Shanxi Jinzhong history and culture

1. What are the humanistic characteristics of Jinzhong? Jinzhong is a typical minority inhabited area, which is characterized by large dispersion and small concentration.

There are 26 ethnic minorities such as Hui, Manchu, Mongolian, Yi, Tu, Russian, Oroqen, Tibetan, Mongolian, Zhuang, Xibe, Hani and Tujia. Shanxi merchant culture is a cultural form with the whole Shanxi as the background and business as the center.

It began with the prosperity and dominance of Shanxi merchants in China market, and lasted from Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, with commerce as the link. Historically, Shanxi merchants did not originate in Jinzhong at the earliest.

It gradually advances from the south of Shanxi to the north. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the merchants in Jinzhong replaced the dominant position of merchants in southern Shanxi and southeastern Shanxi, and became the most outstanding representatives of Shanxi merchants.

The commercial activities of Shanxi merchants created the commercial culture of Jinzhong. From business philosophy, value orientation, professional ethics to business methods, organizational management methods and even technical methods such as bookkeeping, abacus calculation and steganography, a whole set of ethical culture and institutional culture has been formed.

This is the essence of Shanxi merchant culture. In addition, due to the mainstream position of Shanxi merchants in all walks of life, the survival and development of Shanxi merchants led to a series of cultural phenomena.

Since 1997, Pingyao ancient city has been identified as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO, and the international influence of Pingyao International Photography Exhibition is getting better and better every year. From the popularity of the movie "Raise the Red Lantern" to the popularity of the TV series "Qiao Family Courtyard" and the sensation of the drama "beginning of autumn"; Four Big Cities (Taigu City, Pingyao Ancient City, Qixian Historical and Cultural City, Yuci Ancient City) and Six Courtyards (Yuci Changjia Manor, Qixian Qiaojia Courtyard, Qujia Courtyard, Lingshi Wang Jia Courtyard, Taigu Caojia Courtyard, Taigu Kong Xiangxi Courtyard) bearing rich connotations of Shanxi merchant culture. Jinzhong is also a distribution center of folk culture and intangible culture: "Cold Food Festival" originated in Jiexiu, the legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl originated in Heshun, and the legend of Shouyang is the hometown of the birthday girl. Folk cultures such as Zuo Quan Xiaohua Opera, Qitai Yangko and Yushe Bawangbian nourish people who live and work in this land.

The first two days of the Tomb-Sweeping Day lunar calendar are called the Cold Food Festival, which originated in Jinzhong and spread all over the country. The reason is that in the Spring and Autumn Period, the hero meson of Jin State was burned to death in Mianshangyi (now Jiexiu). Jin Wengong was deeply saddened and ordered the people of the whole country not to make a fire to cook and eat dry food or cold food on this day.

After Qin and Han dynasties, it gradually became a local custom and spread to the outside world. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, many scholars used the Cold Food Festival to eulogize the virtue of "one word does not agree".

At the same time, because the first two days in Tomb-Sweeping Day coincide with "150" (winter solstice after105), the folks also regard the Cold Food Festival as a ghost festival where ghosts get married or are temporarily buried. Yao He, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote in Cold Food: "There is rain in Chu Qing today." .

Until the Ming and Qing dynasties, the habit of eating cold food at the Cold Food Festival continued everywhere to commemorate the meson push. What's more, you can start work at will on this day. When tearing down houses or building bridges and paving roads, people should dig up the land and shovel the walls in advance to show that the project has started, and when the project officially starts in the future, other gods will not intervene.

2. What is the historical evolution of Jinzhong, Shanxi? Jinzhong belongs to Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period and Zhao in the Warring States Period.

After Qin and Han Dynasties, it was under the jurisdiction of Taiyuan County and Taiyuan Prefecture. Jinzhong area was built in 1949, called Yuci area, and 1958 was renamed Jinzhong area.

1970 changed to Jinzhong area. 1999, the prefecture-level Jinzhong city was established.

Yuci District, Jinzhong District, Jinzhong District has Yuci District 1949, which specializes in Yuci County. It has jurisdiction over Yuci, Pingding, Yuxian, Shouyang, Qixian, Taigu, Jiexiu, Lingshi, Pingyao, Xiyang, Heshun, Zuo Quan (formerly Liaoxian), Yushe and other 13 counties and Yangquan industrial and mining area.

