How to protect the cultural relics of the Great Wall

I. Overview of the Great Wall Protection Work

The Great Wall is a large-scale military defense system composed of the Great Wall itself (that is, the wall, enemy platform, horse face, etc.). ) and ancillary facilities (including forts, beacon towers, trenches, horse fences and pits, etc. The Great Wall was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Qin Dynasty built the Great Wall of Wan Li on the basis of the original Great Wall of northern vassal states such as Yan, Zhao and Qin. Since then, more than ten dynasties, including Han, Jin, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Song, Jin and Ming, have built the Great Wall in different scales. As one of the largest linear cultural heritages in the world, the Great Wall has a long construction time, wide geographical distribution and great influence, which is unmatched by similar cultural heritages and has outstanding universal value in the world. From 65438 to 0987, the Great Wall was listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO and became the first batch of world cultural heritage in China.

For a long time, the protection of the Great Wall has been a key work of cultural relics protection in China. The leading comrades of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to the protection of the Great Wall, and made many important instructions on the investigation, protection and management of the Great Wall resources in various periods in China. The activity of "Love China and Build the Great Wall" advocated by Comrade Deng Xiaoping not only inspired the patriotic enthusiasm of the broad masses of the people, but also effectively promoted the protection of the Great Wall. The State Council successively announced the key sections of the Great Wall, such as Shanhaiguan, Jiayuguan and Badaling, as the first to sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units, and the local people's government also announced the related relics of the Great Wall as provincial, city and county cultural relics protection units and immovable cultural relics respectively. Some local governments have demarcated the protection scope and construction control zone of the Great Wall within their jurisdiction, set up protection signs, set up protection management institutions and personnel, and established the Great Wall protection archives. Beijing and other places have also promulgated local laws and regulations to protect the Great Wall.

In 2003, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Culture, the State Environmental Protection Administration, the National Tourism Administration and National Cultural Heritage Administration jointly issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Protection and Management of the Great Wall. In 2006, the State Council promulgated and implemented the Regulations on the Protection of the Great Wall, which is the first time that China has formulated special protection regulations for a single cultural heritage, providing a strong legal guarantee for strengthening the protection and management of the Great Wall.

In order to cope with the new situation faced by the Great Wall protection work and eliminate the threat of natural and man-made factors to the Great Wall, National Cultural Heritage Administration organized professional forces to formulate the General Work Plan of the Great Wall Protection Project (2005-20 14). Its overall goal is to find out the property of the Great Wall in a short time, establish and improve relevant laws and regulations, straighten out the management system, and scientifically arrange the protection, maintenance and rational utilization of the Great Wall under the guidance of unified planning.

After the planning was approved by the leaders of the State Council, National Cultural Heritage Administration officially launched the Great Wall Protection Project in 2006, and set up a leading group headed by Deputy Director Tong, responsible for the decision-making and implementation of major issues related to the Great Wall Protection Project. There is an office under the leading group, which is composed of persons in charge of relevant departments in National Cultural Heritage Administration, and is responsible for organizing and coordinating the implementation of the Great Wall Protection Project. At the same time, the Great Wall Project Management Team was established in China Heritage Research Institute to be responsible for the specific organization and coordination, standardized management and results summary of the project implementation.

The Great Wall protection project mainly involves nine tasks, such as carrying out resource investigation and establishing records and files, compiling protection plans, establishing laws and regulations, rationalizing management system, carrying out publicity and education, strengthening scientific research, implementing rescue and maintenance, strengthening supervision according to law, and increasing financial input. With the strong support of the Ministry of Finance, more than 500 million yuan was allocated for the Great Wall protection project during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, which ensured the smooth completion of the Great Wall resource investigation and the protection and maintenance of important sections. Because of the time, today we mainly report on the progress of the investigation, identification, protection planning, protection and maintenance of the Great Wall resources.

Second, the Great Wall resources survey

The investigation of the resources of the Great Wall is the primary task after the start of the Great Wall Protection Project. Only by answering the questions "What is the Great Wall" and "How to protect the Great Wall" can we further think about and answer the question "How to protect the Great Wall". Therefore, National Cultural Heritage Administration carried out a nationwide survey of Great Wall resources, which was divided into two stages: the survey of Great Wall resources in Ming Dynasty, the survey of Great Wall resources in Qin and Han Dynasties and other periods.

