Dreamland —— Application of Optical Illusion in Landscape Design

People often say that "seeing is believing", but in life, people are often deceived by their own eyes, and the images they see are different from objective things, which is called optical illusion. When designing, we can use optical illusion to correct vision and make it more reasonable in visual sense, and we can also use optical illusion to create complex visual effects, thus improving the interest of design works and contributing to the design effect. Based on the application of optical illusion, this paper sorts out the optical illusion design techniques suitable for landscape design for reference by landscape designers.

The concept, origin and classification of 1 optical illusion

Optical illusion is people's wrong judgment and perception based on empiricism or inappropriate reference when observing objects. The logical cause of optical illusion is mainly the error in judgment, and the wrong estimation of distance or depth will lead to optical illusion. Biologist Feng Te found that retinal imaging is the main cause of optical illusion. When the light reflected by an object is focused on the retina through the pupil to form an object image, it is actually a two-dimensional image. After a series of neural activities, two-dimensional object images are transformed into scenes recognized by the brain in the visual center. In this process, the subjective experiences of the brain, such as "sense of angle", "sense of image" and "three-dimensional", make these scenes "three-dimensional". When different objective objects present similar images on the retina, the subjective experience of the brain will treat them in the same way, which will lead to the emergence of optical illusion. For example, a two-dimensional perspective will produce a three-dimensional feeling. Humans have long been aware of the existence of optical illusion and are using it consciously or unconsciously. For example, in ancient Greek temples, the roof tilted to both sides, so that the roof was flat from the ground; If you use a flat roof, it seems that there will be a feeling of depression in the middle. The ancient Greek philosophers Epicurus and protagoras (around 5th century BC) were the first scholars to study optical illusion. Epicamus thinks that human senses are the main cause of optical illusion, while protagoras thinks that environment is the main cause of optical illusion. Aristotle combined the views of Epicmus and protagoras. He said, "Our relationship is credible, but it is easy to be deceived." Plato believed that the senses needed the help of the brain to understand what they saw. He said, "It's the eyes and the brain that work together."

China also observed optical illusion very early in ancient times. Liezi Tang Wen contains two children who can tell the sun. This is an exposition of the high visual error, but it does not analyze its causes. Traditional architecture in China is also an application of optical illusion. 1826, psychologist Johannes Mueller wrote two books about optical illusion. He was the first person to put forward the term "optical illusion". 1854, another psychologist, J.J. Opel, wrote a paper on the basis of Johannes Mueller's research, and put forward the related theory of optical illusion. There is a line illusion diagram with 10 page, and the most famous one is Mueller? Miller Eriksson. At the same time, hermann von helmholtz, a physicist and physiologist, wrote the Handbook of Physiological Optics, explaining cognitive illusions's mechanism: the images of things are different from people's inherent concepts of external things, resulting in optical illusions. Since then, optical illusion has been recognized by people. 19 15, cartoonist W.E. Hill published a cartoon, in which the image of a girl sometimes appeared and the image of an old woman sometimes appeared. This is the first work that consciously uses optical illusion to create. By the middle of the 20th century, artists such as Joseph Bos, Marcel Toussaint, salvador dali and M.C. escher tried to create art with optical illusions, and oParT was formed. Optical illusion can be divided into geometric illusion, physiological illusion and cognitive illusions.

Geometric illusion: mainly the wrong perception of the size, angle, length and area of the figure. (Figure1) A. Ebbinghaus illusion: the two circles in the middle have the same area, but the circle surrounded by small circles feels bigger; B. HEringillusion: Two parallel lines produce bending illusion under the interference of emission lines; C fiction: the horizontal line is as long as the vertical line, but because the horizontal line is divided by the vertical line, it is visually considered that the vertical line is longer; D. PoggEndorffillusion: When a diagonal line is interrupted by a parallel line, it produces the illusion of displacement; Miao Lei's illusion: The middle line is equal, but the straight line on the right looks longer because of the arrow. Obviously, the outward arrow has the effect of visual extension.

Physiological illusion: after being stimulated for too long, human sensory organs will form the physiological illusion of complementary colors and visual residual images, and the phenomenon of visual persistence caused by visual fatigue is also a physiological illusion. Herman's Lattice is a masterpiece of physiological illusion. Because of the optical illusion, people feel that the white area between grids presents gray color points.

Cognitive illusions: It can be divided into size illusion, height illusion and bottom inversion. 1) size error: the near big and the far small are caused by optical illusion. With the increase of observation distance, people feel that the object becomes smaller, which is due to the shrinking of the object image on the retina, not the shrinking of the object itself. This may cause the visual feeling that the object is retreating, but the object actually remains the same. 2) Height illusion: Shure once investigated the illusion of the moon, that is, the constancy of object size will be affected by height. The moon looks bigger on the horizon, but smaller at the zenith. If size constancy is used to explain this phenomenon, the horizontal direction is more conducive to object constancy than the vertical direction [1]. The illusion caused by vertical direction is closely related to the size and distance of elevation angle. When designing, if the elevation angle between the observer and the object is large and the distance is far, in order to achieve good visual effect and correctly convey the design intention, the upper size of the object can be appropriately increased to reduce the misreading of the object information by the optical illusion. 3) Inversion of graph bottom: The positive and negative relationship between graph and bottom can be reversed, that is, the background retreats when the vision stays in the graph, and the graph retreats to become the background when the vision stays in the background. Usually, the figure and the bottom are equal in weight, and the contour lines are borrowed from each other. Form an interdependent relationship between you and me, and I have you. Rubin's cup is a classic of the inverted relationship between the bottom and the picture. This common form of edge line will give people an optical illusion and blur the object at the same time.

