What are the similarities and differences between classicism and neoclassicism in art history?

Classicism has been in and out of the context of art history for many times: it began in Greece and Rome, reappeared in the Renaissance in the 15th century, reappeared in the neoclassicism in the 18th century, and in the post-modern situation of the 20th century, it attached itself to visual art in a multifaceted, cunning and stubborn way, and became a visual language that can't be ignored in contemporary times. This paper will discuss the aesthetic view and implementation strategy of classicism in Renaissance, as well as the historical context of classicism and the classical presence of contemporary art, in order to develop the energy of classical aesthetics.

The implementation strategy and aesthetic view of classicism in Renaissance

The characteristics, aesthetics and realization of classicism laid a solid visual foundation in Greece and Rome, but in the Renaissance, this tradition was regarded as a rational norm with diversified ways and structures, which enabled its powerful force to continue its unified form, strict structure and regular order after more than two thousand years.

Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, began to dissect animals in the fourth century BC to observe the real world with a sense of inquiry; /kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, the first medical school was established in Bronn, and artists learned to anatomically study the tissues, muscles and bones inside the human body to understand the body structure. And deeply explore the human body structure and break through the visual limitations of external performance. 1435, Alberdi (1404- 1472, Italian architect, artist, musician and poet) thought that artists must learn basic painting by dissecting the human body: from early muscle structure training to depicting artificial human body to later mature natural expression, human anatomy has become an essential ability for artists to depict human body. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, human anatomy became the most interesting theme for all artists in Florence. Leonardo da vinci studied and practiced human anatomy with a surprising number of sketches (figure 1), so that his oil paintings can give us a perfect visual experience with elegant and natural images. However, Michelangelo's works are full of muscular men and muscular women because of the extension of personal expressionism. Even when depicting babies, they use exaggerated and muscular muscles to express their limbs, showing their love for anatomy unabashedly. B$pE9l+E:B$ In order to successfully present a three-dimensional plane, Renaissance artists developed various perspective methods, some based on actual observation, like traditional classicists, and some based on geometric mechanics. The actual observer comes from the viewer's visual experience and can express subjective views. For example, andrea mantegna's The Execution of St James (Figure 2) puts the point of view beyond the lower boundary of the picture, resulting in a noble, bold and dramatic composition from bottom to top. However, according to the mechanical measurement of geometry, one or two vanishing points are used to assist the representation of perspective, and the assumed vanishing points in space are used to produce a three-dimensional effect with gradual depth change.

T mechanical perspective is based on theoretical concepts, which easily leads to unnatural visual effects; However, if combined with actual observation, artists can express space more orderly and naturally, make the plane appear deep, make the proportion of characters conform to this spatial structure, make the volume and spatial relationship between people and things reconcile with each other, and make the realistic description reach a more perfect realm. For example, the proportion of buildings, floors, stairs and people depicted by Raphael of Yadian College (Figure 3) are carefully constructed according to perspective method to show a deep sense of space. The application of perspective principle in the artistic expression in the Renaissance has become a classical technique that has been highly valued and widely used because it helps to express the three-dimensional realistic space. China art education resource network

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The perfect spatial structure not only comes from the assistance of perspective, but also depends on the observation experience accumulated by artists; Perfect human performance depends not only on the correct combination of proportions, but also on the muscle and bone structures summarized and arranged in anatomy. For paintings and sculptures in the Renaissance, the relationship between "man" and "space" represents the individual's cognition and exploration of the world, and the pursuit of perfection requires rational cognition to idealize the imperfect situation in real life.

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Michelangelo praised the patron saint of Florence with the idealized structure of the human body and the muscle structure that meets the standard aesthetic feeling. In Yadian College (Figure 3), Raphael put a group of prophets in an unmistakable angle according to their importance. In Mona Lisa (Figure 5), Leonardo da Vinci placed the characters in the center of the picture with a pyramid-shaped composition, expressed the nature in the background with an "aerial perspective", and described the serene and mysterious expression of women with impeccable golden ratio, light and face.

People in the Renaissance believed that human beings must balance their talents and interests not only in art but also in life. Leonardo da Vinci once said, "Do you know that our souls are composed of harmony? When we pay equal attention to the structure of all parts of things, harmony naturally arises. 」

# y4kf1| p2c _ vup www.xsart.net Leonardo da Vinci's belief in pursuing harmony in life is evident in the film The Age of Masters: in the film, Leonardo da Vinci is painting the Mona Lisa in the studio, musicians are playing music, and Leonardo da Vinci puts down his brush to study his unfinished inventions and then plays musical instruments. Whether these actions overlap or occur before and after, they all create a harmonious aesthetic feeling between the studio and life.

/K？ \+x； W% t% U & ampH)rmo| The mastery of one's talents and interests during the Renaissance is orderly and uninterrupted, just as the master of the universe controls the stars orbiting. They believe that man can master the balance and harmony in the universe (I ching: a gentleman strives for self-improvement).

