Use of simple periscope

1 periscope 1. 1 overview 1.2 function 1.3 defect 1.4 emerging technology 2 production 2. 1 preparation 2.2 production process 2.3 invention puzzle 2.4 historical similar invention 2.5

abstract

Periscope refers to a device that protrudes from the sea or the ground in a low-lying tunnel to spy on the activities on the sea or the ground. Its structure is the same as the ordinary telescope on the ground, except that two additional mirrors are added to make the object light reflected twice and turned to the eyes. Periscope is often used in submarines, tunnels and tanks to observe the enemy. function

The only way for submarines to observe the sea level and air conditions when sailing underwater is to use periscope. Most submarines are equipped with two periscopes ―― an attack periscope and an observation periscope. The former is used to find and aim at water targets, while the latter is mainly used to observe sea and air conditions and navigation observation. Before the submarine surfaced, the captain must command the submarine to observe the sea level 360 degrees with periscope at this depth, so as to find the possible enemy situation as soon as possible. Submarines will only surface if there is no threat. disadvantage?

The main part of the periscope is a long steel mast, which can rise to a height of 5 meters outside the command tower. Prisms and lenses are installed at both ends, which can enlarge the field of view of periscope to 1X to 6X. There are two obvious problems in the use of periscope. The main problem is vibration. When the periscope is completely raised, the slender periscope mast will affect the normal navigation of the submarine and cause lateral instability. When the submarine speed exceeds 6 knots, the periscope mast will bring great vibration, making it completely unusable. Later, additional mast supports were installed on the submarine, and the shape of the periscope top was redesigned and improved to reduce water wave resistance. Although the vibration has not been completely eliminated, it has been greatly improved. Another important problem is the fog produced by periscope lens. Because the air inside the submarine is humid, the lens of the periscope will produce fog, so the periscope must be waterproof and sealed as much as possible when it is designed and manufactured. When a submarine is attacked by a deep bomb, it is easy to destroy the sealing structure of the periscope and cause fog.

The observation periscope has a seat and pedal that can cooperate with the movement of the periscope lifting rod, which is mainly used for sea and air observation and course confirmation before the submarine floats. Attack periscope is not available, and it is mainly used for enemy observation, target ranging and attack azimuth calculation. At the same time, the observation telescope has better observation effect at night. Emerging technology

The AN/APS- 1 16 anti-submarine search radar is specially designed to detect periscope targets with short exposure time under high sea conditions, so the upper periscope is the exposed target. Periscope manufacturing

Preparatory work/about to start work

To make a periscope, you only need a small square mirror as big as two sides and a piece of cardboard. if

Your small mirror is10cm long and 7cm wide, so you should prepare a piece of Zhang Kuan 4x7 = 28cm cardboard. The length of cardboard can be determined by itself according to the conditions. If the cardboard is longer, the periscope can be made higher. manufacturing process

Draw three parallel lines on the cardboard. As shown in the above picture (figure 1), the distance between each line is seven centimeters. Cut off the blackened part. Draw a mark along the dotted line with a knife (be careful not to cut through). Then, fold it with the edge of the table, so as to make a rectangular box and stick it with kraft paper.

Stick the small mirrors with white tape as shown in the figure (Figure 2) (make the included angle between the small mirrors and the long paper box equal to 45), and align the two small mirrors in parallel. In this way, the periscope was made. If the length of the small mirror in your hand is less than10cm, you can calculate the size of the carton according to Pythagorean theorem, provided that the angle between the mirror and the carton is 45 degrees. When a submarine sails underwater, it must also use periscope to observe the sea surface. Invention problem

Who invented periscope? It's impossible to check it now. The earliest ancient book in the world that recorded the principle of periscope was China's Huainan Wanbi Book in the second century BC. The book records such a passage: "Hang a big mirror high, put a water tray under it, and you will see your neighbor." Similar inventions in history

In ancient times, under the eaves of some ancient temples in deep mountains in China, a bronze mirror was often hung obliquely. If you put a basin of water on the ground inside the temple gate, it is the simplest periscope, and the narrow path and passers-by outside the temple gate will be reflected in the water.