195 1, the former industrial and mining area of Yangquan City was changed to Yangquan City, which was directly under the provincial administration. The six counties of Xiaoyi, Fenyang, Wenshui, Jiaocheng, Qingyuan and Xugou, which belonged to the original Fenyang area, were included in Yuci area.

Jurisdiction 19 county. 1952, Qingyuan County and Xugou County merged to form Qingxu County (in Qingyuan County).

Fangshan, Lishi, Linxian and Zhongyang, which belonged to the original Xingxian area, were included in Yuci area. Fangshan county moved to Ge Dong.

Yuci District governs 22 counties. 1954, Chengguan District of Yuci County was changed to Yuci City, which was directly under the provincial administration.

Lishi and Fangshan counties merged and were renamed Lishan County (in the original Lishi County). Yuci District governs 2 1 county.

1958 Yuci area was changed to Jinzhong area. Yuci and Yangquan, which were directly under the provincial government, were placed under the leadership of Jinzhong institutions.

Cancel Yuci and Shouyang counties and merge them into Yuci City; Qingxu, Jiaocheng and Wenshui counties were abolished, and Qingxu county was merged into Taiyuan city; Jiaocheng County was merged into Taiyuan City and Fenyang County; Wenshui County was merged into Fenyang County. Pingding, Xiyang and Yuxian counties were abolished and merged into Yangquan City.

Zuoquan County was abolished and merged into heshun county. Qi County was abolished and merged into Taigu County.

Lingshi and Xiaoyi counties were abolished and merged into Jiexiu county. Revocation of Lishan and Zhongyang counties and merger of Lishi County (in the original Lishi County).

Yushe County was abolished and merged into Wuxiang County in the southeast of Shanxi Province. Jinzhong area governs 2 cities and 7 counties.

1960, restore Xiyang, Yuxian, Shouyang, Zhongyang, Wenshui, Jiaocheng, Zuo Quan and Yushe counties. Jinzhong governs 2 cities 15 counties.

196 1, Yangquan was changed to a municipality directly under the central government. Restore Pingding, Qixian, Lingshi and Xiaoyi counties.

Jinzhong area governs 1 city and 19 county. 1963 Cancel Yuci City and restore Yuci County.

Jinzhong area governs 20 counties. 1970 Jinzhong area was renamed Jinzhong area.

Yangquan city is led by Jinzhong area. Jinzhong area is located in Yuci County.

It governs Yangquan City and 20 counties including Yuci, Shouyang, Yuxian, Pingding, Xiyang, Heshun, Zuo Quan, Yushe, Taigu, Qixian, Pingyao, Jiexiu, Lingshi, Xiaoyi, Fenyang, Wenshui, Jiaocheng, Zhongyang, Lishi and Linxian. 197 1 year, Yuci city was restored and Yuci county was moved to Changning.

Linxian County, Jiaocheng County, Lishi County, Fenyang County, Wenshui County, Xiaoyi County, Zhongyang County and other seven counties were placed in Luliang District. Jinzhong area governs 2 cities 13 counties.

1972, Yangquan was changed from a province directly under the central government to a municipality directly under the central government. Jinzhong area governs 1 city and 13 counties.

1975 Yuci county moved to Yuci city. Jinzhong area governs 1 city and 13 counties.

Fenyang Zone 1949 Fenyang Zone was established, located in Fenyang County. Jurisdiction over Fenyang, Jiaocheng, Wenshui, Qingyuan, Jinyuan (in Taiyuan), Xugou, Xiaoyi, Zhongyang and Shilou 9 counties.

195 1 year, Fenyang area was abolished, and seven counties including Lingshi, Xiaoyi, Fenyang, Wenshui, Jiaocheng, Qingyuan and Xugou were placed under Yuci area; Shilou county is assigned to Linfen area; Zhongyang County is classified as Xingxian District; Jinyuan County was revoked and merged into Taiyuan City. (:"China people * * and the evolution of national administrative regions (1949- 1979)" edited by Shi)1999 the State Council's reply on September 24th (Guo Han [1999]124th).

City people * * * in the newly established Yuci District. (2) Jinzhong City established Yuci District, with Yuci City at the county level as the administrative region of Yuci District.

District people * * * in Dongshuncheng Street. (3) Jinzhong City governs Taigu County, Qixian County, Pingyao County, Lingshi County, Yushe County, Zuoquan County, heshun county, Xiyang County, Shouyang County and the newly established Yuci District.

Jiexiu, the former Jinzhong area, was originally under the jurisdiction of Shanxi Province. Located in the middle of Shanxi Province, the geographical coordinates are11123'-114 28', 36 39'-38 06'.

