Please talk about "the key technology in digital photography"!

First of all, a simple way to get a satisfactory night view photo.

Let's talk about the easiest way to shoot at night. Strictly speaking, this is not a technical effort, but just a step-by-step completion of the good functions that the digital camera has provided. This is the familiar "night scene mode".

At present, the vast majority of digital cameras provide scene shooting mode, even many digital cameras below 2000 yuan also have night shooting mode, and some more advanced digital cameras also provide more detailed and rich scene modes, even in the evening and late at night. Through this night scene mode, satisfactory results can generally be achieved. Of course, it is best to use the tripod-assisted method we proposed in the first question above. For most novice digital cameras, shooting night scenes is the simplest, feasible and guaranteed method.

Reminder: the stability of tripod can not be ignored, because the material strength of tripod, whether the connecting rings of tripod are locked, the supporting position of tripod and pressing the shutter for a long time will affect the stability of tripod.

Second, harvest in advance.

Using simple night scene mode is far from meeting the needs of photography creation. Making full use of the existing functions of digital cameras to get more fun in shooting is our next theme. In fact, it still involves the terms we often encounter-focus, exposure, ISO, flash and so on. Let's look at a common question first:

Question 3: When shooting portraits at night, turn on the built-in flash to assist shooting. However, the portrait was clearly shot, but the beautiful night scene behind it disappeared. How to solve it!

Note: After the built-in flash is turned on to assist shooting, the digital camera will automatically increase the shutter speed, which makes the background with weak light not well displayed in the photo due to insufficient exposure time.

The pleasure of manual focusing

Let me talk about the skills under autofocus first. Because it is difficult for ordinary digital cameras to accurately focus on scenes with low contrast and low brightness, and the night scenes they shoot are often in such an environment, when shooting night scenes, we should try to focus on the bright scenes first, and then lock the focal length for composition, especially when creating portraits at night, which can improve the shooting success rate.

Manual focusing can play an effective role in shooting portraits at night and improve the success rate of shooting.

However, when shooting at night, autofocus is often insufficient, so it is very beneficial to use a digital camera with manual focus to shoot at night. The common manual focusing of digital cameras includes digital adjustment and focusing ring. Digital manual focusing can achieve accurate focusing by adjusting the distance value on the LCD screen, which can play a considerable role in shooting night scenes.

Look at the focusing effect through the LCD screen, roughly estimate the distance between the scene and the camera, and then select the appropriate focal length through the numerical display on the display screen. If you want to show a big scene or a distant scene, you can directly adjust the focal length to infinity, which can achieve the goal well.

Exposure selection

Exposure is particularly important for night shooting. For digital cameras with only night scene mode and no manual exposure control, we will have other methods to adjust them, which will be discussed later.

For digital cameras with manual exposure control, we usually choose A mode (aperture first) or M mode (manual mode) to shoot at night. The instant shooting and display function of digital camera allows players to judge the effect of exposure combination in the shortest time, which is quite convenient to adjust.

When shooting at night, you usually adjust the F value to the maximum, and then adjust the shutter, so that you can see the picture effect directly from the LCD screen. The choice of exposure time is technically limited by the parameters of the digital camera itself, and the other is different from person to person in creation. The compromise is to use a variety of exposure combinations to shoot, and then screen later.

The effect of long exposure is still attractive, especially if you want to show a brilliant night, you need long exposure to complete it. Of course, the assistance of tripod is essential. In order to obtain the towing effect caused by traffic, the shortest exposure time should not be less than 15s. Of course, experienced players can also manually control the exposure time with door B, so that the photos taken are full of fluidity.

Directional thinking on breaking the white balance

White balance is a major feature of digital cameras, especially when shooting at night, choosing different white balance will directly affect the color tone and artistic conception of photos, because the light generated by floodlights of buildings and scenery at night can present more colored light on digital cameras than the naked eye.

Therefore, when shooting at night, we should break the automatic white balance that we have always relied on, which will affect the inherent color of light and make it lose its unique color temperature feeling. In order to highlight colorful lanterns, you can set the white balance to "daylight" or "outdoor" mode. Of course, trying to shoot with different white balances will have unexpected effects.

