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Hangzhou is located in the southeast coast of China, the capital of Zhejiang Province, the political, economic and cultural center of Zhejiang Province, an important transportation hub in southeast China, and the second largest central city in the Yangtze River Delta, the largest economic circle in China. Northern Zhejiang Province, the north bank of the lower Qiantang River, and the southern end of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The total area of the city is 65438+6600 square kilometers, of which the urban area is 3068 square kilometers. The urban population is 4.095 million. The total population is 6.604 million. Hangzhou has a developed economy and is known as "Qiantang has been prosperous since ancient times". The total economic output ranks second in the provincial capital cities in China, and the comprehensive economic strength ranks in the top ten in large and medium-sized cities in China.

It has jurisdiction over 8 districts of Shangcheng, Xiacheng, Gongshu, Jianggan, West Lake, Binjiang, Xiaoshan and Yuhang, 3 county-level cities of Lin 'an, Fuyang and Jiande, and 2 counties of Tonglu and Chun 'an. Cinnamomum camphora is the city tree and osmanthus fragrans is the city flower.

Hangzhou is a famous scenic tourist city in China, attracting more than 20 million Chinese and foreign tourists every year. Hangzhou is famous for its beautiful West Lake scenery. "There is heaven above and Suzhou and Hangzhou below" expresses people's sincere praise for this this beautiful city from ancient times to the present. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was praised as "the most beautiful and luxurious city in the world" by the famous Italian traveler Kyle Poirot. Su Dongpo, a great writer in the Song Dynasty, once wrote: "Hangzhou is the best of the 36 West Lakes in the world." . West Lake, surrounded by Yunshan on three sides and surrounded by mountains and rivers. She loves all beings in the world with the natural scenery of "heavy makeup and light touch".

Hangzhou has a long history of 2,200 years and is one of the seven ancient capitals in China. The human landscape is also rich and colorful, with ancient courtyards, gardens, buildings, pavilions, towers, temples, springs, valleys, grottoes and cliff carvings all over the place, or jade belts, bridges, or various forms, or beautiful scenery and customs, especially Lingyin Temple and Pagoda of Six Harmonies. "Jiang Nanyi, what impressed me most was Hangzhou!"

1) From Yuhang to Qiantang

Before the Zhou Dynasty, Hangzhou belonged to "the territory of Yangzhou". Legend has it that during Xia's flood fighting, the whole country was divided into Kyushu, and the vast area south of the Yangtze River was collectively referred to as Yangzhou. In the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, Yu Xia made a southern tour, and the vassal state of Huimeng was in Huiji Mountain (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). He sailed through this place and left his Yuhang ("Hangzhou" is the Ark) here, hence the name "Yuhang". It is said that Yu built a boat to cross here, and the Vietnamese call it "Yuhang". Later, according to oral tradition, Yu was called "Yu" and named "Yuhang".

During the Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue competed with China for hegemony. Hangzhou belongs to Wu first, and after Wu is destroyed, it belongs to Yue. During the Warring States Period, the State of Yue was destroyed by the State of Chu, and Hangzhou was incorporated into the territory of the State of Chu.

After Qin unified the six countries, a county called Qiantang was established at the foot of Lingyin Mountain, which belonged to Huiji County. There is such a record in Historical Records of Qin Shihuang: "In October of the 37th year, the first emperor traveled ... across Danyang, to Qiantang and to Zhejiang, and the waves were terrible ..." This is the earliest recorded name of Qiantang in Historical Records. The current urban area is still the beach frequented by rivers and tides at that time, and the West Lake has not yet formed.

The Western Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and Hangzhou is still called Qiantang. When Xin Mang changed Qiantang to Quanting County; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Qiantang County was restored as Wu County. At this time, the construction of farmland water conservancy in Hangzhou began to take shape, and the first seawall was built from Baoshishan to Wansongling. The West Lake began to break away from the sea and become an inner lake.

