Social unrest in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China: from "habitual bandits" to "soldiers bandits", there are many kinds of bandits.

traditionally, people are driven to revolt as bandits. Only in times of famine and chaos will people take risks and rob some property for a living, so the types of bandits are relatively single. However, in modern China, due to the serious weakening of social control and natural disasters, the types of bandits gradually became various. In this special group of bandits, there are all kinds of roles that have escaped from the mainstream society, which are bizarre. The book History of Bandits divides bandits into accumulation bandits, righteous bandits, soldiers bandits, foreign bandits and political bandits according to the nature or identity of their activities. Zhang Zuolin, who was born as a bandit, is a habitual bandit. Most of these bandits have inherited their father's business and been bandits for generations. They have long been specialized in robbery, burning and killing, kidnapping and ransom. They take bandits as their profession and make a living. They are extremely vicious and scheming. Wherever they go, regardless of whether they are rich or poor, they ransack their property, leaving many people in a miserable situation of ruin and destruction. During the Republic of China, there was a family named Lu in Datan Village, the southern district of Xinghe County, Suiyuan. They make a living by robbing and plundering because of their large number of clansmen. This family has such a life creed: "Being born a robber is not unjust to be a ghost. """I'd rather bully people than be bullied. """young people are not naughty, and it is too late to regret it. """you can't rob people, and you will be poor all your life. """rather than dying of illness, silently; It's better to die of bandits and become famous forever. "During the turbulent years from the late Qing Dynasty to the eve of the founding of New China, the Lushi family was proud to be bandits. Among the Lushi family, there were many grandchildren, fathers and sons, uncles, brothers and sons and nephews who became bandits one after another. It is precisely because of the historical continuity of his family's bandit occupation that he is called "habitual bandit". In addition to habitual bandits, the most serious harm to society is the soldier bandits. There is a certain difference between soldiers and bandits. Warlords and bandits are large in scale and often still have an army system. Soldiers and bandits used to be soldiers, but now they have become bandits for various reasons. For example, defeated soldiers and disbanded troops could not find a way out of their lives in those chaotic years, and often became bandits and became important members and main backbones of bandits. Veterans are also an important source of soldiers and bandits. Because they have received military training, they are the most dangerous in the eyes of * *. It is often said that the more soldiers there are, the more bandits there are. "Cheng-Peng Kao, an anti-Japanese bandit, has Gao Pengzhen on the second right in the front row, Gao Pengzhen's brother Gao Pengju in the middle and Gao Pengzhen's brother Gao Pengqi on the right. Although the bandits are not on the scale of warlord bandits, they are often organized by several people or dozens or even hundreds of people because they have received military training. Therefore, their harm to society is also very great. Among the numerous gangs, the vigilante is one with a good image. Although these bandits are called "bandits" in terms of appellation, they are somewhat "outlaw heroes" in ancient society, killing the rich and helping the poor. This is what people often call a righteous bandit. Most of these bandits are poor people who are forced to go to Liangshan, or chivalrous men who are brave and chivalrous. They hate the government and rich families from the bottom of their bones, and swear to sweep away the injustice in the world with their guns after they become traitors. Therefore, they fight against the rich families everywhere and sympathize with the poor people. Some people even take advantage of their wealth and distribute the financial resources of the plundering families to the people. Some gangs occasionally do something good to "kill the rich and help the poor" in order to win the sympathy and support of the society. During the Republic of China, there was a bandit named Gao Pengzhen in Northeast Liaoning. Before he became a bandit, his family was rich and open-minded. He studied at Wendeng Academy in Shenyang. After returning home, he made friends with Gao Pengzhen, a chivalrous man, learned martial arts, and enjoyed singing poetry and wine. One day in the eleventh year of the Republic of China, Gao Pengzhen shot a fox in the suburbs, which was known by a battalion commander of the Northeast Army. He had to take it for himself. Gao Pengzhen said nothing to him, but the battalion commander became angry from embarrassment and sent someone to snatch the fox. He also tied Gao Pengzhen to the camp and beat him up. When Gao came home, he became more and more angry. With a horizontal mind, he returned to the barracks with a gun, wounded the battalion commander and his little wife, and then pulled up an old ladder. He only robbed large families and didn't disturb the people. He was a bandit for more than 1 years. It is said that he never killed a civilian, burned a house or raped a woman, and was called "Uncle" by the local people. Soldiers in the late Qing Dynasty, due to social unrest and war, have become bandits who endanger society, such