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China: Earth Science and Technology Project Plan

(Kuafu Project, Meridian Project, Double Star Project, Chang 'e Project, Continental Scientific Drilling Project ...)

Kuafu plan

Kuafu project is a solar monitoring satellite project in China, also known as "space storm, aurora and space weather" exploration project, named after Kuafu in China mythology. Since 20 12 will be the peak year of solar activity, and the solar activity will be very strong from 20 12 to 20 14, Kuafu plans to launch three satellites during this period. If implemented as scheduled, this plan will be the only systematic space exploration plan in the world.

Kuafu's plan consists of three satellites, of which the A satellite is set on the connection line between the sun and the earth, with a distance of1.5000 km, to monitor the solar activities and related phenomena around the clock. Two other satellites, B 1 and B2, fly in the polar orbit of the Earth to monitor the changes in the near-earth space environment caused by solar activities.

On June 24th, 2007, 10, the Chinese lunar exploration satellite Chang 'e-1 was successfully launched, which celebrated the whole country. China's deep space exploration capability amazed the international community. This also laid a good foundation for Kuafu to plan re-launch, measurement and control.

The scientific goal of Kuafu's plan is to observe the overall continuous change of space weather events from the sun to the earth, reveal the basic physical process of controlling the solar-terrestrial space system, improve the accuracy of space weather disaster prediction, and serve high-tech activities such as space communication. Solar disturbance will lead to satellite failure, affect the safety of astronauts and interfere with various communication equipment on the ground. Kuafu plan can help human beings to predict solar activities and take corresponding protection measures.

By then, Kuafu plans to enter a new era of space exploration marked by the overall behavior of space exploration between the sun and the earth, with an initial flight time of 2-3 years.

Meridian engineering

In order to further improve the understanding of space weather conditions, the Meridian Project, the first major infrastructure in China's space science field, was officially launched in 2008. On July 3, 2009, KLOC-0, the Meridian Project entered a state of local trial operation. The pre-acceptance of the whole project is expected to be completed before 20 10 12 3 1.

The meridian project is along the meridian of east longitude 120, using the existing 15 monitoring stations near the latitude of 30 north latitude, starting from Shanghai in the east, passing through Beijing and Wuhan, reaching Hainan in the south and extending to Zhongshan Station in Antarctica, and reaching Lhasa in the west. The project is mainly based on chains, combining chains and networks, and using geomagnetism (electricity). A large-scale ground-based monitoring system for space environment continuously monitors the density, temperature and composition of the middle and upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere over the earth's surface from 20 to 30 kilometers to hundreds of kilometers, as well as geomagnetic field, electric field and wind field in more than a dozen interplanetary space environments outside radius of the earth, as well as related parameters in ionosphere, magnetosphere and interplanetary space.

The Meridian Project is led by China Academy of Sciences and jointly built by the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Information Industry, Seismological Bureau of China, State Oceanic Administration and China Meteorological Bureau. The Space Science and Applied Research Center is the legal person of the project, leading the specific construction work.

The meridian project is scheduled to be completed within three years, and three systems, namely, space environment monitoring, data and communication, research and prediction, will be built:

(1) space environment monitoring system. The system consists of geomagnetic (electric) subsystem, radio subsystem, optical subsystem and sounding rocket comprehensive monitoring subsystem, and is used to monitor the space environment of the meridian chain of east longitude120 and the line of 30 north latitude in China.

(2) Data and communication system. The system consists of communication network subsystem and database subsystem. The system takes a large-scale special database as the core, a computer system oriented to scientific data and transaction management as the main facility, a special communication network of the public or relevant business departments as the main channel of information, and a special subnet connecting the meridian engineering station with the backbone network. It is a user-oriented scientific support platform, which can realize international data exchange.

(3) Research and forecast system. The system consists of scientific operation subsystem, research modeling subsystem and forecast service subsystem. The scientific operation subsystem includes scientific operation office, international cooperation office, multifunctional demonstration hall and academic activity hall; Research modeling subsystem includes research modeling virtual platform (research platform, modeling platform) and special high performance computing platform; Forecast service subsystem includes civil forecast service platform, etc.

