signing directors, budgeting, scripting, and watching. On location, finding actors, and deciding who will be on the production team. 2. The work during filming is carried out in an intensive manner under the direction of the director, and the executive producer supervises the expenses, filming progress and all administrative matters. 3. Post-shooting work, including editing, dubbing, scoring, subtitle design, trailer production, and pre-film promotion, etc. During the filming process, the director should have a detailed storyboard plan and work out the shooting sequence to achieve rapid development under the pressure of lighting changes and actor control. For the selection of cameras and lenses, the placement of lights, the arrangement of editing and soundtrack, the staff and the director must cooperate closely to achieve the desired effect. Therefore, a film is a collective creation and a director's work under various tensions. Artworks that hide personal vision. There are few restrictions on private filmmaking. You only need to decide the filming method according to the type of film (experimental film, drama or documentary). Or make a detailed storyboard and shoot according to the original intention to save film as much as possible; or endlessly hunt for satisfactory shots, and then sort out the clear context in the editing stage afterwards. This kind of film is most in line with personal creative desires and has the function of cultivating one's mind and enhancing one's emotions. Detailed description

Many Hollywood adventure films require computer-generated imagery (CGI), which must be produced by a large number of 3D model designers, animators, motion graphic artists and other personnel. However, an independent film with a lower budget may be produced by a small crew and usually receive a lower salary package. Filmmaking is made in every part of the world using a variety of techniques, performances, and genre styles, and with vastly different budgets, from documentaries funded by county and city *** in mainland China to the studio system in the United States Within, film production is entirely oriented towards commercial profits.

In our country, the establishment of a film production company and the filming of films (referring to public distribution and screening) must be approved. According to the "Interim Regulations on the Business Qualifications of Film Enterprises" issued by the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television in June 2004, "the state allows domestic companies, enterprises and other economic organizations (excluding foreign-invested enterprises) to establish film production. Apply for the establishment of a film production company , domestic companies, enterprises and other economic organizations shall apply to the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television. "There are application conditions and procedural requirements. To those who meet the conditions, a "Permit for Film Production" or a "Permit for Film Production (Single Film)" will be issued.

Movies are ultra-daily, pursuing the "spectacle" of audiovisuals, the "complication" of narratives, and the "defamiliarization" of limited aesthetic experience.

From the early shooting stage, film and television production requires a lot of preparatory work, including plans, scenes, funds and equipment support. Choosing a script in pre-production is very important. Choosing a good script is often half the battle. This is sometimes related to the sensitivity of a director. Choosing a good script must then be deeply processed to make it more suitable for the screen. , expressed through the artistic means of film. The second step is to choose a good actor, which is also very important. First of all, the actor's temperament must be close to the role he wants to play, and secondly, the actor's own understanding and grasp of the script and role. An outstanding actor The thing about an actor is that he can make the most ordinary and inconspicuous roles vivid and vivid. In terms of budget, the main considerations are the cost of scene selection and the remuneration of actors. For example, so-called blockbusters in recent years have a trend of large production and high cost. In addition to considering the pre-production costs of scenes and actors, they also The cost of post-editing work must be taken into consideration. For example, the post-production and editing of "Hero" is not done in China. Of course, this requires a large investment. The budget must be determined according to one's own financial situation. Film and television shooting techniques use "push, pull, shake, move, pitch, look up, follow, and chase", which can almost all be used interchangeably. Movie film is shot using a camera, which is more complicated and requires a lot of camera positions. More moving lenses are used, and movies are projected using projectors. Moreover, simultaneous live broadcast cannot be achieved, and electronic images are captured using cameras and linear scanning. The electronic image is decomposed into the smallest pixels, and the light point signal is picked up by an electron beam and sent to the transmitter through a single channel. The light and color signals captured by the camera can be directly transmitted to the broadcast system of the TV station, which can realize live broadcast. It can also be recorded on tape via a video recorder for later editing and creation. From a production principle, film and television is a process of reproducing reality, shooting pictures through machines, and then restoring the pictures through machines and equipment, so that we can see living pictures from them. The principles and processes of decomposing, recording, and replaying actions are the unique basis for dynamic reproduction in film and television.

In terms of post-production and editing, production processes such as developing negatives, printing samples, editing samples, screen conformation, printing correction copies, and printing standard copies are required. Film copying is the final product of film art and is what the film creator delivers to the audience. medium of information. Film processing and printing processes are also basic processes in the developing and printing process. Post-production mainly refers to the editing of samples, sound and picture synthesis and other processes. Film and television is an art that needs to preserve the essence and eliminate the rough, edit out unnecessary things that affect the content, and mix and dub in order to better match the picture. Performing special effects processing, etc. These are all necessary tasks for film and television. The production process is to choose the script

This is the most important thing. Generally, the producer chooses the script, but there is no shortage of directors to choose the script. But after the director chooses a good script, he must Convince the company and the producer to invest in him, but in 21st century movies, the director does not have the right to adapt the script. If he wants to change the script before filming starts, he must get approval from the company's upper-level board of directors. Funding

< p> The cost of a movie not only includes the director, screenwriter, camera, actors, scenes, shooting, post-production, food and accommodation, etc., but also includes marketing and publicity expenses. Usually marketing and publicity expenses are equal to the shooting cost or 1/2 the cost of filming. Each movie can be divided into small-budget movies, medium-scale production movies, and large-budget movies based on different concepts and requirements. The cost of a small-budget movie is basically around 10 million yuan, the cost of a medium-sized movie is basically around 100 million yuan, and the cost of a large-budget movie is more than 500 million yuan.