During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Hangzhou was Wuxing County of the State of Wu, belonging to Yangzhou. Due to foreign invasion, Jinshi moved south, which promoted the economic and cultural development on both sides of Jiangnan and Qiantang River. At this time, the West Lake has been called "Ming Sheng Lake" and "Jinniu Lake". In the first year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (326), Huili, an Indian Buddhist, built Lingyin Temple under Feilai Peak, which is not only the oldest jungle building in the West Lake, but also the oldest famous temple in the south of the Yangtze River. Later, alchemists Xu Mai, Ge Hong and others carried out activities such as writing books and alchemy and spreading religion at the foot of Wulin Mountain, Taoguangshan Mountain and Baoshishan Mountain, and the West Lake was gradually developed. In the third year of Liang Wudi Taiqing (549), Qiantang County was promoted to Linjiang County. In the first year of Zhenming, Chen Houzhu (587), Qiantang County was established, which governed Qiantang, Yuqian, Fuyang and Xincheng counties and belonged to Wu Zhou.

(2) The name "Hangzhou" first appeared.

After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, in the ninth year (589), the county was abolished as a state, and the name "Hangzhou" first appeared. Jurisdiction over Qiantang, Yuhang, Fuyang, Yan Guan, Yuqian and Wu Kang counties. The state first ruled Yuhang and moved to Qiantang the following year. In the 11th year of Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty, a city was built on the Phoenix Mountain, which was the earliest Hangzhou city. Daye three years (607), renamed Yuhang County. In six years, Su Yang has dug the Jiangnan Canal, starting from Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, and reaching Hangzhou via Suzhou and Jiaxing, with a total length of more than 400 kilometers. Since then, the Chen Gong Bridge has become the starting point and end point of the Grand Canal. This important geographical position has promoted the rapid development of Hangzhou's economy and culture. "Geography of Sui Shu" describes: "Hangzhou and other counties are rich in rivers, land and sea, rare and exotic, and merchants merge." At this time, there were 15380 households in Yuhang County, and the household registration statistics in Hangzhou began.

In the Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou County was established, Yuhang County was reformed and Qiantang was ruled. In the fourth year of Wude (62 1), Qiantang was changed to Qiantang. Taizong belongs to Jiangnan Road, which was renamed Yuhang County in the first year of Tianbao (742) and belongs to Jiangnan East Road. In the first year of Gan Yuan (758), it was changed to Hangzhou, which belongs to Zhejiang West Road Festival. The state belongs to Qiantang, which governs eight counties: Qiantang, Yan Guan, Fuyang, Xincheng, Yuhang, Lin 'an, Yuqian and Tangshan. The scope of the city has also expanded, from the original south of the city along the river to today's Wulinmen area. Due to the communication of the canal, Hangzhou has become a distribution center for goods, with increasingly prosperous social economy and increasing population. Among the Tang Zhenguan (627-649), there were more than 6.5438+0.5 million people. By the time of Kaiyuan (7 13-74 1), it had grown to 580,000 people. At this time, Hangzhou has been tied with Guangzhou and Yangzhou, and it is one of the three major trading ports in ancient China. In the second year of Changqing (822), the poet Bai Juyi was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou, dredging the West Lake on a large scale and building dikes and gates to facilitate farmland irrigation. Six wells was rebuilt after Li Bi. Since then, the name of West Lake has become more and more famous in the world.

(3) The capital of Wu Yueguo

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Wu Yueguo was in the southeast, with Hangzhou as its capital. At that time, Hangzhou was called Xifu or Xi Du, and the state belonged to Qiantang, which governed eight counties: Qiantang, Qianjiang, Yuhang, Anguo, Yuqian, Tangshan, Fuyang and Xincheng. Under the rule of three generations of wuyue and five emperors for 85 years, Hangzhou has developed into a national economic prosperity and cultural gathering place through the hard work of the working people. Ouyang Xiu described it in You Mei Tangji: "Since the Five Dynasties, there has been no war in Qiantang, and the people are happy and prosperous. More than 100,000 people, lakes and mountains, Bohai merchants, coming in and out in the smoke, can be described as bustling! " Qian Liu, king of wuyue, built a "sub-city" in Phoenix Mountain, Hangzhou, with a palace as the national rule, and a "Luocheng" and 70 Li of Fiona Fang as the defense. According to Wu Yue Shi, this metropolis starts from Wang Qin in the west, runs along Qiantang River to Jianggan, and is bounded by Qiantang Lake (West Lake) to Baoshi Mountain, and reaches Genshanmen in the northeast. Shaped like a waist drum, it is also known as the "waist drum city".

