Knowledge points and memory formulas of the periodic table of chemical elements in senior one.

Knowledge changes fate, and friends who want to know the periodic table of chemical elements in high school come and have a look! I have carefully prepared the Knowledge Points and Memory Formula of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements in Senior One for you. This article is for reference only. Pay attention to this site and you will gain more knowledge continuously!

Knowledge points of high school chemical periodic table 1, periodic table of elements.

1) Arrangement principle of periodic table:

① Arranged from left to right in the order of increasing atomic number.

② Arrange the elements with the same number of electron layers in a row.

③ The elements with the same number of electrons in the outermost layer (with a few exceptions) are vertically arranged from top to bottom in the order of increasing number of electron layers.

2) the structure of the periodic table:

① Seven horizontal, seven cycles-three short (2, 8, 8), three long (18, 18, 32), one incomplete;

② 18 column, 16 section.

7 main families (ia ~ vii a), (column 1, 2,13 ~17);

7 subfamilies (Ⅰ b ~ ⅶ b ~ ⅶ b), (3 ~ 12 columns);

Group VIII: 3 columns, (8, 9, 10 columns);

Group zero: rare gas (18 column);

In addition, some groups in the periodic table have special names: group ia: alkali metal (without hydrogen); ⅶ a: halogen elements; Group 0: rare gas elements;

3) the relationship between the structure of the periodic table of elements and the atomic structure

Atomic number = nuclear charge number = proton number = extranuclear electron number.

Number of cycles = number of electron layers of an atom.

Main family ordinal number = outermost electron number = highest normalized valence number (except O and F) = valence electron number.

Absolute value of negative valence of nonmetal =8- main family ordinal number (limited to ⅳ a ~ ⅶ a).

4) the law of determining the position of elements by atomic number

Main group elements: number of cycles = number of electron layers outside the nucleus; Family number of main family = outermost electron number;

To determine the family number, we must first determine whether it is the main family or the sub-family. The method is to gradually subtract the number of elements in each period by atomic number, and the final difference can be determined.

2. Periodic law of elements

1) essence: the properties of elements change periodically with the increase of atomic number. Common rules are as follows:

The atomic radius of the main group elements in the same period decreases with the increase of atomic number;

In the same main family, the atomic radius increases with the increase of atomic number;

In the same period, from left to right, the metallicity of elements gradually weakened and the nonmetal gradually increased;

In the same family, from top to bottom, the metallicity of elements is enhanced, and the nonmetal is weakened;

Elements in the same family have similar properties.

2) Comparison of atomic radii

In the same period (except rare gases), from left to right, with the increase of atomic number, the atomic radius of elements decreases;

In the same family, from top to bottom, with the increase of atomic number, the atomic radius of elements increases;

Distinguish the radius of anion and cation: The larger the atomic number, the smaller the ion radius of the same extranuclear electron configuration.

3) Methods for judging the strength of metals and nonmetals.

A. metal comparison method: ① judging according to the metal activity sequence table; ② From the periodic table of elements, the metallicity of the same period is weakened, while that of the same main group is enhanced; (3) From the oxidation strength of metal cations, generally speaking, the weaker the oxidation, the stronger the corresponding metal properties. In particular, the oxidation of trivalent iron is stronger than that of divalent copper; ④ Strength can be judged by displacement response, which follows the law of forced weakness; ⑤ From the alkalinity of hydrate corresponding to the highest valence oxide, the stronger the alkalinity, the stronger the metallicity; ⑥ From the anode and cathode of the primary battery, under normal circumstances, the cathode with strong activity; ⑦ According to the discharge sequence of electrolytic cell.

B. Comparative law of nonmetals: ① From the point of oxidation of a single substance, in general, the stronger the oxidation, the stronger the corresponding nonmetal; (2) Judging from the degree of reaction between simple substance and acid or water, the more intense the reaction, the stronger the nonmetal; ③ From the stability of the corresponding hydride, the more stable the hydride, the stronger the nonmetal; ④ From the point of view of the difficulty of combining with hydrogen, the easier the combination, the stronger the nonmetal; ⑤ From the acidity of hydrate corresponding to the highest valence oxide, the stronger the acidity, the stronger the nonmetal; ⑥ From the reducibility of the corresponding anion, the stronger the reducibility, the weaker the corresponding nonmetal; ⑦ Judging from the displacement reaction.

I am hydrogen, I am the lightest, and rockets rely on me to transport satellites;

I am helium, I am a rogue, and I have the worst gain and loss of electrons;

I am lithium, with low density, which bubbles when it meets water and acid;

I am beryllium, cheating, although metal is difficult to ionize;

I am boron, a little red, and poor in electronics;

I am carbon, slow to react, and can form a chain into a ring;

I am nitrogen, I am a flame retardant, and hydrogenation can synthesize ammonia;

I am oxygen, don't think about it, I will be flustered when I leave;

I am fluorine, the most vicious, and it is enough to catch an electron;

I am neon, not bad. When I was electrified, the red light was released.