Double star plan

"Geospatial Double Star Exploration Program" is the first time that China has carried out international cooperation with its own space exploration program. It is a key scientific exploration satellite plan established in the Tenth Five-Year Plan of China's civil aerospace, and it is also the first time that China has included satellite models with clear space science issues. China Academy of Sciences is the user unit of this satellite, and its engineering code is "TC- 1, TC-2". On July 9th, 20001year, China Space Agency and European Space Agency formally signed a cooperation agreement on the double-star program. The European Space Agency (ESA) has provided eight kinds of space exploration instruments representing the current level, and provided assistance in some key technical issues of satellite development.

The double-star project includes two kinds of satellites, namely, the near-equatorial satellite and the polar satellite, which operate in the near-geomagnetic active area that has not been covered by the international earth space exploration satellite at present. These two satellites cooperate with each other to form an independent, innovative and distinctive earth space exploration plan. The cooperation between the Double Star Project and the European Space Agency Cluster will constitute the first "six-point" exploration of the earth's space with the same or similar detectors in human history, and study the overall change law of the earth's magnetosphere and the mechanism of explosive events. On 30 February 2003,65438 and 25 July 2004, two satellites were launched, and the satellites entered the operation stage one after another. The on-board instruments are working normally, and the detection data has reached16.4g. Sixty-five academic papers related to the double-star project have been published (mainly for early prediction and theoretical preparation), including 33 SCI papers and 7 international conference reports. The data analysis, theoretical research and numerical simulation of the double-star project are in full swing, and a number of preliminary new achievements have been made.

The main scientific task of the double-star project is to obtain reliable scientific data, make new discoveries and obtain breakthrough theoretical research results through the detection of electromagnetic fields and charged particles in earth space.

the Chang'e Project ［China's first lunar exploration project］

Launching artificial earth satellites, manned space flight and deep space exploration are the three major areas of human space activities. Returning to the moon, developing lunar resources and establishing a lunar base have become the inevitable trend and competitive hotspot of world space activities. Carrying out lunar exploration is an important measure for China to take the first step in deep space exploration. Exploring the moon will be a breakthrough in China's deep space exploration. The moon has various unique resources for human development and utilization. The unique minerals and energy on the moon are important supplements and reserves of the earth's resources and will have a far-reaching impact on the sustainable development of human society. Chinese lunar exploration is China's independent exploration and observation of the moon, also known as Chang 'e Project. After the State Council officially approved the lunar exploration project, the lunar exploration leading group named the project "Chang 'e Project" and named the first lunar satellite "Chang 'e-1". Chang 'e-1 satellite was developed by China Academy of Space Technology. It is mainly used to obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface, analyze the distribution characteristics of related material elements on the lunar surface, detect the thickness of lunar soil and detect the space environment of the earth and the moon.

After 10 years of brewing, it was finally determined that the whole lunar exploration project in China was divided into three stages: "around", "down" and "back"

The first step is to "orbit", that is, launch China's first lunar exploration satellite, break through the flight technology to extraterrestrial bodies, and realize the lunar exploration satellite's flight around the moon. Through remote sensing detection, we can obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface, detect the contents and material types of useful elements on the lunar surface, detect the characteristics of lunar soil, and detect the space environment of the earth and the moon during the lunar exploration satellite's flight to the moon. The first lunar exploration satellite "Chang 'e I" was launched on June 24th, 2007.

The second step is "down" from 2007 to 20 10. That is, launch a lunar soft landing device, break through the landing technology of extraterrestrial bodies, carry out lunar soft landing and automatic patrol survey with lunar patrol detectors, detect the topography, geological structure, chemical and mineral composition and lunar environment of rocks in the landing area, carry out on-site detection and sampling analysis of lunar rocks, and carry out solar-terrestrial-lunar space environment monitoring and moon-based astronomical observation. The specific scheme is to use patrol cars and automatic robots that landed safely on the lunar surface to detect the composition of rocks and minerals in the landing area, measure the heat flow and surrounding environment at the landing site, and take high-resolution photography and on-site detection or sampling analysis of lunar rocks, so as to provide chemical and physical parameters of the lunar surface for future lunar base site selection.