Yue attached great importance to the construction of water conservancy and introduced the water from the West Lake into the canal in the city. Along the Qiantang River, a hundred-mile revetment seawall was built by "stone pile method". In addition, Longshan Gate and Zhejiang Gate were built along Qiantang River to prevent salt water from flowing backwards, reduce tidal bore and expand land leveling. Using migrant workers to dig Pingjiang stone beach makes the navigation channel smooth and promotes the water traffic with coastal areas. Set up thousands of "Julio soldiers" to dredge and protect the West Lake from being blocked by weeds.

Three generations and five emperors in wuyue believed in Buddhism, and most of the temples, pagodas, classic buildings and grottoes around the West Lake in Hangzhou were built during that period. At that time, Hangzhou was called "Buddhist country".

(4) The capital of the Southern Song Dynasty

Hangzhou in the Northern Song Dynasty was the road of "Two Zhejiang Roads"; In the first year of Daguan (1 107), it was promoted to Shuaifu, which governed Qiantang, Renhe, Yuhang, Lin 'an, Yuqian, Changhua, Fuyang, Deng Xin and Yan Guan. At that time, the population had reached over 200,000, making it the most populous county in the south of the Yangtze River. Economic prosperity, textile, printing, brewing, paper industry developed, and foreign trade further developed. It is one of the four major commercial ports in China. Successive local officials in Hangzhou have attached great importance to the renovation of the West Lake. In the fourth year of Yuan You (1089), the famous poet Su Dongpo became the magistrate of Hangzhou and dredged the West Lake again. Dredged silt is piled up into a long embankment (Su Causeway) spanning north and south. There are six bridges on the embankment, and peach willow hibiscus is planted next to the embankment, which shows the beauty of the West Lake. Maoshan River and Yanqiao River were opened again, and then six wells were dug, so that brine would not flow into the market and people could drink whatever they wanted.

After more than 50 years of development in the Northern Song Dynasty/KLOC-0, the heyday of Hangzhou began in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the third year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 129), he set up a palace in Hangzhou, rose to Lin 'an House and ruled Qiantang. Jurisdiction over Qiantang, Renhe, Lin 'an, Yuhang, Yuqian, Changhua, Fuyang, Xincheng and Gongyan nine counties, the region is roughly the same as that of the Tang Dynasty. In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), the capital was here, and the wall of Hangzhou was greatly expanded. At that time, it was divided into inner city and outer city The inner city, namely the Imperial City and Fiona Fang Jiuli, is surrounded by Phoenix Mountain, starting from Fengshanmen in the north, reaching Jianggan in the south, Wansongling in the west and Houchaomen in the east. Within the imperial city, there are many temples, halls and pavilions, and there are many palaces and royal gardens. The outer city crosses Wu Shan in the south, cuts Wulinmen in the north, connects West Lake in the right and Qiantang River in the left, which is magnificent. City gate 13, there is a moat outside the city. Because many people in the north moved south with the imperial court, the population of Lin 'an prefecture surged. During the reign of Xianchun (1265- 1274), the number of residents increased to1240,000 (including several counties). As far as Qiantang and Renhe counties, where Hangzhou Fucheng is located, have a population of more than 430,000.

The increase of population has created conditions for the development of social productive forces and the prosperity of business. The prosperity of urban economy in the Southern Song Dynasty not only surpassed the previous generation, but also ranked among the top in the world. At that time, there were many manual workshops in Lin 'an, which produced all kinds of daily commodities, especially silk weaving. The weaving skills were superb, and many exquisite and precious silk products were produced, which enjoyed a high reputation throughout the country.

According to "Old Wulin Stories" and other books, there were 440 merchants in Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty, and all kinds of transactions were booming. Foreign trade is quite developed, and more than 50 countries and regions such as Japan, North Korea, Persia and Dalian have diplomatic and trade relations with it. The imperial court set up a "city shipping company" to take charge of its affairs. After transformation, the West Lake Scenic Area is more charming and attracts many Chinese and foreign tourists. Services such as restaurants, teahouses, art workshops, hotels and night markets are also very prosperous.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was the cultural center of the whole country, and the happiest mansion, Imperial College, as well as schools of martial arts, medicine, mathematics, history and other disciplines were established, with nearly 1,000 students from Fu Xue in Lin 'an, Qiantang and Renhe counties. There are many bookstores here, and the carved books are excellent. At that time, the painting art was very prosperous, and Ten Scenes of West Lake was inscribed by the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy.

