The main types of comprehensive art

Broadly speaking, drama includes drama, Chinese opera, opera, ballet and even musicals with wide influence in Europe and America. Drama in a narrow sense mainly refers to drama. The drama mentioned here refers to drama, which is a narrow understanding. Drama is usually called drama in Europe and America.

Drama is a comprehensive art in which actors perform stories for the audience on the spot, with dialogue and action as the main means of expression. Drama art, as an art of second creation, includes two important parts: drama literature as the basis of stage performance and the performing art of actors shaping stage image. Drama has a long history and a wide variety. According to the size of the work, it can be divided into whole drama and one-act drama; According to the different themes of the works, they can be divided into historical dramas, modern dramas and children's dramas. According to the types of works, it can be divided into three types: tragedy, comedy and drama.

As one of the main types of drama art, tragedy has always been regarded as the crown of drama and has a lofty position. As a type of drama, tragedy often shows people's great spiritual strength and great personality through the destruction of justice, the sacrifice of heroes or the suffering and fate of the protagonists. As Lu Xun said, "Tragedy destroys the valuable things in life for people to see". It is through the form of destruction that tragedy causes great shock to the audience's mind, and makes people get the edification and purification of beauty from grief.

Drama not only has the aesthetic characteristics of comprehensive art, but also has its own unique characteristics. Of all the features of drama, drama undoubtedly occupies the most important position. The so-called drama is the characteristic that the drama art unfolds the plot and depicts the characters through the conflict between the roles played by the actors, so as to attract the audience and realize its artistic effect and aesthetic function. The central link of drama is drama action and drama conflict. Without conflict, there would be no drama. Drama must launch fierce conflicts and confrontations through dialogues and actions between characters, so that the plot of the drama can be promoted and the personality of the characters can be displayed. In the conflict and twists and turns of drama, people with distinctive personalities can be created on the stage. Excellent drama works at all times and all over the world are very dramatic.

In the comprehensive arts, drama and traditional Chinese opera require actors to perform live performances for the audience many times on the stage, while movies and television are one-time performances, which are fixed through movies or videos. Therefore, drama constitutes another feature of drama art. This drama puts high demands on the performing arts of dramatic actors. People often refer to the script, the actor and the audience as the three elements of drama art, among which the actor is the most essential element. Therefore, the center of drama should be the performing arts of actors. The process of drama performance is not only the process of creation, but also the process of audience appreciation. When performing a second creation, a dramatic actor should first dig deep into the connotation of the script, master the rich thoughts and feelings of the role, overcome the distance between himself and the role through emotional experience and artistic analysis, and then create vivid characters on the stage through artistic expression, language and body movements. The role played by an actor should be a real and touching stage image, which requires that the actors' performances should be similar not only in appearance, but also in spirit, conveying the unique character temperament and inner world of the role. It is precisely because of the high requirements of drama art for performance that drama theorists attach great importance to the study of drama performance art, among which Stanislav system and Brecht drama system have the greatest influence, which are called "experiential performance art" and "expressionist performance art" respectively. During the performance of a drama, the feelings of the actors and the audience can be directly communicated. On the one hand, the audience appreciates the actors' wonderful performances on the stage, on the other hand, they directly influence the actors' performances with their own emotional reactions. This kind of classroom feedback phenomenon constitutes an important feature of drama art. Traditional Chinese opera is the general name of China's traditional drama forms. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 300 operas in China, including national operas such as Beijing Opera and local operas such as Sichuan Opera, Shaanxi Opera and Hebei Bangzi. In the world, ancient Greek drama, Indian Brahma drama and China drama are called three ancient drama arts. ?

As an integral part of drama art, China traditional opera art is different from other drama forms because of its unique means of expression and unique aesthetic characteristics. The art of traditional Chinese opera, in particular, is deeply rooted in the traditional culture of the Chinese nation and has distinctive national characteristics. It takes the expression of aesthetic conception as the highest artistic pursuit, belongs to a kind of expressive comprehensive art, and is unique in the world drama art with its unique artistic style. China's traditional culture has a profound influence on China's traditional opera art. Only by comparing and distinguishing China's drama "seeking more with one" and western drama "seeing more with one" in formal beauty can we see the clue. Because in the traditional culture of China, "Tao gives birth to one, two, three and everything." It has a great influence, and the basic characteristics of the artistic beauty of China's traditional operas are all based on "one". For example, the role of traditional opera is "multi-purpose" (life, Dan, cleanliness and ugliness), the performance action is "multi-purpose" (singing, reading, doing and playing), the voice and music of traditional opera are "multi-purpose" (basic qupai), the stage scenery is different, and in the performing arts, there is "one person with thousands of faces" (a set of programs, a set of music)