A sensitive issue

The sensitivity (ISO) of digital camera also plays an important role in night scene shooting, which is always accompanied by positive and negative results. Increasing the ISO value can improve the shutter speed, which is beneficial to the stability of shooting and reduces the difficulty of shooting. At the same time, the noise increase caused by the improvement of ISO is often obvious. For digital cameras without manual exposure control, increasing ISO value can obtain stable imaging effect in night scene shooting, which is also an available method.

High-end digital cameras usually have a wider range of ISO options, and can even shoot with ISO800 and ISO 1600 settings. In order to reduce noise, in addition to turning on the "noise reduction" function of digital camera, you can also shoot with lower photo resolution under high ISO setting, and also reduce noise interference to some extent.

First, slow shooting:

When the water flows, it shoots at a very slow shutter speed. The image exposed on the negative is actually the movement track of water from point A to point B, which is invisible to the naked eye. The shooting principle of photography can be recorded. The flowing water has countless trajectories from point A to point B, and these trajectories are intertwined, which can form a dreamy effect like yarn and fog. At the same time, due to the long exposure time, the water flow recorded on the screen is the result of time superposition, even if the water flow is small, it can form a magnificent effect.

The different velocity of water determines the selection range of slow shutter. There will definitely be obvious differences in water velocity between vertical waterfalls and parallel streams. With the same shutter speed, the final picture effect will be obviously different because of the different water flow speed. For ordinary plain rivers, shooting at a speed less than 1/4 seconds can form a dynamic picture. If you shoot at the shutter speed of one second or several seconds, the motion track of multi-point superimposed staggered water flow is recorded on the negative. In the photo, the water flow is like a yarn and floats like a cloud, and the effect is superb and beautiful as a fairyland.

The key technology to cause this strange effect is slow shooting.

The technical guarantee of slow shooting is to keep the camera stable.

An important means of camera stability is to use a tripod.

Fixing the camera on a solid and stable tripod will ensure that everything except the water flow will be very clear, even if shooting at a slow speed of one second or even dozens of seconds.

Don't blindly believe in your ability to hold a camera. Ordinary people will appear obvious jitter in115 seconds, which will lead to blurred images and failed shooting.

When shooting running water in sunny conditions, it is often the case that the aperture cannot be reduced to the lowest speed. If ISO 100 film and F/8 aperture are used, the shutter speed can only be reduced to1125 seconds. At this time, if you want to use a slower shutter speed, you can install an ND filter in front of the camera. ND filter can block the light without affecting the color reproduction or other functions of the film. The 8L N filter can reduce the three-level exposure. If you still can't achieve the desired effect, you can use two ND filters in series.

Polarizer is also an additional device for shooting running water, which can effectively reduce the reflection of rocks, plants and other objects splashed by water on the water surface and around, and make the color saturated and bright.

Polarizers can also reduce light and slow down the shooting speed. If you don't have a ND mirror, you can use a polarizer instead. Polarizers can reduce exposure by one and a half to two levels. If two PL mirrors are superimposed, the light can be weakened at will according to the rotation angle of the lenses until it is completely blocked.

Quick shooting can truly record the moment of water flow on the film, so that the state of water flow can be vividly reproduced, which is also a natural effect invisible to the naked eye. For example, the waves are as high as the sky or splashes, and quick shooting can make every splash clearly recorded, and the picture is magnificent. Excellent results will appear when the normal water flow speed is shot at a speed of 1/500 seconds or more. The technical requirements for quick shooting are relatively simple and do not require too many auxiliary equipment. At the same time, the shooting angle can be changed flexibly, and the picture composition is rich and changeable.

Both fast speed and slow speed are excellent shooting techniques, and the middle state is the least desirable, such as 1/30 seconds or 1/60 seconds. The pictures taken seem to be virtual and real, and there is no charm.

If you don't have any auxiliary equipment, you can choose films with different sensitivities to adjust.