(5) Capital of Zhejiang Province

In the Yuan Dynasty, the Governor's Office was set up in Hangzhou, and later changed to the Governor's Office of Hangzhou Road, which was the administrative office of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces (Qiantang, Renhe); In the 26th year of Zheng Zheng (1366), Zhu Yuanzhang moved to Zhejiang, and Hangzhou remained the provincial government. Qiantang, Renhe, Haining, Fuyang, Yuhang, Lin 'an, Yuqian, Xincheng and Changhua all belong to Hangzhou Road. Due to the war, many palaces in Hangzhou were destroyed, industry and commerce declined for a time, and the West Lake was gradually silted up. However, due to the prosperous foundation laid by the Southern Song Dynasty, it recovered quickly. During Zheng Zheng's reign, the Grand Canal was fully opened, and Hangzhou's water transport could reach the metropolis (Beijing) directly, making it an important waterway in China. It plays an important role in promoting economic and cultural exchanges between North and South and developing foreign trade. Therefore, Italian traveler Kyle Poirot called Hangzhou "the city of paradise" and "the most beautiful and luxurious city in the world".

In the Ming Dynasty, Hangzhou House was changed to Zhejiang State Minister's House. In the Qing Dynasty, it was the Daozhi Institute of Zhejiang Province and Hangjiahu. Qiantang and Renhe are located in Hangzhou, and their counties have not changed. In the third year of the Ming Dynasty (1508), following Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty and Dongpo in the Song Dynasty, the magistrate Yang dredged the West Lake again, expanding the land to swing more than 3,480 mu, heightening and widening the Su Causeway, building a pavilion to shake birds (now the pavilion in the middle of the lake), and laying a small Yingzhou, which made the West Lake glow again and restored the scene of "spring water patting the sky on the lake, peach blossom waves warming the willow shade". During the Wanli period (1573- 1620), Hangzhou showed a prosperous situation in which merchants gathered in all directions and tourists poured in.

(6) Abandoned houses are located in Hangzhou.

In the early Qing dynasty, there was a "flag camp" near the West Lake in the west of Hangzhou, commonly known as "Mancheng". Ten miles around the city wall, there are Kaiyuan Road in the south, Court Road in the north, Zhongshan Road in the east and lakeside park in the west. There are six gates with a total area of 1436 mu, which is the "city within the city" of Hangzhou (demolished in the early Republic of China). In the second year of Yongzheng (1724) and the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), Li Wei, the governor of Zhejiang Province, and Ruan Yuan successively dredged the West Lake again, and dug up a lot of silt, which deepened the lake several feet. The population of Hangzhou continues to increase. In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), there were more than 620,000 people in Hangzhou. In the 21st year of Guangxu, the Qing government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War and was forced to sign treaty of shimonoseki. Hangzhou was opened as a Japanese trading port, and Chen Gong Bridge became a Japanese concession. With the invasion of capitalist forces and the rise of Westernization Movement, Hangzhou's modern industry gradually developed.

In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), Hangzhou House was abolished, and Qiantang and Renhe counties merged into Hangzhou County, which is still the seat of the provincial capital. In the third year of the Republic of China (19 14), Taoism was established, and Qiantang Road was established, which was hidden in Hangzhou County. The counties under the jurisdiction of the former Hangzhou government are under the jurisdiction of Qiantang Road. In 16 (1927), Hangzhou county was established in Hangzhou, directly under Zhejiang province. The old county directly belongs to the province. Since then, Hangzhou has been established as the organizational system of the city, and the urban area is divided into eight districts. At this time, there are not many modern industries in Hangzhou, such as Uni-President Cotton Mill (the predecessor of Hangzhou No.1 Cotton Textile Mill) established in 1897. Later, Lu Jixing set up a match factory and a paper mill. The traditional manual silk weaving industry has gradually adopted mechanical transmission. 1909- 19 14 years, the Shanghai-Hangzhou and Hangzhou-Ningbo railways were built one after another; 1937 The Qiantang River Bridge with a total length of1453m was completed. 1945 After the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese concession of Gongchenqiao was unconditionally recovered.