China opera art has a long history and profound tradition. The origin of China opera is very early, and it has sprouted in the song and dance of primitive times. However, the process of its development and growth was very long, and it was not formed until the end of Song and Jin Dynasties 12 century. The origin of traditional drama in China can be traced back to music, dance, exorcism and acrobatics in Qin and Han Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, with great development, musical and legionary teleplay appeared, and the "drama" and "qu" were further integrated, and the performance forms were more diverse. During the Song and Jin Dynasties, the art of traditional Chinese opera really matured. Both Song Zaju and Jin Yuan can perform complete stories, and the roles in the drama have also increased, initially forming an independent drama performance system. The creation and performance of traditional Chinese operas in the Yuan Dynasty were unprecedentedly prosperous, and a number of outstanding playwrights and works emerged. Yuan Zaju plays an important role in the history of China opera, and many works have made great achievements in both ideology and artistry. Among them, the most famous ones are Guan Hanqing's Dou Eyuan and Wang Shifu's The West Chamber, which are immortal works of world drama art. Ming and Qing Dynasties is another prosperous period in the history of China opera, especially a large number of legendary works appeared, including The Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu, which is an epoch-making romantic masterpiece in the history of China opera.

Classical opera is the concentrated expression of China traditional culture. As the product of long-term agricultural society, China opera is deeply influenced by Confucian culture, folk culture and even religious culture. At the same time, it also profoundly embodies China's traditional artistic spirit and aesthetic pursuit.

China opera has its own aesthetic characteristics. Especially in three aspects: comprehensiveness, stylization and virtuality. Of course, these characteristics are not unique to China's operas, and many oriental dramas also have these characteristics.

China's traditional opera art is highly comprehensive, stylized and fictitious. It is unique in the world drama stage with its distinctive artistic characteristics, strong national characteristics and unique artistic charm. Film is the product of the combination of modern technology and art, and film art is the art of creating perceptual and intuitive images on the screen and reproducing and expressing life through film language such as pictures, sounds and montages. Because film was born after music, dance, painting, sculpture, drama and architecture, it is often called "the seventh art". Of all the art categories so far, only film and television are two kinds of art with known birth dates.

On the evening of February 28th, 1895, 1895, the Lumiere brothers in France showed their own short film "Train Entering the Station" and "Watered Gardener" in the basement of a big cafe in Paris. This day was designated as the official birth day of the film by film historians, marking the beginning of the silent film era. After that, the young film art developed rapidly.

China film was born after 10, that is, 1905. At that time, Beijing Fengtai Photo Studio filmed the first domestic film Dingjun Mountain, starring the famous Peking Opera actor Tan Xinpei. Strictly speaking, it is a stage documentary of China traditional drama. China's first feature film A Wife Is Hard to Find (19 13). ?

Generally speaking, film styles can be divided into four categories: feature films, documentaries, science and education films and art films.

Film is the product of modern science and technology. As the most important cultural phenomenon in the 20th century, film and television are first the invention of new technology, and then the birth of new art ... It can be said that film and television art is the only sister art based on modern science and technology. From birth to development, film has always been an art closely combined with modern science and technology. The progress of science and technology has a great influence on the development of film art, the innovation of film language and even the evolution of film aesthetics. In the history of world film art development, there have been three major changes, all of which are closely related to the development of modern science and technology.

The first great change in the history of film art was from silence to sound. The original films were all silent films, which were called "silent films". It is generally believed that the symbol of the birth of talking movies is 1927, the American jazz king. This film actually adds four songs, some lines and music accompaniment to a silent film, but in any case, it marks the beginning of a new era in film history. Since then, the film has changed from a simple visual art to an audio-visual comprehensive art, which greatly enriched its own expressive force and made music, sound and language become important artistic elements of the film. The first talking film in China was Goddess Red Peony in 193 1 year.

The second great change in the history of film art was from black and white to color. The original films were all made on black and white film. Early films were painted artificially, that is, black and white films were colored. For example, the movie "Battleship potemkin" (1925) of the former Soviet Union was artificially colored, which made the warships after the uprising raise a red flag on the screen. Obviously, this is an extremely arduous task. 1935, the American film The Vanity World was born, which is the first color film in the world.

The third great change in the history of film art took place in the 1990s, and the film is striding into the high-tech era. This development trend is increasing and intensifying, including computer three-dimensional animation, digital technology, multimedia technology and virtual reality, which greatly enhances the charm of film art with imaginative artistic means and extremely realistic artistic effects. For example, in the American movie Forrest Gump, the hero had a heart-to-heart talk with President Kennedy. In True Lies, huge fighter planes rampage between skyscrapers; Dinosaurs and Archaeopteryx run in Jurassic Park; In Titanic, the great ship sank into the water and so on. In particular, Toy Story, a three-dimensional cartoon, is completely composed of 1500 shots made by an electronic computer. It can be said that the great influence of high-tech computers on film and television art has just begun to appear.