The whole region governs 2 cities and 9 counties, with a total area of 16376 square kilometers. After 48 years of development and construction, the economic and social strength of Jinzhong area has been continuously enhanced, and the level of urban development has been greatly improved.

Now it has gradually formed a relatively complete industrial system in textile, coal, machinery, chemical industry, food and other professional categories. Jinzhong area belongs to the continental monsoon climate of warm temperate zone, with dry monsoon in spring, high temperature in summer, crisp weather in autumn, relatively cold winter, distinct climate throughout the year and large temperature difference between day and night.

The tourism resources in this area are rich and varied. China's natural and cultural tourism resources are beautiful, exquisite and peculiar.

Traditional local famous products are well-known at home and abroad, and they are well-known in China. The ancient city of Pingyao, a national historical and cultural city, is located in this area.

As far as humanistic tourism resources are concerned, Qixian Folk Museum, Kong Xiangxi's former residence, Pingyao, Rishengchang, Zhenguo Temple in Pingyao, Town God Temple in Yuci and Taigu Baita are exquisite and unique, enjoying a good reputation at home and abroad. Natural tourism resources include Mianshan Mountain in Jiexiu, Gypsum Mountain in Lingshi, Yunlong Mountain in Heshun, Matian scenery in Zuo Quan, Lingshi Stone known as "planting stone" and Seven Springs in Heshun Mountain, etc. Other natural landscapes are magnificent, with beautiful scenery and flowers.

In addition, Jinzhong paper-cut, Pingyao beef, Taigu cake, Taigu Zhao Xi, Pingyao Tuiguang lacquer, Hongshan ceramics, Qixian glassware, Yushe Ejiao, Guilingji wine and other famous specialties all add luster to the development of tourism in Jinzhong.

3. Historical and cultural characteristics of Shanxi: Jin dialect is used in most areas of Shanxi, Zhongyuan Mandarin is used in most areas of southern Shanxi, and Jilu Mandarin is used in Guangling County. Jin dialect is the only unofficial dialect in northern China. The biggest feature of Jin dialect, which is different from Putonghua, is to keep entering tone. Most Jin dialects have five tones. The tone of Jin dialect has a very complicated tone sandhi phenomenon. Today, when reading the fricative of Jin language, the ancient voiced sound is not aspirated. Jin dialect retains many characteristics of ancient Chinese.

Shanxi is one of the birthplaces of China's traditional opera art, and is called "the cradle of traditional opera". In the Han Dynasty, drama appeared in Shanxi. During the Northern Song Dynasty, all kinds of local operas were active in Shanxi-these local operas were the embryonic form of China opera; During the Yuan Dynasty, Shanxi became the center of the national opera art, and the Yuan Dynasty stage found in the whole country was basically in Shanxi.

Shanxi is one of the earliest regions in China where festivals and folk customs appeared. China promoted the summer calendar very early, which was used in the Xia Dynasty in history. The southern part of Shanxi is one of the birthplaces of Xia Dynasty, and the northern part of Shanxi is inhabited by Hu people and Han people for a long time, forming a folk custom with local characteristics.

Extended data

Shanxi is called "China Ancient Architecture Art Museum", and the ancient buildings before Song and Jin Dynasties with well-preserved ground account for more than 70% of the country. Ancient human cultural sites, the ancient capital city, Baosha Buddhist temple, grottoes and steles, sculpture murals, ancient pagodas and ancient tombs, Buddhist and Taoist shrines, dangerous castles and revolutionary cultural relics. From north to south, it constitutes an ancient and modern cultural landscape in Shanxi.

By the end of 20 13, there were 452 national key cultural relics protection units in Shanxi province. Wutai Mountain in Xinzhou is one of the four Buddhist holy places. Yungang Grottoes in Datong is one of the three major Buddhist grottoes. Hengshan Mountain in Beiyue, Datong is one of the five mountains in China. Hanging Temple is the only temple in China that integrates Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. The ancient city of Pingyao in Jinzhong is one of the three existing ancient cities; Yuncheng Jiezhou Guandi Temple is the largest martial temple.

Huangcheng Xiangfu, Qiaojia Courtyard, Qujia Courtyard, Wangjia Courtyard, Lijia Courtyard, Taigu Sanduotang, Changjia Manor, Shenjia Courtyard, Mengmen Ancient Town and Kong Xiangxi Former Residence are the representatives of Shaanxi residential buildings.