What do good words in classical Chinese mean?

1. What does classical Chinese mean?

1. Definition: Classical Chinese is a processed written language based on ancient Chinese.

Classical Chinese is a written language in ancient China. It mainly includes written language based on the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular, and is characterized by writing based on characters, focusing on allusions, parallel antithesis, and neat rhythm. It includes various literary styles such as policy, poetry, lyrics, music, eight-legged essay, and parallel prose.

2. Characteristics: The characteristics of classical Chinese are: separation of words and concise writing. The characteristics of classical Chinese are compared with vernacular (including spoken and written language), and are mainly reflected in grammar and vocabulary.

3. Structure: (1) Judgmental sentence The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence pattern that uses a noun, pronoun or noun phrase as a predicate to judge the subject. Its common forms are as follows: 1). "...,... also" "...person,...person" and other forms.

For example: ① "Chen She is from Yangcheng." ("Historical Records. Chen She Family") - Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng.

②"Although Cao was named Han Prime Minister, he was actually a Han thief." ("Zizhi Tongjian") ③Yi was a good archer in ancient times.

("Guanzi·Situation Explanation No. 64") ④ "The four of them are Luling Xiaojun Guijunyu, Changle Wang Huishenfu, my younger brother An Guopingfu, and An Shangchunfu." ( Wang Anshi's "A Journey to Baochan Mountain") ⑤ Those who are stunned are those who have no shots from King Zhou Jing.

2). Use the adverbs "nai", "ie", "ze", "all", "yes", "sincere", "wei", etc. to express judgment. For example: "This is the autumn when I serve my life.

"① I don't know what year it is in the palace in the sky. ② Those who are still in the tomb today.

③Liang’s father is Xiang Yan, the general of Chu. ④This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.

3). Use the negative adverb "fei" to express negation. For example: "The six kingdoms were destroyed not only because of the disadvantages of the army, but also because of poor fighting skills, but because of bribing Qin.

"① Climb high and move, your arms will not be lengthened, but you will see far away. ②The city is not too high, the pond is not too deep, the army is not not strong and powerful, and the rice and millet are not insufficient.

③ It’s not like taking Mount Tai to reach the North Sea. Passive sentences In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the recipient of the action. This sentence pattern is a passive sentence.

The common types are: 1). "见" "...见...yu" "Yu" means passive. For example: "I often laugh at generous families.

"① I am sincerely afraid of seeing myself deceived by the king. ② The city of Qin may not be accessible, but it will only be deceived.

③ Therefore, he was confused by Zheng Xiu internally and bullied by Zhang Yi externally. ④Zi Pan, a seventeen-year-old son of the Li family, was fond of ancient prose and was familiar with all the classics and biographies of the six arts.

2). "Wei" and "wei..." means passive. For example: "My parents and clan were all killed."

"① When he dies and his country is destroyed, he makes the world laugh. ② Those who serve the country will be robbed by those who accumulate prestige.

③For the benefit of others. ④ Fear of being ahead of others.

Inversion sentences in classical Chinese are relative to the sentence order of modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide classical Chinese inversion sentences into object preposition, attributive postposition, and adverbial Postposition, subject-predicate inversion, etc. 1). Object prepositioning. The so-called object prepositioning is a component that is usually used as an object and is placed in front of the predicate verb to show emphasis.

For example: "Zhi" in "Jie Bu Zhi Xin" is the prepositioned object. Object preposition is usually divided into four situations.

(1) In interrogative sentences, the interrogative pronoun serves as the object, and the object is placed in front. For example: "Why does the king come?" "Weisi people, who should I return to?" (2) In a negative sentence, the pronoun is the object, and the object is placed in front.

For example: "The ancients did not deceive anyone." (3) Use "zhi" and "shi" to advance the object.

For example: "I don't know how to read a sentence, and I can't understand it when I am confused." "Studying diligently is just a matter of urgency to learn, but it is not common.

"(4) Object in the introduction phrase Front. For example: "Otherwise, why do we come to this?" 2). Attributive postposition Usually the attributive should be placed in front of the central word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese sentences that place the attributive after the central word.