In particular, the rapid development of modern science and technology not only provides more and more rich technical means and artistic language for movies, but also directly affects the emergence and development of various schools of film aesthetics. The introduction of sound into film contributed to the birth of drama film aesthetics; The appearance of portable cameras, high-speed photographic films and tape recorders has made Italian new realistic films realize the aesthetic pursuit of "carrying cameras to the streets", which is recognized by the world film industry. In particular, the introduction of computer technology has brought a brand-new topic to film aesthetics. It can be predicted that with the rapid progress of modern scientific and technological revolution, movies will surely undergo greater changes in 2 1 century. ?

Film art is the crystallization of comprehensive art. The comprehensiveness of film art can be divided into three levels:

First, it is the synthesis of various arts;

The second is the synthesis of science and art;

Third, it is a synthesis of aesthetic level.

Film art organically combines visual art and auditory art, time art and space art, documentary art and performing art, reproduction art and performing art, especially film art absorbs the advantages and characteristics of various arts and greatly enriches its artistic expression forms. This comprehensiveness makes film and television art a collective creative art, which brings together editing, directing, performance, photography, beauty shooting, recording, sound, Taoism, clothing, culture and other functional departments to complete the shooting task together with the overall idea of the director and the macro planning of the producer.

First, film and television dramas are closely related to drama. Drama is not only a comprehensive art, but also a performing art. The artistic rules formed in the scriptwriting, directing and performance of drama over the years have provided many valuable experiences for film art. The editing, directing and performance of some film works either come from the stage or are amphibious of drama art and film art, such as the famous Hollywood movie stars greta garbo, katharine hepburn, Vivien Leigh and ingrid bergman all move from the stage to the screen. The same is true of China from the older generation of actors Zhao Dan and Bai Yang to the new generation of actors Gong Li and Zhang Ziyi.

Secondly, film and television art is also greatly influenced by literature. The success of film and television art depends on the script first, and film and television literature plays an important role in feature films, TV dramas and TV feature films. At the same time, various literary genres have a great influence on movies directly, including poetry movies, drama movies, prose movies and novel movies.

Thirdly, film and television art has absorbed the laws and characteristics of plastic arts from painting and sculpture, making modeling one of the important aesthetic characteristics of film and television art. Plastic arts are good at dealing with light, tone, color, line and shape, which provides rich artistic nutrition for film and television art's picture modeling. Especially since the new period, China's film concept has been updated by paying attention to and exploring plastic arts, such as the composition of most loess and half blue sky on the screen of Yellow Land and Red Sorghum.

Fourthly, film and television art and music have formed an indissoluble bond, and music has become an important artistic means for film and television works to summarize themes, express emotions and render atmosphere, especially the widely sung film and television songs have become an important part of the beauty of film and television art.

Fifth, film and television art and photography art have an innate natural connection. Krakow, a German film theorist, even thinks that the basic feature of film is photography. Of course, we must emphasize that the various elements of the above art have undergone qualitative changes after entering the film and television industry, and they have been assimilated and absorbed by the film and television art, making the film and television art a unique independent art?

The artistic characteristics of film and television are embodied in moving pictures and sounds, as well as the montage of the combination of pictures and sounds. Therefore, the language of film and television art is mainly pictures, sounds and montages.

Film and television "pictures" are mainly recorded by camera shooting. For film and television pictures, scenes (including distant view, panoramic view, middle view, close-up view, close-up, etc. ), focal length (including standard lens, telephoto lens, short-focus lens, zoom lens, etc. ) and lens movement (including push, pull, shake, move, follow and drop)

As for the "sound" of film and television, human voice (including dialogue, monologue, narration, etc. ), music and sound together form a sound modeling, which greatly enhances the expressive force and appeal of film and television art.

"Montage" is a transliteration of French montage, originally an architectural term, meaning collection, combination, composition and so on. In film and television art, this term is used to refer to the organizational structure of pictures, shots and sounds.

A complete concept of montage should include the following three meanings:

First, from the technical level, montage is editing;

Secondly, from the artistic level, montage should be the basic structural means and narrative mode of the film, and not only shots, paragraphs and paragraphs, but also pictures and sounds can form a montage combination relationship;

Thirdly, from the aesthetic level, montage is a unique way of thinking and a creative method in film and television art. Montage is not only reflected in the post-editing, but also in the early literary scripts and story boards, and even in the whole creative shooting process completed by various creative departments. In this sense, montage thinking is a unique way of thinking in film and television art?

Film and television art is both artistic and entertaining, commercial and cultural. At the same time, film and television art, as the prism of the times and the kaleidoscope of society, always shows colorful pictures of social life in different times, which makes film and television art have distinct sociality and times; Excellent film and television works are not only an important carrier of international cultural exchange, but also have strong national style and characteristics, which makes film and television art have distinct nationality and internationality; In addition, excellent Chinese and foreign film and television works have profound ideological implications and unique artistic pursuits, thus reflecting high cultural character, unique artistic innovation and enduring artistic charm. ? Television is the product of the high development of modern science and technology, and it is also one of the greatest inventions of mankind in the 20th century. Compared with movies and radio, television is a younger communication tool. However, its rapid development and great influence are unmatched by other media before.