In the 2,000-year life of classicism, the Renaissance in15th century played its heyday. However, before the Renaissance, there were two different artistic trends in the history of western art: the classical tradition of Greece and Rome and the art of the Middle Ages. Although western civilization started from the classical culture of Greece and Rome, which deeply influenced the development of the Renaissance, the religious culture in the Middle Ages ended the continuation of this tradition.

|3B*Z0u} 1P In its golden age (480-430 BC), the development of Greek classicism made extraordinary achievements in art, architecture, philosophy, poetry and drama with rational and idealized humanistic cognition. In this diversified humanistic exploration, many famous fairy tales are also injected to explain the essence of human nature and the meaning of life. Apollo, the sun god, is regarded as the representative of rationality, while Dionysus, the god of wine, is the representative of sensibility. Such binary opposition features appear constantly in the course of human life, which is the "prototype" that human beings must face in order to survive, and it is also the tragic fate that human beings cannot avoid. Friedrich nietzsche also believes that this dualistic spirit is a force for the interdependence and growth of human body and spirit in Greek tragedies, and its balanced coexistence is a philosophical reflection for the prosperity of rational and harmonious characteristics of Greek classicism. After Rome conquered the world and established an empire on Greek territory, the classical tradition of Greece was not destroyed; On the contrary, the Romans took Greek classicism as a model, which showed their belligerence and secularity, and merged the cultures of the areas they conquered-from England to Egypt, from Spain to South Russia-together, thus achieving Roman classicism. In addition to the traditional rules, they created arches and domes to increase the practical space of the building. On the other hand, in the handed down sculptures and a few paintings, because of their belligerence, emperors, generals and other realistic commemorative figures are often the main ones, which is different from Greek mythological figures. Although Greece and Rome have different humanistic cognitive backgrounds in the performance of classicism, they have inherited and completed the characteristics of balance, idealization, harmony and rationality in architecture, sculpture and painting, laying a traditional foundation for western civilization.

However, this profound classical achievement collapsed in the fifth century A.D. due to barbarian invasion. And with the germination of Christian belief in the first century, people began to change their cognition of life, so they took redemption of the innate "original sin" as their main expectation and work in this life, hoping to turn over a new leaf in the next life. In this respect, in the past, the outlook on life in Greece and Rome was based on the belief that life exists in this world and is the master of this world. In the middle ages, after the end of life, people entrusted themselves to the afterlife and regarded religion as their bargaining chip to cross into the afterlife. Although in the Middle Ages, magnificent church buildings were developed and there were complex decorative patterns inside the church, such different humanistic cognition made it impossible to continue the classical tradition.

For example, in the Middle Ages, people regarded God as the only creator, and believed that realistic characters represented the tangible world, so realistic descriptions were suspected of offending religion. In this religious era, only unreal, stylized and conceptual modeling can be allowed to express the abstract cognition of obeying religion and help mankind enter the afterlife. Classicism was strangled by such religious ideas and fell asleep for nearly a thousand years. It was not until the Renaissance in the 15th century that it revived. This medieval period, from a classical point of view, is also called the "dark period". v%o#P d ~j ~

H/R%Z8a%u8 ` China Art Education Resource Network15th century artists liberated from the domination of the complicated philosophy and church in the Middle Ages and began to realize that they were independent individuals seeking truth. They believe that they are the center of the universe and can understand the world in their own way, but therefore they don't need to rely on imaginary or abstract God and his teachings to survive. Classicism, which represents Greek and Roman civilization, has become the research object of their exploration of human concept and the focus of their pursuit of rational cognition. At this time, Florence became the "new Asian canon" for artists and scholars in the Renaissance.

In terms of artistic expression, figure sculptures and paintings in the early Renaissance began to show humanity. Their volume, proportion, light and color all show natural and true effects, and the characters are vividly portrayed by three-dimensional performance. Donatello's "Saint Kyle" (Figure 8) and other sculptures are based on the traditional classical style, putting the body weight of the saint on one leg to show the true posture of self-contained; Paintings, such as Botticelli's The Birth of Venus (Figure 9), show classical myths and vividly depict elegant Venus, her waitress and Fengshen. Whether naked or wearing a thin skirt, there are also substantial physical manifestations, and the scenery and buildings around the picture are also treated according to the perspective principle. China Art Education Resource Network/v; LY+K； ge

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With the early Renaissance artists' discussion and expression of the principles of classicism, the three famous Renaissance artists, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael, devoted themselves to practicing the Greek ideal of perfection, pushing the spirit of classicism to the peak. Just as Vitruwe, the architect of the first century, put forward the standard of the proportion of human body: when our hands and legs are straight, we can just form a "perfect" square and circle, while Leonardo da Vinci, who regards mathematics as the supreme truth, expanded this concept and thought that "all human truth research should be analyzed through mathematics" and drew the human body painted by Vitruwe (figure 10): At this time, your limbs will form a right circle, your navel is at the center of the circle, and the space between your legs will inevitably form an equilateral triangle. 」

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