An ideal photo showing an athlete's graceful posture should not only have a complete composition, beautiful light and proper tone, but also show the dynamics of the subject wonderfully. And reflect the dynamic is often with some unique shutter speed, its form generally has two kinds:

Solidification kinetics

In order to let the reader watch the thrilling action carefully from the screen, you need to use1/250-11000 seconds until the shutter speed is faster. They can clearly record the dynamic body and reveal the whole picture of the dynamic body. When using this shutter speed, the whole world seems to be in a state of solidification, and all the dynamics disappear. The fierce competition will suddenly become silent and the smoke will disperse. People can see all the tiny details in the fierce fighting scene from the photos. The photos taken in this way are mainly not to render the atmosphere, but to be good at analyzing the details (as shown above). Although the picture is still, the splashing waves and the athletes' movements are frozen, we can feel the fierce competition scene and the struggling state of the rowers from the snow-white waves, the athletes' cold expressions and the behavior of holding the oars with all their strength.

When taking this kind of photos, the shutter speed selected by the camera is related to the speed and direction of the moving object itself. Generally, the required shutter speed can be obtained according to such a simple formula: when the subject enters the viewing range at an oblique angle at a medium distance (10m), multiply the moving speed of the subject by10, and then take the reciprocal of the product (if there is no corresponding speed stop on the camera, you can choose a similar speed stop), which is the required shutter speed. If the athlete's long-distance running speed is 30 km/h, multiplied by 10, and the reciprocal is 1/300, the shutter speed of 1/250 seconds can be used. If the athlete is facing the camera, he can slow down the shutter speed by one step, that is,1125 seconds. If the player passes the ball horizontally, he can get to 1/500 seconds faster.

Performance dynamics

This is to record the athlete's movements with a slow or even slow shutter speed, so that the audience can feel immersive when watching and have a strong sense of movement or speed. At this time, due to the slow exposure of the shutter speed, the background and the athlete's own image will produce stripes to varying degrees, which makes people feel faster (as shown below). Generally speaking, the slower the shutter speed, the more serious the blur and the stronger the motion. Of course, if we can consider the focal length of the lens and the distance between the camera and the subject, the effect will be more remarkable. Usually, the longer the focal length, the closer the distance and the stronger the movement; The shorter the focal length and the farther the distance, the weaker the motion.

When shooting a dynamic subject, it is best to take some static objects as foil in the picture, which can often make the dynamic effect more intense through the contrast between reality and reality.

In actual shooting, in order to highlight the subject, the depth of field is often very small; Emphasizing the scene requires a great depth of field. Controlling the depth of field is the basic skill of photography. There are three ways to control the depth of field:

1. Change the shooting distance: the farther the shooting distance is, the greater the depth of field is under the condition that the focal length and aperture of the same lens are constant; The closer the shooting distance, the smaller the depth of field.

2. Change the aperture size: when using the same lens, the focal length is unchanged, and when the shooting distance is unchanged, the aperture is small and the depth of field is large; Large aperture and small depth of field.

3. Change the focal length of the lens: at the same shooting distance, use the same aperture, and when the focal length is short, the depth of field is large; Long focal length and small depth of field.

The depth of field in actual shooting is the comprehensive result of the above three methods. To get the maximum depth of field effect, you should use a short focal length and choose the smallest aperture to shoot. To get the minimum depth of field, it is necessary to use a long focal length, choose a large aperture and shoot as close as possible.

When shooting the sun in the morning and evening, the sun is the main body, and the clouds in the sky and the scenery on the ground can only be companions, which is different from shooting the sunrise and sunset. When shooting the sun, we must consider the accuracy of the sun exposure, the size and position of the sun in the picture, etc. When shooting the sunrise and sunset scenery, the correctness of the exposure of sky clouds and ground scenery is often considered, even if the sun is overexposed. When shooting the sun at sunrise and sunset, we should pay attention to the following points:

Seize the opportunity to shoot

It is important to take pictures of the sun at sunrise and sunset. When shooting the sunrise, the best time is when etheric masculinity rises from the horizon or sea level. If you shoot too early, the sun will not be shot completely. If the shooting is too late, the sun will give off dazzling light and can't show the sun well. The sunshine intensity changes quickly at sunrise, so you should be prepared in advance when shooting. When the sun is about to rise, we should be in a state of war and press the shutter button quickly at the right time. It is best to shoot when the sunset is about to set on the western horizon. Sunset is slower than sunrise, so you can make a detailed composition before shooting.