For example: "An earthworm has no sharp claws and teeth, but strong muscles and bones. It eats earth and drinks from the underworld. It has the same intention." The "profit" and "strong" are all postpositioned attributives.

There are the following situations in which attributive postpositions are found in classical Chinese. (1) Use "之" to postposition the attributive.

For example: "How many people are there in the vast world?" (2) Use the postposition of "人". For example: "A horse that travels a thousand miles can eat one grain or one stone in one meal.

"3). Adverbials are placed after the adverbials in classical Chinese. Prepositional structures used as adverbials are often placed after the sentence as complements. For example: "Yu Fu Zhe" is a prepositional phrase placed after the sentence as a complement.

4). Inversion of subject and predicate is rare and is often used to express strong exclamation. For example: "What a shame, I'm not doing you any favors."

"Blessed, this wind." "Beautiful, my young China.

"[Exercise] Determine the meaning in the following sentences Sentence structure. ① To protect the people and become king, no one can control it.

② The king is no different from the people who love the king. ③ How can you be a king if you are virtuous? ④ How do you know I can do it? In omitted sentences, omitted components are common in classical Chinese. Grasping the omitted components will help to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.

Elliptical sentences in classical Chinese usually include: 1). Omitting the subject. (1) Inherit the former province.

For example: "The wild snakes from Yongzhou have black substance and white seals." (2) Inherited from the later provinces.

For example: "Pei Gong said to Zhang Liang: '(Gong) sent me to the army, and he entered.'" (3) Self-reported province.

For example: "(Yi) Love is like a stream. When it enters two or three miles, (Yu) will find the home of the one who has the most extraordinary love." (4) Provincial dialogue.

For example: "(Mencius) said: 'To be happy (yuè) happy (lè) alone, to be happy (yuè) happy (lè) with others, which one is happy (lè)?' (Wang) said:' '"2). Omit the predicate.

For example: "With one drum, the energy will be strong, then it will fade away, and after three drums, it will be exhausted." 3). Omit the object.

For example: "It can be burned and walked away." 4). Omit the preposition object.

For example: "After the public reading, the mink will be reborn to hide the house." 5). Omit the preposition "yu".

For example: "Now the bell chime is placed (in) the water, even if the wind and waves are strong, it cannot make a sound." [Exercise] Supplement the omitted elements in the following sentences.

① The Ran family lived here, so their surname was Shixi, Ranxi. ②Therefore, Ximen Leopard was the order of Ye and was famous all over the world.

③ Among the two strategies, it is better to defeat Qin Qu. ④They all go out to the plains at the foot of the mountain, and they go out from the top of the mountain.

Fixed structure 1) Common fixed structures expressing questions are: nai he, ruo, how, how, nai...he, if...he, such (nai)...he, which and, There is nothing..., which one is better. For example: ① What can I do if I take my bi but don’t give me the city? ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") ② How about my son taking the elk and using it as a leisure for the rest of the city? ("Battle") ③It's better to be different, how about it? ("Zuo Zhuan: Duke Huan of Qi's Attack on Chu") ④ What if you laugh at a hundred steps with fifty steps? ("Mencius: King Hui of Liang")⑤. 2. What are the meanings of various words in classical Chinese (prepositions

1. (1) Pronoun 1> The third person is now translated as: he, she, it. Example explanation: I invite you to come in, and share the same fate with you. < /p>

"Hongmen Banquet" 2> The first person is translated as: I explain: ① Is the king born in mourning? "Snake Catcher" ② I don't know why the general is so generous. Table of closeness refers to the current translation as: This example explains: The two policies of both, rather Xu Yi negative Qin Qu

"The Biography of Lian Po Lin Xiangru" (2) Particle 1> Table structure of the current translation as: Example explanation: ①Everyone has a sense of compassion. "Mencius" ②How about using Zi's spear to trap Zi's shield? "Han Feizi" 2> Take a unique example between subject and predicate: There is a hole in the solitude, just like there is water in a fish. .

"Three Kingdoms? Biography of Zhuge Liang" 3> Explanation of the non-translation of the sign in front of the guest: What is the crime of Song Dynasty? Translation examples and explanations: Earthworms have no claws and strong bones. "Encouraging Learning" 5> Adjust the syllables and not translate them.