The third step is "back", and the time is set at 20 1 1 until 2020. That is, launch the lunar soft landing device, break through the technology of extraterrestrial objects returning to Earth, automatically sample the lunar samples and return them to Earth, analyze and study the samples on Earth, and deepen the understanding of the origin and evolution of earth-moon system. The goal is to patrol the moon and return samples.

Continental scientific drilling engineering

China's "Ninth Five-Year Plan" national major scientific engineering project was approved by the National Science and Technology Leading Group on June 1997, and was approved by the State Planning Commission (now the National Development and Reform Commission) on September 27, 999. June 5438+February 65438+July 2007 passed the acceptance organized by the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Land and Resources. The project is organized and implemented by the Ministry of Land and Resources, and the specific implementation task is undertaken by the China Continental Scientific Drilling Engineering Center under the China Geological Survey.

China Continental Scientific Drilling Project is the third scientific deep drilling with a depth of more than 5000 meters after the former Soviet Union and Germany, and it is also the deepest scientific deep drilling across the global orogenic belt. This project has built Asia's first long-term observation experimental base for deep geological processes, Asia's first continental scientific drilling and geophysical telemetry data information base, and Asia's first specimen core museum and supporting laboratory for studying mantle materials, making the research on ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt and mantle materials in China reach the international leading level.

Going to heaven, going to the ground and going to sea are three great feats of human beings challenging nature. Continental scientific drilling is known as a "telescope" extending into the earth's interior. It is a big scientific project to promote the development of earth science and related engineering technology in the 2 1 century, and it is also one of the important basic research topics to solve the problems of resources, disasters and environment faced by human society, which has epoch-making significance. The successful completion of the scientific drilling project in mainland China marks the beginning of China's grand plan of "going underground", and also marks that China has taken a new step from a geoscientific country to a geoscientific power.

At present, the implementation of "Scientific Drilling in Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Zone" is a new starting point of Chinese mainland's scientific drilling integration plan, the first scientific drilling around the earthquake theme in China, and the fastest scientific drilling in the world (after the earthquake 178 days), which is a very precious opportunity. The first well of the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Zone Scientific Drilling Project (WFSD) started drilling on June 6th, 2008 +065438+, which is located in Hongkou Township, Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province. The scientific drilling project of Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Zone (WFSD) plans to carry out a number of shallow scientific drilling (800-3000m) in the "Yingxiu and Beichuan" fault zone in Longmen Mountain, the guanxian and Anxian fault zones in front of Longmen Mountain, and the focal area of Wenchuan earthquake and repeated microseisms. Multi-disciplinary observation, testing and research on drilling cores, cuttings and fluid samples.

WFSD will adopt a series of advanced observation and analysis methods to carry out multidisciplinary research on geological structure, seismic geology, rock mechanics, chemical physics, seismic physics, fluid action and rheology. The source areas of major earthquakes and recurrent microseisms are directly sampled, and the physical and chemical effects of controlling faults and earthquakes are revealed through multidisciplinary observation and testing, providing the most basic data for future earthquake monitoring, prediction or early warning.

Space weather disaster

The "space weather disaster" caused by the sudden change and height anomaly of solar wind, cosmic rays and strong magnetic storms can not be underestimated. First, it leads to the discharge or failure of satellites and aircraft, causing harm to astronauts; Second, it causes ionospheric changes, which leads to the obstruction or interruption of radio short-wave communication and has a negative impact on aerial remote sensing equipment and radar observation; Third, the ground power supply network is seriously unbalanced or even burned; Fourth, it affects the safety of underground oil and gas pipelines and causes losses; Fifth, it affects the decline or even failure of GPS navigation and positioning accuracy; Sixth, it has an impact on the ozone layer and the bottom atmospheric circulation, causing the weather to be disturbed. ...

For example, from March 6, 1989 to March 6, 1989, 19, the earth was bombarded by high-energy particles and strong radiation from solar storms, many satellites were abnormal or even scrapped, the global radio system was disturbed or interrupted, and the navigation systems of ships and planes were disturbed or failed. A huge power system in Canada was destroyed, and many residential areas were blacked out for 9 hours or more, which shocked the international community. The recurrence of such cases will inevitably arouse human attention to space disaster weather.

Earth Day (April 22nd every year)