Lens focal length selection

When shooting the sun, it is best to use a focal length of more than 200 mm. The focal length is too short, which is not conducive to the performance of the sun. The longer the focal length, the greater the proportion of the sun in the picture, and the focal length can be selected according to the actual needs of composition.

Shutter speed

The shutter speed of shooting the sun is usually faster, especially when shooting with a long focal length lens. When shooting with a hand-held camera, the shutter speed should be adapted to the focal length of the lens used, that is, when shooting with a 200MM lens, the shutter speed should be 1/200 seconds or 1/250 seconds, the focal length is 500MM, and the shutter speed should not be slower than 1/500. Adjust the exposure by changing the aperture number.

Pay attention to composition

When shooting framing and composition, we should put the sun on the interesting point of the picture and pay attention to the selection and treatment of the foreground. When dealing with the prospect, we can choose representative objects, such as small trees, grasslands, branches, rocks and so on. These foregrounds are often presented in front of the picture with silhouette effect under backlight illumination, thus enhancing the depth effect of the picture.

1. When taking pictures with natural expressions, no matter how beautiful people are, they will become ugly if they stare directly at the camera. In fact, the eyes can take a positive film with the lens as the center, up and down, left and right 10 cm, without looking at the lens center.

Sometimes in order to take a good photo, my face is stiff with laughter, and the effect is very bad. The two sides can only agree that the photographer should say hello before pressing the shutter, and the subject can smile, but don't forget Sean's eyes, which make them full of luster, so that they appear energetic.

3. If you buy a women's magazine, you might as well choose your favorite model, learn her expression and posture, carefully study her gestures and standing feet, and then imitate them one by one in front of the camera, trying to find the expression and posture that can best show your self-strength. But when taking pictures, hands and feet often feel that they don't know how to pose. If your feet are tense and upright, they will look stiff. You should stand up straight and relax at this time.

4. It is easier to make a gesture with something in your hand; Hold your chest slightly and relax your shoulders when taking pictures. However, it is unnatural to hold your chest too high. One shoulder end should be slightly biased towards your chest, because a slightly inclined standing posture has the natural beauty of women.

5. Expression is very important, and it is improvisation. Action can better set off the natural beauty, so even if you laugh. Dancing and even being a ghost face is very good, as long as it is a natural expression, it is very charming.

First of all, the theme is clear ... the photographer's requirements for the set (picture):

When we arrive at a new environment, we must first determine the theme we want, because it determines the next step.

Second, the composition:

Pay attention to the balance of the whole picture, as well as the sense of direction and depth. Take the most comfortable visual effect as the principle. In addition, we should pay attention to the relationship between object and subject and the position of subject.

Third, the use of aperture and speed:

How to make the theme clearer, the level richer and the overall atmosphere more harmonious? These are all issues that we must seriously consider. Therefore, not all the scenery is shot with a small aperture.

Fourth, the lighting problem:

The principle is to change the overall color scale and create an overall atmosphere.

Backlight or partial backlight should be used in the scenery of large scenes. When shooting a single person, it is necessary to consider whether the subject is transparent or opaque. If it is transparent, it is more appropriate to use local backlight. On the other hand, if light is directly used in the lamp, if it is used in the lamp more, it must be supplemented.

V. Measurement problems:

First of all, we must understand the exposure mode of the camera itself; Then consider whether the subject is illuminated by sunlight or backlight; And the contrast between the subject and the surrounding environment. Accordingly, it can be used as a reference to decide whether to increase or decrease the light.

Six, the use of polarizer (PL):

PL mirror is a parallel strip structure composed of many sub-crystalline crystals. Its function is to let [polarized light] pass and block light in other directions. Its principle is similar to that of a shutter. Therefore, the right-angle polarization effect between the sun and the camera is the best, which can not only improve the contrast effect, but also eliminate the [reflected light], and the best angle is about 33 degrees. Personally, I don't think all the [reflective surfaces] should be removed. In order to make the biggest color scale change, we should leave some reflective surfaces.

