What do you mean by reference and reference?

The signifier and the signified are a pair of categories in structural linguistics. In Saussure's structural linguistics, signified function, signifier and signified are three closely related concepts. On the one hand, it is a language symbol representing concrete things or abstract concepts; On the other hand, it is the concrete things or abstract concepts represented by language symbols.

The linguistic symbols used to express concrete things or abstract concepts in signified are called signifiers, while the concrete things or abstract concepts represented by linguistic symbols are called signified, that is, the meaning to be expressed by signified. Can refer to the form or sound of words, the object or meaning represented by words. For example, the word "table" as a language symbol refers to energy, and the table as a concrete thing also refers to the meaning of this language symbol.