I am sodium, with a big temper, and I get angry when I meet acid and water;

I am magnesium, I love beauty most, and my photography and fireworks are brilliant;

I'm Al. I bathe in concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature.

I am silicon, black ash, and information components pile me up;

I am phosphorus, a pest, and my name is on the poison list;

I am sulfur, and I have been good at precipitating metals for a long time.

I am chlorine, yellow-green, and I rob metal electrons;

I am argon, which has poor activity and emits neon purple light;

I am potassium, and when I add fire, superoxide will charge;

I am calcium, body love, bones and teeth;

I'm titanium. I'll cover the space shuttle.

I am chromium, hexachrome, and alcohol turns green;

I am manganese, with many valence states, and seven oxides explode violently;

I am iron, which is widely used. Stainless steel calls me Ye.

I am copper, purple in color and brown in nitric acid gas;

I am arsenic, with deep color, and trivalent elements take away your soul;

I am bromine, volatile smell, liquid non-gold, I will show it;

I am rubidium, an alkali metal, not as good as potassium in water and fireworks;

I am iodine, sublimation smoke, and I meet starch blue spots;

I am cesium, golden yellow, and the water container is broken;

I am tungsten, the temperature is high, and other metals die early;

I am Kim, very stable, and I am invisible when I throw it at the king;

I am mercury, highly toxic, and liquid metal is my only one;

I am uranium. After enrichment, I am best at building atomic bombs.

I am gallium, with high boiling point, easy to melt and difficult to evaporate;

I am indium, soft as gold, so be careful if there is any radiation;

I am thallium, I can lose my hair, and I am famous for poisoning Tsinghua.

I am germanium, but the lattice and infrared window can be used as the shell;

I am selenium, which supplements the human body, and oral liquid has mystery;

I am lead, I can store electricity, and I also appear in bullets.

Extended reading: how to learn chemistry in senior one? First, read chemistry textbooks carefully. Chemistry textbooks are teaching books that systematically explain the contents of textbooks according to the syllabus. Grasping teaching materials means grasping basic knowledge. We should focus on reading and memorizing the main principles, laws and important conclusions and laws in textbooks. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the methods of studying problems in chemistry. Mastering scientific learning methods is more important than mastering knowledge. Because it can improve the thinking ability of learning. The process of reading chemistry books is generally divided into three steps.

1. Read a textbook comprehensively, grasp the overall content of a book, form a preliminary overall impression in your mind, and outline the key, difficult, key and essential issues in the textbook.

2. Grasp the key. On the basis of comprehensive reading, focus on the key points, difficulties and key terms in the textbook, and ponder carefully.

3. Think positively when reading, master key knowledge and gradually break through difficult knowledge. In short, the reading process can be summarized as "whole-part-whole", that is, overall perception, local exploration and overall understanding.

Second, the learning methods of chemical experiments

(1) experiment-the means of learning chemistry Chemistry is a natural science based on experiments. Experiment is a scientific method and an important means to learn chemistry.

(2) Observation experiment should be combined with thinking. The observation of chemical experiments is generally carried out in the order of "before reaction → during reaction → after reaction". Observe and think positively at the same time. For example, observing the phenomenon that copper and zinc are put into dilute sulfuric acid respectively, why can we see that zinc will produce gas when put into dilute sulfuric acid, but copper will not produce gas when put into dilute sulfuric acid? Through thinking and sublimation of perceptual knowledge, we will more deeply realize that zinc is more active than hydrogen and can replace hydrogen in acid, while copper is not as active as hydrogen, so it cannot replace hydrogen in acid.

(3) "one, two, three" 1 in chemical experiment operation. When taking solid powder in the laboratory, it should be "one oblique, two vertical". Even if the test tube is tilted, carefully send the medicine spoon containing medicine to the bottom of the test tube, then erect the test tube and let all the medicine fall to the bottom of the test tube. 2. When using bulk solid or metal particles in the laboratory, it should be "one horizontal, two horizontal and three vertical". That is, put the container horizontally, put the medicine or metal particles into the mouth of the container, and then slowly erect the container, so that the medicine or metal particles can slowly slide to the bottom of the container to avoid the container from breaking. 3. In the liquid filtration operation, attention should be paid to "one viscosity, two low and three poor". That is, the filter paper clings to the inner wall of the funnel, the edge of the filter paper should be lower than the funnel mouth, the liquid level in the funnel should be lower than the edge of the filter paper, the beaker should be close to the glass rod, the end of the glass rod should gently lean against one side of the three-layer filter paper, and the nozzle at the lower end of the funnel should be close to the inner wall of the beaker.

Third, the study of chemical terms.

(1) Chemical terminology is a tool for learning chemistry. Chemical terminology is unique to chemistry, a tool for studying chemistry and an international language of science and technology. If you don't know chemical terms, you can't start learning chemistry. Therefore, it is very important to master it.

(2) Write a good way to remember chemical formulas.

1. Master the writing of simple chemical formulas.

2. Master the writing of chemical formula of compounds.

(3) Master the writing and memory methods of chemical equations.

1. Grasp the reaction law.

2. Write and remember the chemical equations related to the experimental phenomena.