There are three main points to pay attention to when taking photos with all-black background:

1. Select the subject with obvious contrast with the background. The background should be dark, and the subject should use direct light.

2. Use the aperture first. My experience is that the aperture should not be too large, and the main lighting part should be measured.

3. According to the situation, the exposure compensation reduces the value of 1-2 EV.

In addition, if the background is completely black, the main body must be concise, which is conducive to showing the lighting effect. The theory is dead, the key is to practice more, practice truth, and explore a set of shooting methods suitable for you.

After buying a digital camera, outdoor portrait photography is probably the most I have encountered, except picking "flowers" everywhere to provoke "grass" to shoot scenery. Everyone likes to shoot beautiful women, but have you ever worried that your films can't be bad? It's not good to exchange such a reputation for a girl's dirty eyes. In fact, if you use some skills flexibly, you can make outdoor portrait photography very beautiful.

Choose the right time and place

The shooting of portraits of beautiful girls pays more attention to the choice of time and place. Usually sunny days are from 9 am to 1 1 and from 3 pm to 5 pm. The choice of shooting time is based on two considerations: first, the light is moderate when the sun is oblique, and it is not easy to produce ugly shadows under the scorching sun at noon, nor is it as dull as cloudy days, lacking the main light to shape it; In addition, girls perform better in soft sunlight, their eyes are not easily affected by strong light, and the photos taken are more natural.

Only outdoor shooting is introduced here, and studio shooting is beyond our discussion. Parks and botanical gardens are common and good choices, and some simple and unique buildings and scenes are also good places. If it is in the flower season, let's have a "peach blossom with a human face"!

preparatory work/be about to work

Selection and preparation of equipment

There are many styles of portrait shooting, and the one with small depth of field and blurred background is more popular. This style has certain requirements for digital cameras-large aperture. Therefore, if the maximum aperture of your digital camera is around F2.0, it is easier to blur the background. But if there is no digital camera with large aperture, it is not impossible to shoot good portrait works. In fact, the purpose of fuzzy background is only to highlight the subject, which is a way to highlight the subject, not an immutable principle. You can also highlight the theme in other ways. There is no definite method to shoot, so we should make full use of the existing resources and give full play to the maximum potential of digital cameras.

Reflecting plate is a commonly used lighting auxiliary tool, which can supplement light, eliminate shadows and highlight eyes. With it, the photos taken are very different. Tripod is also a common tool. When the light is slightly dim and the shutter is slow, the success rate of shooting with a tripod is much higher than that without a tripod.

Make-up, hairstyle and clothing

Makeup is a very important part. Appropriate makeup can cover up some details and local defects, and make the plain facial features and contours more distinct. Photographic makeup is slightly different from daily makeup. Limited to space, I won't elaborate here.

If the model doesn't have short hair, she can choose to relax, tie or roll her hair when shooting, make different shapes and get different effects. It's best to bring two more sets of clothes to suit different scenes. For example, in the green background, we can consider "red flowers need the help of green leaves", which not only makes the picture bright in color, but also highlights the theme of the characters.

Communicate with models

Shooting girls is different from shooting landscapes, flowers, birds, insects and fish. Photographers can fully communicate with them and get maximum cooperation. Try to communicate with the model properly before shooting. For example, on the way to the shooting location, or when the photographer prepares the equipment before shooting, find out whether the other party has relevant shooting experience. In the process of communication, we should pay attention to the physical characteristics of the model and draw up a simple shooting plan. If the model has a good figure and posture, the effect of shooting the whole body will be good. If the head and figure are not particularly prominent, consider taking more busts or close-ups of your face. Good communication will make the model relax, and the expressions and movements will be much more natural when shooting, which can achieve twice the result with half the effort. Here, I want to remind you that most girls have beautiful angles, depending on whether you can find them and express them. If you can't take good photos, don't blame the beautiful girl for not being beautiful enough. I can only blame your poor observation ability and shooting skills.