The rapid development of television has only a history of over 60 years. 1936165438+1On February 2nd, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) broadcast a grand song and dance in Alexandria Palace, a suburb of London, marking the official launch of the first television station in the world, which is widely regarded as the beginning of television. Since then, France began to broadcast TV programs on 1938, and the United States and the former Soviet Union began to broadcast TV programs on 1939. The real development of the world television industry was after the end of World War II. With the rapid development of electronic technology, the development of TV industry is also changing with each passing day. From 65438 to 0954, the United States officially launched color TV programs, becoming the first country in the world to broadcast color TV programs. Beijing TV Station, the first TV station in China and the predecessor of CCTV, began its experimental broadcast on May 1 0958, marking the beginning of China's TV career. In June of the same year 15, China's first TV series "A Cake" was broadcast, and China TV art was born. In less than half a century, China's TV industry has made remarkable rapid development.

As a mass media, TV has multiple functions. Generally speaking, TV has the functions of news information, entertainment, social education and service, but mainly the first two functions. At present, TV art has spread all over the urban and rural areas of China, becoming the most popular art among the masses. The audience number of TV art is far ahead of all kinds of art and plays an increasingly important role.

As an important part of TV programs, TV art mainly refers to all kinds of cultural programs broadcast on TV screens, including: TV series, TV variety shows, TV art films, TV special cultural programs, as well as MTV, TV talk shows, TV entertainment programs (such as games, puzzles, and even the newly emerging reality show) and so on. At the same time, TV literature and art should also include live or broadcast TV literature, TV music, TV dance, TV acrobatics, TV dramas, TV movies, and even artistic TV programs such as rhythmic gymnastics, ice dance and fashion shows. Tv drama is the main type of TV art.

There are many kinds of TV plays, mainly single plays, series, series or sketches.

Monodrama is a common form in TV series. It has an independent story or plot, which is basically broadcast at one time (or divided into three episodes). The plot is compact, there are not many characters, and the time is roughly between half an hour and two hours.

Series is an important form of TV series. Stories are often tortuous and complicated. Series often have many characters, and the main characters and plots are coherent. Each episode shows a whole series of stories, with suspense at the end to attract the audience to watch continuously, such as Four Generations under One roof (28 episodes) and A Dream of Red Mansions (36 episodes).

A soap opera is a form similar to a TV play. It has several main characters throughout the play, but the story is not coherent. Each episode is a complete and independent story. Viewers can watch it continuously or choose several episodes at will, such as The Story of the Editorial Department of Beijing Television Art Center.

TV sketch, the hussars in TV series, has short broadcast time, simple characters and plots, and can often capture a little thing in life or a certain feature of a certain character, and reflect a certain aspect of life quickly and timely.

From the aesthetic characteristics, TV and movies, as sister arts, have many similarities. They are all comprehensive arts, products of modern science and technology, and all use pictures, sounds, montages and other arts. There are many similarities or similarities in artistic expression, so people often put movies and TV together. Television has its unique characteristics:

First of all, the technology of TV has formed the characteristics of this art. Because TV and movies adopt two completely different technical principles, and the TV screen is small, the area of the TV screen is small and the definition is poor, it is difficult to show many characters and big scenes. In the way of using the lens, use more lenses, use more lenses, and use less lenses, so don't switch scenes too fast, so that TV viewers can understand the characters and plots.

Secondly, the intervention of TV has formed the ornamental characteristics of this art. Because TV viewers usually watch at home, they can choose to watch and comment on the spot at will. Therefore, TV series should take care of the audience's interest in the plot content, mobilize various artistic means to attract the audience, and carry out special artistic treatment according to the audience's aesthetic psychology in the plot, scene and performance, giving the audience the opportunity to imagine and intervene, so that the audience can resonate with the characters in the play as much as possible, so as to achieve.

Third, the rapidity of television makes this art more vivid, and many TV programs and parties can be broadcast live; The production cycle of TV series is short, the cost is low, the technical equipment is light and handy, and there are many indoor scenes, which can go deep into life and show people's concern for real life in an artistic form in time. At the same time, TV plays are required to be more intimate, natural and vivid in plot content, actors' performances, costume props and environmental layout, and directly and truly reflect life.

In a word, because of the communication, technical and artistic characteristics of TV, as well as the unique viewing environment, viewing conditions and viewing behavior of TV viewers, especially TV art is only one of the important components of TV programs, and TV art has many unique characteristics from creation, communication to acceptance, which deserves serious study.