2 Application of optical illusion in landscape design

In the field of art design, many design works make full use of optical illusion to serve the design and achieve special visual effects. At present, optical illusion is widely used in graphic design, architectural design, sculpture design, painting art and other fields, but in the field of landscape design, there are only a handful of cases of optical illusion application. The application of optical illusion in landscape design is introduced below for the reference of landscape designers.

2. 1 use perspective optical illusion to correct vision.

Usually, the perspective principle is used to correct the part of the designed three-dimensional object that may be visually deformed, so that it conforms to the basic laws of visual observation. We can also use the principle of perspective optical illusion to better achieve the design purpose. Assuming that the object is a cuboid, in the vertical direction, if you want to reduce the deformation of the object caused by perspective, you can use an inverted pyramid, that is, increase the upper size appropriately. On the contrary, if you want to increase the sense of perspective, you can use a right pyramid, that is, reduce the upper size of the object. In the horizontal direction, the observer will reduce the perspective of the short side of the trapezoid and make its shape close to rectangle. And if you look at it from a long direction, it will enhance the sense of perspective and increase the depth of field. For example, in order to meet the normal viewing ratio of people from the lower part, the head-to-body ratio of Leshan Giant Buddha in Sichuan was expanded, so that the head-to-body ratio was 1: 3, while the sitting ratio of normal people was 1: 5. The height of Michelangelo's famous sculpture David is 5.5 meters, far exceeding the average visual height of 1.6 meters. In order to meet the normal proportion of people watching the works from below, the sizes of the head, upper body and arms are somewhat exaggerated, but if you look up, you will feel that David's body proportion does not meet the aesthetic standards of Europeans. In the design of the square, Michelangelo also used the principle of optical illusion to adjust the visual angle. The plan shape of the Roman municipal square is trapezoidal. From the direction of people entering the square, it feels rectangular visually because of the perspective principle. The axis of Versailles in France is 3 kilometers, and there are many pools on the axis. In order to make the size of the pool suitable from the palace direction, the method of enlarging the size in turn is adopted, which solves the problem that the end pool is too small due to perspective.

2.2 Use the principle of optical illusion to form psychedelic space.

Using the reflection or refraction of materials can bring brand-new visual experience and inject fresh vitality into the dead space. Especially when the object is reflected many times, it will form a psychedelic space. Mirror stainless steel, mirror and other materials with reflective function are commonly used in landscape design. If you want to achieve special visual effects in the design, you can consider the number, volume and angle of setting, and achieve the design purpose through the cooperation of several relationships. At the same time, the mirror can also visually expand and extend the space. Martha schwartz designed a 35×35-meter maze garden in the guest garden of the Xi World Expo on 201/,in which the arch, a design element representing the ancient city of Xi, was reused. Linear elements are horizontally arranged by arches. These linear elements are distributed in the site with irregular included angles, and people can walk through them. At the end of the corridor, martha schwartz used mirror materials, which formed the visual effect of the corridor extending infinitely. In the triangular space formed at the end, all mirror materials are used, and evergreen ground cover plants and several willows are planted inside. Due to the reflection of the mirror, the optical illusion of stepping into the willow forest is produced. MoniCabonviCini's public art work is a transparent toilet, which is wrapped in a single-sided mirror material. Externally, it is completely dissolved in the environment and reflects the environment, forming a building similar to "blanking". HarlEquin Square is a design project of Hargreaves Company in the United States. The square is located in the middle of two low-rise buildings with glass curtain walls, and many mirror irregularities are designed inside. The floor is paved with black and white diamond lattice pattern, and the overall design is inspired by Picasso's paintings. Black-and-white lattice shop, with a large area of mirror reflection, gives the whole space a psychedelic visual effect.

Water is one of the main elements of landscape design, and waterscape is widely used in China and the West. There is a saying in China that "the benevolent enjoys Leshan and the wise enjoys water". The movement of water is fascinating. Flowing water, such as streams and waterfalls, will make the space full of vitality. The still water surface has a mirror-like function-it can form a reflection in the water, which can well expand the field of vision and integrate the building or landscape with the reflection in the water. Ji Cheng once described in Ming Dynasty: "The reflection in the pool means the shark palace" [2]. The inverted photo studio and tower photo studio in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden form a beautiful picture with the reflection in the water, which also increases the level of space and enriches the garden space. The architectural shape of the National Grand Theatre is a semi-elliptical sphere, which combines with the reflection of the water surface to form a complete "duck egg" shape.