as Gao Pengzhen, because they are seriously dissatisfied with the social reality and can't find a correct way to change this reality, and they have become bandits. They take it as their duty to fight for justice, express the mind of a man, and flaunt that they can sweep the world with their weapons. Most of the gangs led by these people only rob large families and do not rob the people, so they are called "righteous bandits" by the people. Among the numerous bandits, there was another "foreign bandit" at that time, that is, foreign bandits. Due to the invasion from outside, foreign bandits also took the opportunity to enter China and endanger society. Especially at the time of the Republic of China, Japanese imperialism attempted to annex China and realize its so-called "mainland" policy. In addition to its political, military and economic aggression, it also encouraged and supported a large number of fascist officers, politicians and ronins to sneak into China, disguised as China people, gathered followers to form gangs, interfered with the political situation in China and harmed the people in China. Jiang big braid, the "Heavenly Ghost" team and the real armor described in Wang Xiliang's Secret Records of Bandits are the representatives of this kind of bandits. The real name of "Jiang big braid" is Dao Jian Yong Yan. He was the son of Saigō Takamori, one of the "three outstanding figures" in Meiji Restoration in Japan, and his father was a martyr in the Japanese Southwest War in the Meiji Decade. This man is violent and perverse. He was the leader of a violent group when he was in middle school. He is famous for being the commander of fights, playing truant and being a king of demotion. Later, Daojian studied Chinese, studied the China issue, and "decided to devote himself to espionage in Chinese mainland". In 192, he entered China and served as a member of a news agency that published Chinese books in Shanghai. During this period, he traveled to Hankou, Yichang, Chongqing, Hong Kong, Xiamen and Taiwan Province in China, and began to imitate the lifestyle of China people, growing hair and braids, and also named China Jiang Cangbo. That is, from then on, he got a nickname "Jiang big braid". After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China society fell into a more chaotic and turbulent situation. "Jiang big braid" felt that this was an excellent opportunity to make contributions to the Japanese Empire and harass China. Therefore, he came to the Japanese Embassy in China to inquire for Colonel Aoki Xuanchun and express his wish. With Aoki's support, "Jiang big braid" came to the northeast of China, incorporated the Northeast Bandit Team, formed the "East Asian Volunteer Army", and engaged in various sabotage activities on the Sino-Russian border for a long time. At that time, besides Japanese bandits, American bandits and Russian bandits were active in China. Foreign bandits run amok in China, usually with the silent support of big powers. This kind of support is generally to provide arms rather than direct control, and the powers involved in these activities include Germany, Italy, Japan and the United States. In this way, bandits' sabotage activities are more rampant. China's chaotic society has thus become more turbulent. The powers that have been coveting China's territory and trying to carve up China are also happy to see the turmoil in China. In the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, political bandits are also a common type, and they are often supported by * * * or organizations like foreign bandits. Of course, bandits are often willing to be bought and supported by some opposition or dying forces in order to find a political way out and live a prosperous life. In addition to receiving money and weapons, bandits were also given military posts and ranks, obtained military establishment and titles, and participated in the war of various factions vying for sovereignty, thus evolving from simple robbery bandits to political bandits. Under the lens of American photographers, the people in the Sichuan market of the Republic of China were trading, and they had to become bandits because of their difficulties in life. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, they were everywhere. Zhang Zuolin and Lu Rongting in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China were both representatives of political bandits. They all used to run amok. Zhang Zuolin was once called a "bandit" in the northeast. Since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the northeast has been scattered in groups, beggars and refugees are everywhere, and people's lives are in jeopardy. Zhang Zuolin pulled up a team for this. In 192, the local Xinmin Prefecture magistrate decided to reorganize Zhang Zuolin's team. Zhang Zuolin immediately accepted, in fact, he also hoped to be collected by * * *. Because, he has long wanted to get a place in * * *. He knows that it is not a long-term solution to run a vigilante group and join the green forest. Therefore, when * * * decided to recruit him, he took the opportunity to absorb some bandits and expand his team. Before Lu Rongting was recruited, he was also a famous bandit in Southwest China. He did looting on the Sino-Vietnamese border. Later, he was recruited by the Qing court and became a general of the Qing court. At that time, there were sea bandits, lake bandits and mountain bandits active in China. No matter what kind of bandits, they are the products of abnormal social development, which will bring certain influence and impact to the benign development of society and people's stable life.