From June, 5438 to February, 2006, National Cultural Heritage Administration and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping jointly issued the Notice on the Cooperation of the Great Wall Resources Survey, and * * * established the Great Wall Resources Survey Organization, which officially started the Great Wall Resources Survey in Ming Dynasty. The provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government involved in the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty organized more than 50 investigation teams with more than 400 members. On the basis of preliminary pilot preparation, standard formulation and personnel training, the field investigation of Ming Great Wall resources was completed in 2008. With the consent of the State Council, National Cultural Heritage Administration and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping jointly announced the total length of the Ming Great Wall in China on April 6, 2009.

Subsequently, National Cultural Heritage Administration organized an investigation on the resources of the Great Wall in the Qin and Han Dynasties and its early period, and ended the field investigation on 20 10. The survey results show that China Great Wall resources are distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 15 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. Among them, the total length of the Great Wall in China in the Ming Dynasty was 885 1.8km, and the length of the Great Wall in the Qin and Han Dynasties and the early period exceeded 1 10,000km.

Through the investigation of the resources of the Great Wall, the basic information such as the scale, distribution, composition, trend, natural and human environment, protection and management status of the Great Wall are comprehensively and accurately grasped. It provides an important scientific basis for compiling the Great Wall protection plan, carrying out the Great Wall protection and maintenance, and strengthening the Great Wall protection management and scientific research. In the investigation and practice, a group of great wall protection workers who are familiar with the situation and proficient in business have been trained and trained, which has greatly promoted the capacity building of the great wall protection management institutions and the improvement of the protection management level. On this basis, National Cultural Heritage Administration actively promoted the integration and utilization of the survey results, entrusted the relevant agencies of the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping to carry out the measurement of the length of the Great Wall in Qin and Han Dynasties, initially established the Great Wall Resources Information System and the Great Wall Resources Information Network, and urged all localities to compile and publish the Great Wall Resources Survey Report in time.

Three. Appraisal of the Great Wall

According to Article 9 of the Regulations on the Protection of the Great Wall, the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government where the Great Wall is located shall investigate the Great Wall within their respective administrative areas; The sections identified as belonging to the Great Wall shall be reported to the cultural relics department in the State Council for identification, and shall be approved and published as provincial cultural relics protection units within 1 year from the date of identification. Therefore, after the investigation of the resources of the Great Wall was basically completed, National Cultural Heritage Administration issued a notice last June and started the appraisal of the Great Wall.

The identification of the Great Wall is based on the investigation results of the Great Wall resources, and the scope of identification of the Great Wall is highly consistent with the scope of investigation and registration of the Great Wall. Among them, all kinds of Great Wall heritages that have been announced as national or provincial protection and registered in the Great Wall resources survey are directly recognized as the Great Wall by National Cultural Heritage Administration. All kinds of Great Wall heritages that have not been announced as national or provincial security and have been registered in the Great Wall resources survey are reported to National Cultural Heritage Administration by the Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics as the Great Wall. According to the requirements of National Cultural Heritage Administration, all localities have organized professionals involved in the Great Wall resources survey to continue the identification work, ensuring the continuity of the work.

National Cultural Heritage Administration entrusted professional organizations to organize relevant experts to carefully examine the materials declared by various localities for the Great Wall, organized special argumentation on major issues, and organized domestic experts in archaeology, historical geography, heritage protection and other fields to conduct on-the-spot investigations on controversial investigation paragraphs such as the attributes or construction date of the Great Wall, so as to guide all localities to supplement and revise relevant materials according to expert opinions, making the appraisal opinions more scientific.

In order to ensure the accuracy and credibility of the appraisal conclusion, National Cultural Heritage Administration issued a notice again in February this year, asking all relevant provincial cultural relics administrative departments to review the appraisal materials of the Great Wall revised by experts. According to the feedback from various places, the appraisal materials of the Great Wall were revised and improved accordingly, and in March this year, authoritative experts in the field of Great Wall protection in China were organized to conduct an expert review on the appraisal results of the Great Wall. Experts spoke highly of the Great Wall certification, unanimously recognized the certification results, and suggested that National Cultural Heritage Administration complete the certification work as soon as possible.