"Mencius? King Hui of Liang" ② Qing. In the "Battle of Red Cliff" by Yan Yan and Zhang Tian (3) Attached to (3) verbs as predicates are now translated as: to, to go. Examples: ① I want to go to the South China Sea "Wei Xue" ② When I don't know where I am (to...go) " Zhuangzi? Horseshoe" 2. Hu (1) Modal particle 1> expresses doubt, rhetorical question. This is translated as: eh? Example: Hero, can you drink again? "Hongmen Banquet" 2> expresses praise and exclamation. This is translated as: ah, ah. Example Explanation: It is as good as playing the piano, and the soup is as good as flowing water. "Lu Shi Chun Qiu" 3> indicates that it is speculated that the current translation is: Well, what is the explanation: Is the daily food and drink not bad? "The Empress Dowager Zhao said about touching the dragon" 4> indicates an order Today's translation is: Bar example explanation: Go quickly! There is no serious crime! "Warring States Policy" 5> Table and discussion. Today's translation is: What example explanation: If you use your appearance to get people, you will lose them; if you use your words to get them, you will lose them. Zaiyu. "Han Feizi? Xianxue" 17. (1) The specific pronoun 1> forms a noun phrase. This is translated as: the person, the person, the example: the person who knows is not as good as the person who is good, and the person who is good is not as good as the person who is happy. < /p>

"The Analects of Confucius" 2> When used as numerals, it is now translated as: 人, Example explanation: Please choose between these two "Mencius? King Hui of Liang" 3> When used as time words, it is now translated as: When...Explanation: In the past, it was humiliating to give a book, and it was the duty of teaching people to be obedient and to recommend good scholars. And was captured.

"Hongmen Banquet" 5> Used after the subject-predicate phrase to express the reason. Explanation of the reason: My wife loves me, and I am private (preferring). "Zou Ji satirizes Qi." "Wang Najian" (2) Particle 1> Leads to judgment and is not translated. Example: The person who is honest is Zhao Zhiliang.

"The Biography of Lian Lin" 2> Determined sign is not translated. Example: Ask for help. Those who reported to the Qin Dynasty did not get it. "The Biography of Lian Lin" 11. It also helps to read the sentences at the end of the sentence to indicate the judgment: ① It is difficult to find "Farewell at Changting" ② Master if you have a dream. Therefore, preaching is the way to gain karma and resolve doubts.

"Shi Shuo" ("Ye" is a noun, indicating judgment) ③An honest person is Zhao Zhiliang general.

10. Yan (1) Pronoun 1> as object is equivalent to "之". Today's translation is: it. Example explanation: ①Eat it carefully, and sometimes offer it "Snake Catcher" ②I still follow the teacher and ask Yan "Shi Shuo" 2> The question is translated as: Where and how. Example: ① How can we put the earth and rocks? "The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain" ② said: "If you don't know life, how can you know death?" "The Analects of Confucius? Advanced" (2) Both words and "yuzhi" (when the previous verb has no object or needs an introductory phrase as an adverbial) Today's translation is: So , this example is explained: ① There is no strong person in the world of the Jin Dynasty "Mencius? King Hui of Liang" ② If three people are walking together, there must be my teacher. "The Analects of Confucius" (3) Particles 1> Indicating mood Today's translation is: Le, Ne, Ah Example: ① How can ten thousand bells be added to me? "Fish is what I want" ② Therefore, the people in Qiantang are waiting for it every day.

"Liu Yi's Biography" 2> The adjective ending is now translated as: the appearance of... land,... Example: ① Mu Mu Yan, Huang Huang Yan, Ji Ji Yan, I believe that the world is magnificent. "Tokyo Fu" ②Pan Panyan, squealing Yan (the appearance of...) "Afang Palace Fu" 9. For (1) Preposition 1> indicates the object. Today's translation is: for, to, contrast. Example explanation: ① Translated for you " "Pipa Play".