1. Let's talk about making an inverted periscope. What about the overall shape of the inverted periscope? The word "Kuang", remove the word "Wang". That's it. Put two 45-degree mirrors in the upper and lower corners. You can draw a sketch. Suppose a beam of light enters the upper part of the mirror from the upper corner, and its reflected light will be reflected at the lower part of the mirror below, and it will be upside down.

2. The upright periscope is Z-shaped, so that the line connecting the upper and lower parts is vertical. Or I-shaped, with the right half of the upper horizontal line removed. The left half of the lower horizontal line is deleted. Two mirrors are also arranged at two corners, and this image is upright.

The included angle between the two mirrors of the inverted periscope is 90 degrees, while the two mirrors of the upright periscope are parallel to each other. How to make it?

Buy two small mirrors. Make two right-angled elbow cylinders with cardboard, which are slightly larger in diameter than the small mirror. Open a 45 inclined hole at each of the two right angles of the paper tube, insert two small mirrors into the inclined hole relatively (as shown in figure 10. 10-3), stick them together with paper strips, and sleeve the two right-angle cylinders together to form a simple periscope.

Hold the bottom tube still and turn the top tube, from which you can see the distant scenery. Periscope-working principle

According to the current technical level, the submarine integrated imaging system is basically composed of eight categories of imaging systems. According to the order of airborne and non-airborne imaging systems, the technical status and characteristics of eight imaging systems are described below. Periscope imaging system

The modern submarine periscope was invented in the early 20th century. When the German Navy built its first submarine in 1906, it had already used quite perfect optical periscope, which consisted of objective lens, image conversion system and eyepiece. At that time, the periscope had a power of 5~7 meters, a short observation distance, a narrow field of view and poor imaging quality, so it could not be used at night. The main functions of the traditional periscope include observing ships on the water, observing planes in the air, estimating the distance of the attacked target, providing its position and distance to the fire control system, and implementing landmark navigation or astronomical navigation in submerged state.

Modern periscope manufacturers have developed a new generation of photoelectric periscope by applying the latest achievements of low-light-level night vision, infrared thermal imaging, laser ranging, computer, automatic control, stealth and other photoelectric technologies. Take the SERO 400 periscope newly developed in Germany in 2003 as an example. The main technical performance includes: pitching range-15 ~+60 degrees,10.5 times, 6 times, 12 times, high-precision sight line biaxial stability, periscope entrance pupil diameter >: 2 1mm, and lower potential about1. It can be equipped with a variety of cameras and sensors, such as digital cameras, low-light-level television cameras, color television cameras, thermal cameras, laser rangefinders for human eye safety, etc. , for submarine commanders to choose according to actual needs; The video signal can also be provided to the monitor of the combat system in real time to realize synchronous observation. The serial interface of periscope system can be used for remote control of consoles of different combat systems. Periscope system has good observation effect in both day and night conditions, which can effectively monitor the sea surface and air, collect navigation data, search and identify various maritime targets, and the observed images can be recorded and played back.

The panoramic periscope recently developed by the US Navy is also worthy of attention. It is the re-application of early panoramic periscope technology under modern technical conditions, and the prospect of this technology is still being verified. In addition, foreign countries attach great importance to the modular design of periscope, which has been widely used. Without changing the basic structure and function of the periscope, the old sensor can be easily replaced as needed to improve the performance of the periscope.