Shooting skill

Common props and scene selection

Commonly used roads include sunglasses, sun hats, scarves, dolls, flowers, mobile phones, chairs and sofas. Of course, stones, branches, cars, motorcycles, bicycles and even light poles can also be used. In the choice of scenes, such as willows, lawns, flowers, corridors, walls and columns, it is also easy to take good photos. The collocation of props and environment should be handled according to the model's personality and dress, and the props that can better play the most beautiful side of girls should be selected for combination.

Use lighting and fill light

It is safer to use the front side lights. If the shadow is obvious, you need to fill the shadow with a reflector. Pay attention to adjust the distance and direction of the reflector to minimize the shadow caused by the main light. But be careful not to pretend to be the master, and remember that this is only an auxiliary light. If there is no shadow at all, it is best to shoot on a cloudy day.

Backlight or side backlight is easy to take good photos, but it is also difficult to master. Backlight can illuminate the edge of hair and hook out the figure. Because it is backlight, the light can't shine directly on the girl's face, and the reflector comes in handy again. Another important function of the reflector is to "create" the light of the eyes and make the whole picture come alive, with the finishing touch.

shooting angle

The most commonly used shooting angle should be head-up. Generally, wide-angle backhand is appropriate, which has the effect of voyeurism. This way of shooting is easier for cameras with LCD screens or rotating lenses, otherwise you will "bow your head" at girls' pomegranate skirts. Overhead shooting is also a very common angle. In the same scene, you can change several shooting angles to determine the best shooting angle, and you can also get a variety of photos with different styles.

composition

Portrait photos can usually be divided into full-length, bust and close-up. As long as you follow this pattern, there is generally no problem. As for the specific composition, some people like the position of the subject in the middle, while others like it at the golden section (in other words, around 1/3 of the picture); Some people like to appear formal and vertical, while others like diagonal or even diagonal composition, highlighting the sense of movement, and so on. As long as you think it's good, you might as well try it. You don't waste film anyway.

Exposure mode and combination

Choosing aperture priority and setting aperture to maximum is a common exposure mode. In addition, the "spot metering" function is also used more. If the digital camera in your hand doesn't have spot metering function, it's not a problem, because the digital camera can shoot instantly, and it can be found immediately if the exposure is not accurate. It's not too late to make up the shot, so I'm really not sure if there's any bracketing exposure available.

Model's Body Action Design

Professional models have generally received professional physical training. Even if there is no conductor, they can pose in various poses, actively show their beautiful side, and change their expressions and postures every once in a while. It's easier to shoot like this, just give a little guidance. But if you are an amateur girl, you should pay more attention to pointing out her. When she doesn't understand your intention, you even have to go up and pose for her to follow. If you have no feeling about posing, you can buy some fashion magazines, practice behind closed doors, or watch more print advertisements at ordinary times, which will also benefit a lot.

post production

The post-production of digital portraits is very simple. Appropriate post-production can repair the details that are difficult to take into account when shooting, cover up some defects, and let the characters get better performance. Common operations are:

Beautify the skin

Generally, the "imitation stamp tool" is used to remove acne and spots, and the fuzzy tool or filter is used to create smooth and delicate skin like water.

Fuzzy background

Civil digital cameras can't achieve the ultra-small depth of field of 135 camera and 85mm of F 1.4. However, similar effects can be simulated by using operations such as selection and fuzzy filtering.

Posture skills:

● Pay attention to the position of the hand. From touching the hair and the back of the head at a height, to holding the chin, grabbing the collar, hugging the shoulders, and then touching the legs on her hips, there are many Pose at once.

● Front-back and height adjustment of shoulders. Hip and shoulder coordination.

● Pay attention to the movement of the head. Can tilt to one side or rotate; You can raise or lower your chin.

Primary photography technology

With the popularity of digital, digital camera (DC) is no longer a rarity. Nowadays, digital photography puts forward new requirements for people on the basis of the original shooting skills. Many primary users report that the photos taken by digital cameras are dim, lack of vitality, more noise, scene depth (especially in macro mode) and color cast. But photography is a bridge between mind and light, and it is not easy to master traditional shooting skills.