The 2011 domestic low-budget film masterpiece "33 Days of Love" (approximately 9 million yuan, excluding publicity expenses), the 2012 domestic medium-scale production film masterpiece "Journey to Thailand" (approximately 3,000 yuan) -40 million yuan, excluding publicity expenses), the 2005 Hollywood big-budget film masterpiece "Avatar" (approximately US$600 million, excluding publicity expenses). Choosing directors and actors

There is no such thing as choosing directors in Chinese movies. In a movie, the director has the final say, which means that they are not only responsible for the quality of the movie but also for other people on the set. In international film production, the director only needs to be responsible for the task of shooting the film. In international film production, it is the script that selects the director, rather than the director choosing the script. The producer is also responsible for selecting actors during film preparation. Tasks, in mainland China, are all completed by assistant directors. Star cast

In a successful movie, not only must there be a great script, a good storyline, and a good director. The most important thing is the participation of big-name stars. Stars are the shining focus of the movie and the guarantee of the movie's box office. Set up a camera crew

The camera crew includes: scene notes, makeup, props, lighting, art, and post-production Guide and edit with the group. Film editing

In American commercial films, the director does not have the right to edit, and the production company does the editing. But if it is a first-line director, it is different. Distributor

In commercial movies, the distributor and the producer are not the same. The distributor obtains distribution rights through competition. The quality of a movie can also be reflected by the distributor. Promotion methods

. Take "Fight the World" as an example. The film's advertisements and promotional posters were released 4 months before the film was released. International distribution of the film

Release of dubbing rights and editing rights for the film to participate in film festivals Pre-production

In pre-production (also known as "pre-production"), the film must be designed and planned, and a production company and production office must be established. The entire production plan is visualized and storyboarded by illustrators and creative artists. The production budget will also be estimated in advance to control the costs required to shoot the film.

The Producer will hire the following team for pre-production:

Director - Mainly responsible for the performance part of the film and managing the creative part of the film.

Assistant Director (AD) - Manages the shooting schedule and is responsible for other logistics coordination aspects of film shooting.

Casting Director - Responsible for finding actors suitable for the script. An audition for the actors is usually required. The main roles must be chosen very carefully, usually based on the actor's popularity and popularity.

Location Manager - Must find and manage film locations. Most movies are shot in a controlled environment, such as a studio sound stage; occasionally there are parts that must be shot outdoors, and they must be shot on location.

Production Manager - Manage production budget and production schedule. He/she must also report on the status of the film's production to the studio's administration or finance department on behalf of the production office.

Director of Photography (DOP) / Cinematographer - Responsible for the photography part of the film. He/she must work with the director, director of sound (DOA), and assistant director (AD).

Art Director - Responsible for managing the art department, setting up shooting scenes, designing costumes, and providing makeup and hair services.

Production Designer - Establish the visual look and overall mood and feel of the set, costumes, makeup and hair. Work with the art director on making these things.

Storyboard Artist - Responsible for drawing pictures to help the director and production design director communicate with the production team about each other's ideas.

Director of Audiography (DOA) / Sound Director (SD) - responsible for the sound effects of the entire film. He/she has to work with the director, DOP and AD.

Sound Designer - Create new sound effects for movies.

Composer - Create new music.

Choreographer - Creates and choreographs dance and movement, usually for use in musicals. Some movies will also have a "Fight Choreographer". Production

During filming the film has already been planned. A production company and production office have been set up. The producer will hire some of the following people:

Director,

p>

Assistant Director

Location Manager

Production Manager

Director of Photography

Art Director

Script writer

Sound mixing production

Sound effects production

Composer

Action choreographer post-production

Video The editor is responsible for cutting the film. Using modern video technology, the film recording process results in two classifications: one throughout the entire film, and another that is a mixture of video and film clips.

In the film workflow, the original Film (negative) is developed and copied to a one-light workprint (positive) for editing and editing.

Filming techniques: film shooting, high-definition shooting and editing techniques

In film Different optical techniques and techniques are commonly used in lens conversion to achieve the purpose of editing the film. Now we introduce some commonly used optical techniques for film and television editing.

1. Cut in and out

This is the most commonly used shot conversion method in movies. That means transitioning directly from the end of the previous shot to the beginning of the next shot without any skill, without any gaps in between. It's called cut.

2. Fade out and fade in

It is also called the fade in and fade out of the movie screen. The picture gradually darkens and finally disappears completely. This method is called fading out or fading out. On the contrary, the picture gradually changes from dark to bright, and finally completely clear. This shot is called fade-in, also called fade-in.

3. Crossing in and out

It is also a technique for lens switching in movies. Sometimes a clear straight line is used, sometimes a wavy line is used to erase the picture directly, horizontally or diagonally from the edge of the picture, which is called drawing out. Instead, the next screen is called scratch-in.

4. Dissolution and dissolution

Also known as dissolution and dissolution, it is also a technique for lens conversion in movies. While one picture gradually disappears (melts out), another picture gradually emerges (melts in). This is often used between two interconnected content and scenes before and after, creating a sense of slow transition.

5. Overprinting

Refers to two pictures or even three pictures being superimposed and printed into one picture. It often expresses the memories, dreams, fantasy images, magical world, etc. of the characters in the play.

6. Other optical techniques

The focus becomes blurry.

Some frames of the screen are out of focus and the image is gradually blurred. The speed and length of the virtual can be controlled freely, often showing blurred vision, coma and other scenes in the play.

Freeze frame: often refers to a dynamic lens that freezes on a certain screen for an instant, making the screen look very grainy. Reverse printing: Print the normal shots taken in the reverse order of the action.

Split screen: Use masks to divide a screen into two, three or more screens.

Adding a mask: When an actor plays two roles at the same time and appear on the same screen, the mask is first added to one side, the other side is exposed first, and then the mask and exposure are swapped.