2.3 the use of optical illusion to form a virtual space

Seeing reality in virtual reality is also a manifestation of optical illusion, and virtual space is a relatively independent space in visual and psychological perception. From the perspective of behavioral psychology, the design of virtual space meets people's demand for security. A large and empty space will make people feel at a loss. If the space is reasonably divided to form a small space with a moderate scale, then the spaces will be separated without separation and penetrate each other, increasing the intimacy of the space. In the design of Hade Square, martha schwartz adopted a number of circular canopies, and the ground also adopted a circular grass mound with a diameter of 30 feet and a circular road surface to echo it, which made the square space form a number of virtual spaces with pleasant dimensions in both vertical and horizontal directions (Figure 2). Ira Keller Waterfront Plaza designed by Law & Heilprin deals with part of the sinking space through the height difference of the ground, forming a lively and relatively independent space in the combination of waterfall, water surface and water surface. The central square of the new Tsukuba Science City in Isozaki has also broken the prosaic of the original space through the treatment of sinking space. It can be seen that the changes of sinking space, rising space, veranda and ground materials will form virtual space, thus increasing the intimacy of space.

2.4 Use the principle of optical illusion to increase the vividness of the design.

How to increase the interest and vividness of design? Make it attractive? This should be a subject worthy of study in today's humanized design. A good design should not only meet the traditional design standards, but also be unique. It can't be said that all designs should use optical illusion to increase attraction and popularity, but it can only be said that it provides a way to solve problems. In other art design fields, such as graphic design or advertising design, there are countless cases of increasing design interest through optical illusion. This kind of works usually use visual stimulation and extended interpretation to achieve the purpose of selling goods or transmitting information. For example, Fukuda's poster works skillfully use the relationship between black and white to form a common edge line between the legs of straight men and the legs of negative women, which complement each other and depend on each other. Using the principle of optical illusion, we can sometimes achieve the effect of confusing the fake with the real, thus increasing the interest of art. A famous story about illusion in the classical cultural period illustrates this point: "The grapes painted by Zhuoke are almost real, which attracts birds to peck. Baglar Xiu invited his opponent to his studio and let him watch his works. Zeuxis can't wait to open the curtain of the drawing board, only to find that the curtain is not real, but painted with "[3]". It can be seen that people's eyes are deceptive, and what they see is not necessarily "believed". KurTWEnnEr, a master of 3d painting, also used the principle of optical illusion in street works. Inspired by the high illusion caused by the deformation of the classical dome murals, he used the perspective principle to create a unique three-dimensional painting form on the horizontal plane, usually taking the classic works of art in the Renaissance as the painting theme, which made people in the past suddenly feel the feeling of crossing time and space, which was refreshing.

Jencks's Cosmic Thinking Garden uses a deformed chessboard, and two curved chessboards converge to form a visual fluidity. In the sculpture "The Promise" of the 2008 China Olympic Games, the optical illusion is more fully displayed. This work refers to the traditional Tai Chi pattern in China, and is also represented by a deformed grid. The closer the grid is to the central concentric circle, the smaller the grid is, on the contrary, it increases the sense of perspective and fluidity of the space. SuPErkilEn Park designed by big brings together outstanding design works from 60 countries and will be displayed in the park. The ground design adopts a flowing curve, and the exhibition works bypass the curve. The curves are dense, which makes the original ordinary exhibition space look full of vitality and dynamic (Figure 3).

2.5 Application of color optical illusion in landscape design

Optical illusion affects not only the image, but also the color, which is mainly manifested in the physiological illusion and psychological illusion of color. The psychological illusion of color is mainly manifested in: color temperature illusion, color weight illusion, color area illusion, color sense illusion and color distance illusion. After testing, the temperature felt in the red room is higher than the actual temperature, and the blood circulation speed is accelerated; On the contrary, if you are in a blue room, the temperature you feel will be lower than the actual temperature, and the speed of blood circulation will slow down, which shows that color will give people the illusion of temperature. At the same time, different colors have different psychological feelings, so we should make full use of the psychological feelings of colors to serve the design. Color optical illusion is common in painting, interior design, graphic design and other fields. For example, in Monk's painting "Scream", in order to better convey the theme cry, in addition to the expression of characters, the sky is also expressed in red, and the ground in color is expressed in blue, which makes the depressed atmosphere more fully conveyed.

Due to the limitation of materials and other factors, there are not many application cases of landscape design in color optical illusion. In the landscape design of the northern apartment in Gifu, Japan, martha schwartz used four small square spaces to express four themes of spring, summer, autumn and winter. In addition to other elements in space to express the theme, color also plays a great role. Martha schwartz uses green, red, orange and blue to correspond to spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively, and uses the optical illusion of color to make people in the space better understand the corresponding themes. Barragan's landscape design works of drinking horse trough adopt bright colors such as blue and yellow, which symbolize the sky and the sun respectively. The addition of these bright colors undoubtedly increases the attraction of the space.

3 Conclusion

The application of optical illusion in landscape design usually gives people a refreshing feeling. Landscape designers should understand the optical illusion and its application mode in order to break through the conventional design means and create special artistic effects. This will not only attract more people to stop and stay, but also increase the charm of the space.