Modern photoelectric periscope technology is quite mature, and it is impossible to improve it greatly. The inherent shortcomings of the traditional penetrating periscope are obvious: the main defects are that the periscope must penetrate the submarine shell, and the larger the diameter of the lens barrel, the greater the impact on the submarine pressure resistance; Secondly, the rotating diameter of periscope lens is generally 0. 6m, occupying too much space in the originally limited boat, is very unfavorable to the layout of submarine command module. Thirdly, periscope is only suitable for one person to operate and observe, and it is impossible for many people to observe at the same time, which is not conducive to the enjoyment of combat information resources. Although there are some defects in progress, photoelectric periscope is still the most commonly used imaging observation equipment for naval submarines in various countries at present and in the future. Photoelectric mast system

1976, kollmorgen company formally put forward the original photoelectric mast principle for naval inspection. In 1980s, the development plan of non-penetrating photoelectric mast was officially launched. Nowadays, photoelectric mast has developed from concept and principle prototype to engineering model. The navies of the United States, Britain and France have eliminated the traditional penetrating periscope on new nuclear-powered submarines, and they will all be equipped with photoelectric masts. This choice indicates that the submarine photoelectric mast technology has reached a quite mature and reliable level. The biggest difference between photoelectric mast and conventional periscope is that photoelectric mast is a "non-penetrating mast". It consists of photoelectric mast observation head, non-penetrating mast and in-ship console. An /BVS- 1 imaging system is a photoelectric mast system on Virginia-class submarines in the United States. In addition to the functions of the existing periscope system, it can also provide functions such as electronic intelligence collection, monitoring and target attack.

Compared with the traditional penetrating periscope, the photoelectric mast has many advantages: for example, the photoelectric mast does not penetrate the pressure hull, but is directly arranged in the appropriate position of the command module, which not only improves the pressure strength of the submarine, but also facilitates the layout of the command module; The observation head of the photoelectric mast is equipped with various photoelectric detection sensors, electronic warfare and communication antennas. The situation outside the boat can be photographed by TV and infrared camera, then transmitted to the boat and displayed on the monitor and big screen of the console. Photoelectric mast is gradually replacing penetrating periscope and becoming an important part of submarine combat information system.

However, due to the complex technology and high price, only a few submarines have used photoelectric masts at present. For example, Russia's "Delta Ⅲ" and "Delta Ⅳ" class missile nuclear submarines are equipped with "Brick Rain" photoelectric masts. Only the American "Virginia" class attack nuclear submarine used two photoelectric masts. Although the British "Smart" and the French "Victory" attack nuclear submarines are also equipped with two photoelectric masts, they have not yet been launched, and it will take time to serve. At present, a photoelectric mast and a periscope are commonly used together, such as some submarines in the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Russia, Japan and Egypt. Breathing tube camera monitoring system

The submarine snorkel technology was invented by Germany during World War II. In 1960s, we began to study how to use periscope observation device under the condition of snorkel, so that snorkel can be used for multiple purposes. At that time, the first choice was to install periscope on the snorkel. For example, the NavS periscope of Zeiss Company in Germany could be installed on the snorkel of submarine. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to installing observation and communication devices on submarine snorkel. In the American patent "snorkel device of submarine" applied by IKL Company of Germany in September 2004, how to configure periscope, radar and communication antenna on snorkel is described in detail, mainly involving electronic imaging technology and radar early warning technology. The snorkel camera monitoring system applies the submarine photoelectric mast technology to the snorkel device, which makes the submarine keep alert observation, communication and radar early warning while working in the snorkel state, and improves the concealment of the submarine. From a technical point of view, if you master the photoelectric mast technology, it will not be difficult to realize snorkeling. This technology has attracted the attention of people in submarine industry.