The identification of the Great Wall is not only stipulated in the Regulations on the Protection of the Great Wall, but also an important means to determine the protection status and legal protection of the Great Wall, which is an important event related to the century-old foundation of the Great Wall protection work. Through the identification of the Great Wall, it is further clarified that all kinds of Great Wall-related relics are important attributes of the Great Wall heritage, and the key question of "What is the Great Wall" is solved, and all kinds of Great Wall heritage are included in the protection scope of the Great Wall Protection Ordinance. At the same time, local governments at all levels will be able to accurately grasp the Great Wall resources within their jurisdiction according to National Cultural Heritage Administration's appraisal opinions, implement the principle of "territorial management" of the Great Wall as defined in the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics and the Regulations on the Protection of the Great Wall, further clarify the responsibility for the protection and management of each Great Wall heritage, and solve the problem of "who will manage it".

National Cultural Heritage Administration will complete the identification of the Great Wall in the first half of this year, consult relevant departments and report to the State Council for approval, and officially announce the relevant work results to the public. At the same time, the people's governments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government are urged to declare the Great Wall, which has not been designated as a national key cultural relics protection unit or a provincial cultural relics protection unit by National Cultural Heritage Administration, as a provincial cultural relics protection unit within one year, so as to lay a solid foundation for the protection of these Great Wall heritages.

Four, the Great Wall protection planning and protection and maintenance work

According to the Regulations on the Protection of the Great Wall, the state implements the overall planning system for the protection of the Great Wall. National Cultural Heritage Administration commissioned a professional organization to prepare the overall planning for the protection of the Great Wall, defined the protection standards and key points of the Great Wall, classified and determined the protection measures, and determined the sections of the Great Wall prohibited from construction within the protection scope. At the same time, National Cultural Heritage Administration supports and urges provincial cultural relics administrative departments to prepare provincial Great Wall protection plans and the protection plans for key sections of the Great Wall included in the first to fifth national protection units.

Strive to introduce provincial Great Wall protection planning requirements during the year, and complete the overall planning and provincial protection planning of the Great Wall during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. By scientifically planning the protection, management, exhibition and utilization of the Great Wall, the protection of the Great Wall heritage is combined with the functions of exhibition, education and sightseeing, so as to realize a virtuous circle of mutual promotion between the protection and utilization of the Great Wall.

During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, National Cultural Heritage Administration supported and guided the implementation of a number of rescue protection and maintenance projects for key sections of the Great Wall, and eliminated a number of major cultural relics, which achieved good results. Among them, the protection and maintenance project of Shanhaiguan Guancheng and Dongluocheng has comprehensively improved the heritage protection and environmental landscape of Shanhaiguan, reproduced the historical features and majestic momentum of "the first male customs in the world", successfully completed the task of receiving international VIPs during the Beijing Olympic Games, and was fully affirmed and highly praised by the central leading comrades, calling it "a very meaningful thing to create fresh experience for the rescue and maintenance of large-scale cultural sites".

During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, National Cultural Heritage Administration will guide all localities to adhere to the principle of "protection first, rescue first", scientifically and rationally arrange the protection and maintenance work plan of the Great Wall, give priority to rescue protection and maintenance projects, and completely eliminate major hidden dangers of the Great Wall. This year, on the basis of full consultation with local cultural relics departments and experts, we will strive to issue targeted and operational guidance, standardize the working procedures and requirements of the Great Wall protection, maintenance and exhibition project, and guide all localities to fully complete the "four haves" basic work of the Great Wall (defining the scope of protection, making signs, establishing records and files, and setting up management institutions or personnel). At the same time, we will focus on promoting the comprehensive protection and exhibition projects of key sections of the Great Wall such as Jiayuguan. On the premise of effectively maintaining the nature and simplicity of the Great Wall, comprehensively protecting and repairing all sections of the Great Wall and improving the level of monitoring, management and display have become a demonstration project for the protection and display of cultural heritage in China. Further expand the influence of the Great Wall as a world cultural heritage, making it the most precious resource for cultural construction in heritage sites and a new driving force for local economic and social development.