② Are you being unfaithful? "The Analects of Confucius" ③ Peigong was shocked and said: "What can be done?" "Historical Records? Hongmen Banquet" 2> Table of Reasons Today's translation is: because, therefore Example: Is it so fat and sweet that it is not enough to eat? Light warmth is not enough for the body? "Mencius" 3> Table of Contents Today's translation is: For the sake of example: The bustle of the world is all for the benefit of coming, and the bustling of the world is all for the benefit of the going. "Preface to the Biographies of Huo Zhi" 4> Indicates passive. Today's translation is: Being. Example: Xiang Yu has a new style but cannot use it. This is why he was captured by me! "Historical Records? The Benji of Emperor Gaozu" (2) Particles Yuzhu, Teabin No translation without real meaning Example: ① He is dedicated to listening to the chess and ball game.

"Mencius" ② He is a minister of the country, why should he attack? "Ji Shi" (3) Conjunctions express assumptions. Today's translation is: such as, if. Example explanation: ① If Qin knew about it, he would not save him. "Warring States Policy? Qin Policy" ② The king loves his son to be beautiful, but he will hide his nose if he wants to see the king.

"Warring States Policy? Chu Ce Four" (4) Verb as predicate Today's translation is: 1> To do, to do Example: Therefore, if a king is not a king, he does not do it, and it is not impossible. "Mencius" 2> Explanation of governance and governance: ① Use propriety for the country, but do not give in to what you say, so you are embarrassed.

"Guoyu" ② Those who do not serve the country will be robbed by those who accumulate prestige! "Treatise on the Six Kingdoms" 3> Responsible for, act as an example: ① If you review the past and learn the new, you can become a teacher. "The Analects of Confucius" ② Dong Zhuo became the grand master "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" 4> Become, change into Example: Kun is so big that I don't know how many thousands of miles it is. It turned into a bird, and its name was Peng.

"Xiaoyaoyou" 5>Dang, as Example: Zimozi used the belt as a city and the ultimatum as a weapon. "Mozi? Gongshu" 6> Count as, count as. Example: The position of Qi Qing is not too small, and the road to Qi Teng is not too close.

"Gongsun Chou Xia" 7> Called, called Example: There is a fish in the North Ming Dynasty, and its name is Kun. "Xiaoyaoyou" 8> is an example: Everyone in the world knows that beauty is beautiful, but this is evil; everyone knows that good is good, but this is not good.

"Laozi? Chapter 2" 9> There is an example: Fu Teng, the soil is small, it will be treated as a gentleman, and it will be treated as a villain. "Mencius" 10> Participation Example: Confucius said: "Those who have different ways do not seek each other.

""The Analects" 11> believes that Example: Stealing is a great king and does not take! "Hongmen Banquet" 7. Ruo (1) Pronoun 1> Second person Today's translation is: you, your Example: It is more like a service, and it is more like a poem, so what? "The Snake Catcher" 2> Demonstrative pronouns are now translated as: so, this, this, these Examples: ① The king said: "Give it up! I can't bear to see it. If it is innocent, it will die." "The Matter of Qi Huan and Jin Wen" 》② Nangong chased him out, and Confucius said: "A gentleman is like a human being, and a virtuous person is like a human being!" "The Analects" (2) Conjunction 1> indicates the choice. Today's translation is: or, or Example explanation: Ten thousand people are like a county. 3. What is the meaning of the word "meaning" in the word "meaning"

The "meaning" here should mean to accept and bear something. For example, "Are you embarrassed to take it?" "I am embarrassed to go" ! "◎ meaning yìsi (1) [thought]: thought; young mind, not dedicated (2) [meaning; idea]: meaning; reason. Don't get me wrong (3) [intention; wish; desire]: Intention; the central meaning of the article (4) [a token of affection, appreciation, etc.]: a token of affection, appreciation, etc.: I give this to you, it’s a small thing, you’re welcome (5) [suggestion; hint; trace]: a certain trend Or it means it’s going to snow (6) [interest; fun]: interest; fun. It’s interesting to play table tennis. It’s interesting to visit a photography exhibition. ◎ Intention yìtú [intent; intention] hopes to achieve a certain purpose and intends the main purpose of this poem. The intention is to make the conflict dramatic.