Camera TV system of shell part

This is a special application of TV camera system in submarine. It is mainly used to check and monitor the external environment and various launching conditions of submarines, and can also provide optical navigation for submarine activities under ice. Television camera system has been used in submarine hull for at least 30 years, especially in British, Russian and Nordic naval submarines. The underwater television camera system installed on the British submarine shell is specially developed for the needs of submarine activities on ice or underwater. It can provide safe underwater navigation and is an important auxiliary device for submarine floating. Generally speaking, as far as navigation systems are concerned. Two underwater TV cameras should be arranged on the submarine shell, one of which is placed in the upward observation position and the other in the forward view position at an angle of 40 degrees from the horizontal direction. This arrangement is very beneficial for the submarine to obtain the best quality image when floating or maneuvering forward. The OE-0285 camera of Unitary Mlad has been equipped with British submarines. It is an enhanced silicon target camera, which can observe various targets through weak light when the stars are cloudy. OE-0285 camera is an important auxiliary equipment for submarine activities in the Arctic Ocean. Virtual periscope system

This is the submarine underwater camera system being studied by the US Navy. Although it is called a "virtual" periscope, it is completely different from the "virtual reality" in the field of computer technology and the camera system on the shell. Virtual periscope is an optical sensor that can completely see the water surface from the submarine platform, including submarine underwater camera, processor and image display. The so-called "virtual" means that the image display can reproduce the incomplete image in the upper hemisphere field of view of the sea into a complete image. The integration of virtual periscope and submarine sensor system can reduce the number of times that submarine commanders use conventional periscope and improve submarine stealth.

Virtual periscope technology can also minimize the probability of collision between submarines and surface ships. Before the submarine floats to the diving depth, it must be confirmed that there are no ships in the floating area. The "transition zone" from diving depth to about 150 feet (46 meters) underwater is an unsafe area for submarine underwater activities. In this embarrassing area, the submarine can't see whether there is a sailboat above because it is "too deep", because the sailboat is "too shallow" to pass safely. However, this transition zone may contain the best underwater acoustic search depth and the best avoidance depth, and it is the most ideal depth area for submarines to operate safely in shallow water. If the submarine loses this transition zone, its maneuverability will be greatly reduced. If the submarine uses virtual periscope technology to observe the surrounding situation, it can move safely in this transition area.

The optical principle of virtual periscope is different from that of ordinary periscope. Ordinary periscope receives light at a certain position on the sea surface; Virtual periscope is to use one or several upward-looking cameras under water to receive light from space and penetrate the ocean. Virtual periscope project develops an underwater camera system (including software system) that can detect water targets by using the imaging technology of reconstructing weakly refracted light. Virtual periscope is not only a special imaging technology, but also fully suitable for the application of submarine special operations forces. This technology is in the experimental stage. Photoelectric buoy system

The United States applied for the patent of photoelectric buoy technology as early as the early 1980s. In 1990s, the ship imaging system company in pocahontas, Massachusetts, USA started the design and research of photoelectric buoys for submarines. The company signed a research contract with the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency worth $654.38 million to design and manufacture a camera buoy system (BCD) launched from submarines. BCD adopts CCD sensor, which is connected with submarine through optical fiber and cable. The stability and monitoring direction of CCD sensor are controlled by submarine, and the target image data is obtained on the water surface, and then converted into optical fiber signals and transmitted to submarine. The obtained information is processed by image enhancement algorithm software. The photoelectric buoy for submarine can be invisible to improve its concealment, such as disguised as ice or floating objects at sea. If the cost can be reduced, the photoelectric buoy can be designed to be disposable. It is also suggested to develop multi-sensor photoelectric buoy system UAV system.

The development of submarine unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has solved the problem that periscope and photoelectric mast periscope are low in height and cannot be observed from a distance. The submarine can get the images taken by the unmanned aerial vehicle when it is submerged, thus improving the concealment. The research on submarine-related UAV technology began in the mid-1980s. At that time, the drone was launched from the torpedo tube, and now it can be launched from the submarine mast. For example, the UAV launcher developed by kollmorgen Company in the United States is installed in the submarine mast, which can hold four UAVs at a time. The US Navy has applied UAV technology to Virginia-class and Ohio-class attack nuclear submarines. UAV can transmit the detected information to the launching submarine through military satellites, or forward it to other submarines, surface ships and operational command centers on land, and form a synthesis with various systems such as underwater vehicles.