(7) From new life to prosperity

For more than a hundred years after the Opium War, the national strength was weak, people's livelihood was depressed, Hangzhou was in disrepair, and industry and commerce were also very difficult. Most of the scenic spots in the West Lake are dilapidated, and some of them have been abandoned. 1May 3, 949, Hangzhou was reborn.

Since 1950s, the regional scope of Hangzhou has been changing constantly. First, the original eight districts were renamed Shangcheng District, Midtown District, Xiacheng District, Jianggan District, Xihu District, Genshan District, Gongshu District and Jianqiao District. Later, Genshan District was merged into Xiacheng District, Jianqiao District was merged into Banshan District, most of the central city was merged into Shangcheng District, and a few were merged into Xiacheng District. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/990, Banshan and Gongshu District merged to form a new Gongshu District. Xiaoshan, Yuhang, Lin 'an, Jiande, Fuyang, Tonglu and Chun 'an 7 counties (cities).

Great changes have taken place in Hangzhou in the past 50 years. Now Hangzhou is a national key scenic tourist city determined by the State Council, a famous historical and cultural city announced by the state, and the capital of Zhejiang Province. Hangzhou has relatively strong industrial production and complete categories, which occupies an important position in the whole province and even the whole country. The strength of agricultural science and technology and the level of aquaculture technology have been continuously improved. After large-scale urban and garden construction, the urban appearance of Hangzhou has been greatly improved. Hangzhou has truly become a famous city with beautiful scenery and rich cultural relics in the southeast of China.

Hangzhou is located in the southern wing of the Yangtze River Delta, the western end of Hangzhou Bay, the lower reaches of Qiantang River and the southern end of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It is an important central city in the Yangtze River Delta and a transportation hub in the southeast of China. The geographical coordinates of Hangzhou urban area are 30 degrees north latitude 16 minutes and 0/20 degrees east longitude 12 minutes. Hangzhou has a subtropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, mild and humid, abundant sunshine and rainfall. Annual average temperature 16.2℃, summer average temperature 28.6℃, winter average temperature 3.8℃. The frost-free period is 230-260 days. The annual average rainfall is 1435mm, and the average relative humidity is 76%.

West Lake is located in the center of Hangzhou, formerly known as Wulin Water, Qiantang Lake and Xizi Lake, and was called West Lake in the Song Dynasty. The Hunan is 3.3 kilometers long in the north and 2.8 kilometers wide in the east and west. The original water surface area is 5.66 square kilometers, of which the island in the lake is 6.3 square kilometers, and the circumference of the lake shore is 15 kilometers. The average water depth is about 2.27 meters, with the muddy part exceeding 5 meters and the shallowest part less than 1 meter. Today, the West Lake has expanded to 6.5 square kilometers, basically reaching the area of the West Lake 300 years ago. Su Causeway and Bai Causeway divided the lake into five parts: Lihu Lake, Waihu Lake, Yuehu Lake, Xili Lake and Xiaonanhu Lake. After the West Lake is connected with the Qiantang River, about 300,000 cubic meters of Qiantang River water is introduced every day, and the West Lake water changes from once a year to once a month, and the transparency is increased from less than 60 cm to 65,438 0.20 cm.

There were as many as 36 lakes named after the West Lake in ancient China, of which Hangzhou West Lake was the most famous. For example, it is simply called West Lake, which usually refers to West Lake in Hangzhou. West Lake is a world-famous scenic spot with a long history, numerous historical sites, beautiful scenery and pleasant scenery.

The West Lake is full of scenic spots. In addition to the "Ten Scenes of Qiantang" and "Eighteen Scenes of West Lake" in history, the most famous ones are the "Ten Scenes of West Lake" named in the Southern Song Dynasty and the "Ten Scenes of New West Lake" awarded by 1985. There are more than 40 major scenic spots and more than 30 key cultural relics and historic sites in the 60-square Axiom Garden scenic area centered on the West Lake. To sum up, the scenery of the West Lake is dominated by one lake, two peaks, three springs, four temples, five mountains, six gardens, seven caves, eight tombs, nine streams and ten views. 1982 West Lake was designated as a national scenic spot, and 1985 was named "Top Ten Scenic Spots in China". On May 8, 2007, Hangzhou West Lake Scenic Area was officially approved by the National Tourism Administration as a national 5A-level tourist attraction.